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Chapter-6  
r = x a + y b + z c
Vectors and its Applications where, x, y, z are scalars.
9. Direction cosines of a line:
1. Vector:
If a line makes an angle  with x, y, z axes then cos, cos cos are
The quantity having both magnitude and direction is known as vector.
called direction cosines of a line.
Eg: Velocity, acceleration, force etc.
The direction cosines of a line are denoted by l, m, n
2. Scalar:
The quantities having only magnitude is known as scalar. Thus, l = cos, m = cos n = cos 

Let OP = x i + yj + z
Eg: time, temperature, mass etc.
k
3. Unit Vector:
A vector whose magnitude is unity is known as unit vector. The unit 
Then, unit vector of OP is
vector along a is OP = 2 2 2 
^ x
i + 2
y j + 2
z 
k

a x +y +z 2
x +y +z 2
x + y2 + z2
a^ = 

|a| Then, direction cosines of OP is the coefficients of i ,j ,k of the unit
4. Collinear Vector (or parallel vector): ^
vector OP .
Two vectors  a = a1 i + a2 
j + a3 
k and 
b = b1
i + b2 
j + b3 
k are x
collinear (or parallel) if i.e., l = cos = 2 2 2
x +y +z

a = k b y
a1 a2 a3 m = cos  = 2 2 2
Alternatively, = = x +y +z
b1 b2 b3 z
5. Coplanar Vector: n = cos  = 2 2 2
x +y +z
The system of vector is said to be coplanar if they lie on a same plane
otherwise they are non-coplanar. 10. Scalar product (or dot product):
  
Let 
a , b be two non-zero non-collinear vector and  r be any vector Let a = (a1, a2, a3) and b = (b1, b2, b3) be two vectors. Then the scalar
      
coplanar with a and b . Then r can be expressed uniquely as a linear product of two vectors a and b is denoted by a . b and is defined by
  
combination of 
a and b . a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3

i.e., 
r = x
OR
a +yb
   
where x and y are scalars. a . b = | a | | b | cos ab cos, where,  is the angle between
6. Linearly dependent: two vectors.

The vectors  a , b , c are said to be linearly dependent if there exists 11. Vectors product (or cross product):
scalars x, y, z such that  
Let a = (a1, a2, a3) and b = (b1, b2, b3) be two vectors. Then the vector

xa + y b + z c = 0  x  0 or y  0 or z  0    
7. Linearly independent: product of two vectors a and b is denoted by a  b and is defined by;
  
The vectors 

a , b , c are said to be linearly independent if there exists
   i j k 
scalars x, y, z such that, a  b =  a1 a2 a3 
x

a + y b + z c =0xyz0 
b1 b2 b3 
8. Linear combination of vectors:   
 = (a2b3 – a3b2) i + (a3b1 – a1b3) j + (a1b2 – a2b1) k
A vector r is said to be linear combination of vectors 
a , b ,
c if 
r
   
can be expressed as, Note: a  b is a vector which is perpendicular to both a and b .
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12. Cosine of the angle between two vectors: 15. Relation between vector product and unit vector:
    
If  be the angle between two vectors a and b , then Let i = (1, 0, 0), j = (0, 1, 0) and k = (0, 0, 1) be three mutually
    perpendicular vectors then their vector product is given by
a . b a . b
cos  = =    
  ab i j k
|a ||b |
 O  
  i k –j
The two vectors a and b will be perpendicular to each other if  = 90°.
  O 
  j –k i
a . b
or, cos 90° =
     O
|a ||b | k j –i
16. Geometrical meaning of scalar Product:
 
a . b  
or, 0 = Let a and b be two vectors. Then the geometrical meaning of scalar
 
|a ||b | product
      
i.e., a . b = 0. a . b = (magnitude of a )  (Projection of b on a ).
   
Hence, the two vectors are perpendicular to each other if a . b = 0.   a . b  
Hence, projection of a on b is = = | a | cos  a . ^b
13. Sine of the angle between two vectors: 
|b |
If  be the angle between two vectors then,
 
      a . b  
|a  b | |a  b | and projection of b on a is = = | b | cos  b . a^
sin  = = 
  ab |a |
|a ||b |
17. Geometrical meaning of vector Product:
The two vectors will be parallel if  = 0°. D C
(a) The area of the parallelogram having
 
|a  b |  
or, sin 0° = adjacent sides a and b is
 
|a ||b |  
=|a  b |
 
|a  b |
or, 0 =
  (b) The area of the triangle having two vectors b
|a ||b |  
  a and b is B
A
or, | a  b | = 0 1   a
  = |a  b |
i.e. a  b = O 2
  A
Hence, the two vectors will be parallel if a  b = O.
14. Relation between scalar product and unit vector:
   a D
Let i = (1, 0, 0), j = (0, 1, 0) and k = (0, 0, 1) be three mutually C
perpendicular vectors then their scalar product is given by d2
    B C
i j k b d1
 1 0 0 (c) The area of the parallelogram having
i
 0 1 0  
j diagonal d1 and d2 is
1  
 0 0 1 = |d1  d2 | A B
k 2
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  
If |
a ×b |=a . b then angle between 
(d) The area of triangle having position a
O A 9. a and b is
  
vector of vertices a , b , c is  
1      a) b)  c) d) 2
2 4
= |a  b + b  c + c 
2    
 10. If a × b = b × c then
b
a | c     
a) a || c b) a =(b +c )
    
c) b = ( c +
a ) d) c =(a +b )
B C Answer
1. d 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. d
Objective Questions 6. b 7. c 8. b 9. c 10. c

1. The magnitude of m (
a + b ) is
a) a2 + b2 b) m a2 + b2
6.1 Vectors

c) |m| a2 + b2 d) |m||
a +b | 1.

If the position vector of M and N are 3 i +  j – 3

k and 4 i – 2
j
2. If G and G ' are centroid of ABC and A'B'C ' respectively then   
   + k respectively, find MN and determine its direction cosines.
AA' + BB ' + CC ' is [2057 Q.N. 10(a)]
  Solution:
a) 3GG' b) 3G'G Let O be the origin.
 Then,
GG'
c) d) O  
3 OM = 3 i + j – 3 k and ON = 4 i – 2
j + k
3. If |k
a | = 1, where a is non-zero vector then k is Now,
  

a) | a | b)
1
c) 
1
d) 0 MN = ON – OM
 
| a | | a | = (4i – 2j +k ) – (3i +j – 3k )
 
4. If 
a and b are unlike parallel vector then ( a + b )2 is =
i – 3
j + 4
k

b) (
Again,
a) (a – b)2 a – b )2 c) (a + b)2 d) a2 + b2

    
5. If 
a + b = c and | c | = |
a | – | b | then angle between a and b is |MN| = (1)2 + (–3)2 + (4)2
a) 0º b) 90º c) 120º d) 180º = 1 + 9 + 16
      = 26
6. If | a + b | = | a | then angle between 2 a + b and b is 
a) 0º b) 90º Then, unit vector along vector MN is
 i – 3j + 4
c) 180º d) 60º MN k
 
If  a is any vector on space then, ( 
a . i ) i + (
a .
j )
j +(
a .
k )
= =
7. k  26
|MN|
is
1  3  4 
a) 3 a b) 3a =
26
i –
26
j +
26
k

c) 
a d) a 
Hence, the direction cosines along vector MN is

8. If 
a is any vector on space then (
a × i )2+ (
a ×
j )2 + (
a ×
k )2 1 –3 4
, ,
a) a2 b) 2a2 c) 3a2 d) 4a2 26 26 26
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   
2. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. Express AC and AD in terms of AB c = (–5, 7, –1)
 Now,
and BC . [2057 Q.N.4(a)]   
Solution: a –2b + c = (3, –1, –4) –2(–2, 4, –3) + (–5, 7, –1)
Let ABCDEF be a regular hexagon.
E D = (3 + 4 – 5, –1 – 8 + 7, – 4 + 6 – 1)
Here, AD is parallel to BC and AD= 2BC = (2, –2, 1)
  C Again,
AD = 2BC F
  
By triangle law of vector addition, | a – 2 b + c | = (2)2 + (–2)2 + (1)2
   = 4+4+1
AC = AB + BC A B
= 9 = 3.
3. Show that the points A, B and C with position vector i – 2j + 3k , 2i 5. Prove that the vectors –
 
a + 4 b + 3 c , 2
 
a – 3 b – 5 c and 2
a +
   
+ 3 j – 4 k , –7 j + 10 k respectively are collinear.    
[2058 Q.N. 10(a)] 
7 b – 3 c are coplanars where a , b , c are any vectors.
Solution:
[2059 Q.N. 10(a)]
Let  be the origin, then Solution:

OA =  i – 2 j + 3k Let, 
  
r1 = – a + 4 b + 3 c
   
OB = 2 i + 3 j – 4 k r2 = 2 a – 3 b – 5 c
   
and, OC = –7 j + 10 k and  r3 = 2 a + 7 b – 3 c
Consider, r3 = x
r1 + y
Now,
r2 . . . . (i)
  
AB = OB – OA where x and y are scalars.
= (2 i + 3 j – 4 k ) – (
i – 2
j + 3
Then,
k )
        
 2 a + 7 b – 3 c = x (– a + 4 b + 3 c ) + y (2 a – 3 b – 5 c )
AB =
i + 5
j – 7
k )      
and or, 2 a + 7 b – 3 c = (–x + 2y) a + (4x – 3y) b +(3x – 5y) c
   Now, equating the coefficients of like vectors, we get,
AC = OC – OA 2 = –x + 2y . . . . (ii)
= (–7
j + 10
k ) – (
i –2
j + 3
k ) 7 = 4x – 3y . . . . (iii)
 –3 = 3x – 5y . . . . (iv)
= – i – 5j + 7k = – ( i + 5
j – 7
k ) = – AB Multiplying equation (ii) by 4 and adding (ii) and (iii), we get,
  8 = – 4x + 8y
AC = – AB
7 = 4x – 3y
 
Thus, AC // AB and point A is common in both vector. 15 = 5y
Hence, the points A, B, C are collinear. y=3
   Substituting the value of y in equation (ii), we get,
4. If a = (3, –1, –4), b = (–2, 4, –3) and c = (–5, 7, –1) find x=4
   Then, substituting the value of x and y in equation (iv), we get,
| a – 2 b + c |. [2058 Q.N. 4 (a)]
Solution: –3 = 3  4 – 5  3
Given that or, –3 = –3, which is true.
 Now, substituting the value of x and y in equation (i), we get,
a = (3, –1, –4) 
r = 4 r + 3 r
 3 1
b = (–2, 4, –3) Hence, the given vectors are coplanar.
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       
6. If 
a + b = (5, 6) and  a – b = (3, 2), find 
a and b . [2059 Q.N. 3 (b)] = (– 4 i + 9 j + 6 k ) – (7 j + 10 k )
Solution:    
We have,  AC = – 4 i + 2 j – 4 k
 
a + b = (5, 6) . . . . (i) and
  
a – b = (3, 2) . . . . (ii) AC = | AC | = (– 4)2 + (2)2 + (– 4)2
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
= 36

2 a = (5, 6) + (3, 2) =6
 Also,
or, 2 a = (8, 8)
  
 1 BC = OC – OB
or, a = (8, 8)
2      
= (– 4 i + 9 j + 6 k ) – (– i + 6 j + 6 k )

 a = (4, 4)   
 BC = –3 i + 3 j
Now, substituting the value of a in equation (i), we get, and,
 
(4, 4) + b = (5, 6) BC = |BC | = (–3)2 + (3)2

or, b = (5, 6) – (4, 4) = 18
 Here, AB = BC. So the triangle ABC is isosceles triangle.
 b = (1, 2) 2 2
  Also, AB2 + BC2 = ( 18) + ( 18)
Hence, a = (4, 4) and b = (1, 2) = 18 + 18
  = 36
7. Show that the three points whose position vectors are 7 j + 10 k , –
= AC2
     
i + 6 j + 6 k and –4 i + 9 j + 6 k form an isosceles right angled Since, AB + BC = AC2, the triangle is right angled triangle.
2 2

triangle. [2060 Q.N. 10 (a)] Hence, given triangle is isosceles right angled triangle.
Solution:    
Let O be the origin, then 8. If a = (2, –3) and b = (4, –2). Find the unit vector along 4 a – 3 b .
[2060 Q.N. 4(a)]
  
OA = 7 j + 10 k Solution:
    Given that,
OB = – i + 6 j + 6 k 
    a = (2, –3)
and OC = – 4 i + 9 j + 6 k 
Now, b = (4, –2)
   Now,
AB = OB – OA  
     4 a – 3 b = 4(2, –3) – 3(4, –2) = (8, –12) – (12, – 6) = (– 4, –6)
= (– i + 6 j + 6 k ) – (7 j + 10 k ) Again,
     
 AB = – i – j – 4 k |4 a – 3 b | = (– 4)2 + (– 6)2 = 16 + 36 = 52 = 2 13
and Now,
  
AB = |AB | = (–1)2 + (–1)2 + (– 4)2   4a –3b
Unit vector along 4 a – 3 b =
= 18  
Again, |4 a – 3 b |
   –4 –6 –2 –3
=  = 
AC = OC – OA 2 13 2 13 13 13
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   BD m O
9. Prove that the following vectors are coplanar, a – 3 b + 5 c , DC n
=
     
a – 2 b + 3 c , –2 a + 3 b – 4 c . [2061 Q.N. 10 (a)]  nBD = mDC
Solution:  
 nBD = mDC [ adding same direction on both side]
  
Let, 
r1 = a –3b +5c     B C
    n(OD – OB ) = m(OC – OD ) D
 = a –2b +3c
r2    
and  nOD – n OB = mOC – mOD
       
r3 = –2 a + 3 b – 4 c  nOD + mOD = nOB + mOC
Consider, r3 = x
r1 + y   
r2 . . . . (i)  n + m) OD = nOB + mOC
where x and y are scalars.  
Then,  nOB +mOC
 OD =
         n+m
–2 a + 3 b – 4 c = x( a – 3 b + 5 c ) +y( a – 2 b + 3 c )    
    
      11. If OP = i +3 j – 7 k and OQ = 5 i + 2 j –4 k , find PQ and
or, –2 a + 3 b – 4 c = (x + y) a +(–3x –2y) b +(5x + 3y) c .
determine its direction cosines. [2062 Q.N. 4(a)]
  
Now, equating the coefficients of a , b , c on both sides, we get Solution:
–2 = x + y . . . . (ii) Given that
3 = –3x – 2y . . . . (iii)    
OP = i +3 j – 7 k
– 4 = 5x + 3y . . . . iv)
Multiplying equation (ii) by 5 and subtracting equation (iv) from (ii), we    
and, OQ = 5 i + 2 j – 4 k
get, Now,
–10 = 5x + 5y   
– 4 = 5x + 3y PQ = OQ – OP
+ – –      
= (5 i + 2 j – 4 k ) – ( i +3 j – 7 k )
– 6 = 2y
   
 y = –3 PQ =4 i – j +3k .
Substituting the value of y in equation (ii), we get,
x  1. Again,
Now, substituting the value of x and y in equation (iv), we get, 
– 4 = 5  1 + 3  (– 3) |PQ| = (4)2 + (–1)2 + (3)2
or, – 4 = 5 – 9 = 16 + 1 + 9 = 26
or, – 4 = – 4, which is true. 
Then, unit vector along vector PQ is
Now, substituting the value of x and y in equation (i), we get,
   
r = r – 3r PQ 4 i – j +3k
3 1 2
= =
Hence, the given vectors are coplanar.  26
|PQ|
10. OB and OC are two straight lines and D is a point on BC such that BD 4  1  3 
: DC = m:n, show that; = i – j + k
26 26 26
 
 nOB + mOC 
OD = [2062 Q.N. 10 (a)] Hence, the direction cosines along vector PQ is
m+n
4 1 3
Solution: ,– ,
Let O be the origin. Join OD. Given that OB and OC are two straight lines 26 26 26
and D is a point on BC such that
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12. ABCD is a parallelogram G is the point of intersection of the 
or, 2 b = (5, 6) – (9, 12)
   
diagonals and if O is any point; show that OA + OB + OC + OD = 
or, 2 b = (– 4, – 6)

4OG . [2063 Q.N. 10(a)]  1
or, b = (– 4, – 6)
Solution: 2
Let ABCD be a parallelogram. Since G A 
B
 b = (–2, –3)
is the point of intersection of diagonals O
   
AC and BD. So G is the mid-point of 16. Show that the following vectors are linearly dependent 5 i + 6 j + 7 k  7 i
AC and BD. G
    
Let O be any point on the – 8 j + 9 k and 3 i + 20 j + 5 k . [2065 Q.N. 10(a)]
parallelogram. Join OA, OB, OC and
D C Solution:
OD.    
Let, a =5 i +6 j +7k
Then,    
          b =7 i –8 j +9k
OA + OB + OC + OD = (OG + GA ) + (OG +GB ) + (OG +GC ) +    
  and c = 3 i + 20 j + 5 k
(OG + GD ) Then,
         a1 a2 a3   5 6 7 
= OG + OG + OG + OG + (GA +GC ) + (GB +GD )
 b1 b2 b3  =  7 –8 9 
     
[GA and GC are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction and
 c1 c2 c3  
3 20 5 
 
similar case as GB andGD ] = 5(– 40 – 180) –6(35 – 27) + 7(140 + 24)
       = –1100 – 48 + 1148
or, OA + OB + OC + OD = 4OG + O + O = 0
     Hence, the given vectors are linearly dependent.
 OA + OB + OC + OD = 4OG
     
    17. If 3 i + j – k and  i – 4 j + 4 k are collinear vector. Find .
13. If a = (2, –3) and b = (4, –2). Find the unit vector along 4 a – 3 b .
[2065 Q.N. 3(b)]
[2063 Q.N. 3(b)]
Solution:
Solution:
We have,
See answer of Q.N. 8.
     
  3 i + j – k and  i – 4 j + 4 k
14. Show that the three points whose position vectors are 7 j + 10 k , –
If the given vectors are collinear, then their corresponding coefficients
     
i + 6 j + 6 k and – 4 i + 9 j + 6 k form an isosceles right angled must be proportional.
triangle. [2064 Q.N. 10(a)] 3 1 1
i.e., =– =–
Solution:  4 4
See answer of Q.N. 7. 3 1
or, =–
     4
15. If a = (3, 4) and 3 a + 2 b = (5, 6), find b . [2064 Q.N. 4(a)]
Solution:  = –12.
We have,       
18. Prove that the vectors 5 a + 6 b + 7 c , 7 a – 8 b + 9 c and 3 a +
  
a = (3, 4) 20 b + 5 c are coplanar. [2066 Q.N. 10 (a)]
  Solution:
3 a + 2 b = (5, 6)
  
Now, Let, r1 = 5 a + 6 b + 7 c
    
3(3, 4) + 2 b = (5, 6) r 2=7a –8b +9c
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 153 154/Vectors and Its Application

  
and 
Again,
r3 = 3 a + 20 b + 5 c
  
Consider, r3 = x
r1 + yr2 . . . . (i) AC = OC – OA
where x and y are scalars.      
= (3 i + 8 j – 6 k ) – ( i + 2 j + 4 k )
Then,
  
         = 2 i + 6 j – 10 k
3 a + 20 b + 5 c = x(5 a + 6 b + 7 c ) + y(7 a – 8 b + 9 c )
  
      = 2( i + 3 j – 5 k )
or, 3 a + 20 b + 5 c = (5x + 7y) a + (6x – 8y) b +(7x + 9y) c
 
    AC = 2 AB
Now, equating the coefficients of a , b , c on both sides, we get
5x + 7y = 3 . . . . (ii)  
Thus, AC // AB and point A is common to both vectors.
6x – 8y = 20 . . . . (iii) Hence, the points A, B and C are collinear.
7x + 9y = 5 . . . . (iv)
  
Multiplying equation (ii) by 8 and (iii) by 7 and adding (ii) and (iii), we 20. Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors i – 2 j + 3 k ,
get,     
40x + 56y = 24 2 i + 3 j – 4 k , –7 i + 10 k respectively are collinear. [2066 Q.N. 10(a)]
42x – 56y = 140 Solution:
82x = 164 See answer of Q.N. 3.
x = 2  
21. Find the unit vectors parallel to the sum of the vectors 2 i + 4 j –
Substituting the value of x in equation (ii), we get,    
5  2 + 7y = 3 5 k and i + 2 j + k . [2066 Q.N. 3(b)]
or, 7y = –7 Solution:
 y = –1    
 Let, a = 2 i + 4 j – 5 k and
Now, substituting the value of x and y in equation (iv), we get,
   
or, 7  2 + 9  (–1) = 5 b = i +2j + k
or, 14 – 9 = 5 Now,
or, 5 = 5, which is true.        
Substituting the value of x and y in equation (i), we get, a + b = (2 i + 4 j – 5 k ) + ( i + 2 j + k )
   
r = 2
3 r –
1 r
2 =3 i +6 j –4k
Hence, the given vectors are coplanar. Again,
      
19. Prove that the points A, B, C are collinear if OA = i + 2 j + 4 k , OB |a + b | = (3)2 + (6)2 + (–4)2
       = 9 + 36 + 16
= 2 i + 5 j – k and OC = 3 i + 8 j – 6 k . [2066 Q.N. 4(a)]
Solution: = 61
We have,  
|a + b | = 61
     
OA = i + 2 j + 4 k Now, unit vector parallel to the sum of a and b is
     
OB = 2 i + 5 j – k a + b
    =
 
and OC = 3 i + 8 j – 6 k |a + b |
Now,   
   3 i +6 j –4k
AB = OB – OA =
61
     
= (2 i + 5 j – k ) – ( i + 2 j + 4 k ) 3  6  4 
= i + j – k
   61 61 61
= i +3 j –5k
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         
22. Show that the three points whose position vectors 2 i – j + k , i – 23. Determine the unit vector of 2 a – 3 b where a = 4 i + 3 j and b =
      
3 j – 5 k and 3 i – 4 j – 4 k form the sides of a right angle triangle. –2 i – 3 j . [2067 Q.N. 4 (a)]
[2067 Q.N. 10 (a)] Solution:
Solution: Given that,
Let O be the origin.   
Then, a =4i +3 j
      
OA = 2 i – j + k and, b = –2 i – 3 j
    Now,
OB = i – 3 j – 5 k      
 2 a – 3 b = 2(4 i + 3 j ) – 3(–2 i – 3 j )
  
and OC = 3 i – 4 j – 4 k    
Now, = (8 i + 6 j ) + (6 i + 9 j )
      
2a –3b = 14 i + 15 j
AB = OB – OA
Again,
     
= ( i – 3 j – 5 k ) – (2 i – j + k )  
|2 a – 3 b | = (14)2 + (15)2 = 196 + 225 = 421
   
 AB = – i – 2 j – 6 k  
Then, unit vector along 2 a – 3 b is

and |AB| = (–1)2 + (–2)2 + (–6)2  
2a –3b
= 1 + 4 + 36 =
 
= 41 |2 a – 3 b |
Again,  
14 i + 15 j 14  15 
   = = i + j .
BC = OC – OB 421 421 421
            
= (3 i – 4 j – 4 k ) – ( i – 3 j – 5 k ) 24. Prove that the three vectors a – 2 b + 3 c , –2 a + 3 b – 4 c and – b
    
 BC = 2 i – j + k + 2 c are coplanar. [2068 Q.N. 10 (a)]
 Solution:
and, |BC| = (2)2 + (–1)2 + (1)2   
= 4+1+1 Let, r1 = a – 2 b + 3 c
   
= 6 r 2 = –2 a + 3 b – 4 c
Now,  
   and  r3 = – b + 2 c
AC = OC – OA Consider,
      r3 = x r1 + y
= (3 i – 4 j – 4 k ) – (2 i – j + k ) r2 . . . . (i)
    Then,
 AC = i – 3 j – 5 k        
 – b + 2 c = x( a – 2 b + 3 c ) + y(–2 a + 3 b – 4 c )
and |AC| = (1)2 + (–3)2 + (–5)2      
or, 0. a – b + 2 c = (x – 2y) a + (–2x + 3y) b + (3x – 4y) c
= 1 + 9 + 25
  
= 35 Now, equating the coefficients of a , b , c on both sides, we get
Now, 0 = x – 2y . . . . (ii)
AC2 + BC2 = 35 + 6 = 41 = AB2 –1 = –2x + 3y . . . . (iii)
Since, AC2 + BC2 = AB2. 2 = 3x – 4y . . . . (iv)
Hence, the given vectors form the sides of a right angled triangle. From (ii) we get,
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 157 158/Vectors and Its Application
2y = x 
Substituting the value of 2y in equation (iv), we get, 31. Find the direction cosines of the vectors MN where position vectors of
2 = 3x – 2x[ x = 2y].      
M is – i + 6 j + 6 k and N is – 4 i + 9 j + 6 k . [2070 Old Q.N. 3(b)]
x=2 Solution:
Substituting the value of x = 2 in equation (ii), we get, Let O be the origin, then,
y=1    
Substituting the value of x and y in equation (iv), we get, OM = – i + 6 j + 6 k
2 =32–41    
and ON = – 4 i + 9 j + 6 k
or, 2 =6–4
Now,
or, 2 = 2, which is true.
Again,         
MN = ON – OM = (– 4 i + 9 j + 6 k ) – (– i + 6 j + 6 k )
Substituting the value of x and y in equation (ii), we get,    
r = 2r + r MN = –3 i + 3 j + 0. k
3 1 2
Hence, the given vectors are coplanar. Again,
25. ABCD is a parallelogram. G is the point of intersection of its diagonals 
|MN| = (–3)2 + (3)2 + (0)2 = 9 + 9 = 18 = 3 2
     Now,
and if O is any point. Show that OA + OB + OC + OD = 4OG .
[2068 Q.N. 4 (a)] 
Then, unit vector along vector MN is
Solution:    
See answer of Q.N. 12. MN –3 i + 3 j + 0. k –1  1  
= = = i + j + 0. k
          3 2 2 2
26. If OP = i +3 j – 7 k and OQ = 5 i – 2 j +4 k , find PQ and a unit |MN|
 
vector along the direction of PQ . [2069 (set B) Q.N. 2(c)] Hence, the direction cosines along vector MN is
Solution: –1 1
See answer of Q.N. 11. , , 0.
2 2
27. OB and OC are two straight lines and D is a point on BC such that 32. The vertices A, B, C of a triangle are (2, –1, –3), (4, 2, 3) and (6, 3, 4)
BD:DC = m:n, show that; 
  respectively. Show that AB = (2, 3, 6) and AC = 9.[2070 (Set D) Q.N. 2(c)]
 nOB + mOC Solution:
OD = [2069 (set A) old Q.N. 10 (a)]
m+n Let O be the origin.
Solution: Then,
See answer of Q.N. 10 
    OA = (2, –1, –3)
28. If a = (3, 4) and 3 a + 2 b = (5, 6), find b . [2069 (set A) old Q.N. 4(a)]

Solution: OB = (4, 2, 3)
See answer of Q.N. 15. 
    and, OC = (6, 3, 4)
29. Show that the three points with position vectors i + 2 j + 4 k , 2 i + Now,
       
5 j – k and 3 i + 8 j – 6 k are collinear. [2069 (set A) Q.N. 2(c)] AB = OB – OA = (4, 2, 3) – (2, –1, –3) = (2, 3, 6)
Solution: Again,
See answer of Q.N. 19.   
       AC = OC – OA = (6, 3, 4) – (2, –1, –3)= (4, 4, 7)
30. Prove that the three vectors a – 2 b + 3 c , –2 a + 3 b – 4 c and – b Now,
 
+ 2 c are coplanar. [2070 Old Q.N. 10 (a)]
AC = |AC| = (4)2 + (4)2 + (7)2 = 16 + 16 + 49 = 81
Solution:
AC= 9
See answer of Q.N. 24.
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33. ABCD is a parallelogram G is the point of intersection of the         
    Then, PQ = OQ – OP = (5 i – 2 j + 4 k ) – ( i + 3 j – 7 k )
diagonals and if O is any point; show that OA + OB + OC + OD =    
 PQ = 4 i – 5 j + 11 k
4OG . [2070 (set C) Q.N. 2(c)] Now,
Solution: 
See answer of Q.N. 12 |PQ| = 42 + (–5)2 + 112 = 16 + 25 + 121 = 9 2
      
34. If 3 i + j + k and  i – 4 j + 4 k are colliner vectors. Find the Unit vector along PQ is
value of . [2071 (set C) Q.N. 2 (c)] 4  5  11 
Solution: i – j k
9 2 9 2 9 2
See answer of Q.N. 17
   
35. Show that the three points whose position vectors are 7 j + 10 k , – i Thus, the direction cosines of PQ are
     4 5 11
+ 6 j + 6 k and – 4 i + 9 j + 6 k form an isosceles triangle.  – 
[2071 (set D) Q.N. 2 (c)] 9 2 9 2 9 2
Solution:        
See answer of Q.N. 7 39. If a = 2 i – 3 j + 4 k and b = – i +2 j – 2 k , find a unit vector
       
36. Prove that the vectors i – 2 j + 3 k , 2 i + 3 j – 4 k and along the direction of 2 a + 3 b . [HSEB 2073 Set C Q.N. 2(c)]
  Solution:
–7 j + 10 k are collinear. [2072 Set C Q.N. 2(c)]    
Solution: We have, a = 2 i – 3 j + 4 k
See answer of Q.N. 3.    
b = – i +2 j – 2 k
           
37. If a = (3, –1, –4), b = (–2, 4, –3) find unit vector along a – 2 b . Now, 2 a + 3 b = 2(2 i – 3 j + 4 k ) + 3(– i +2 j – 2 k )
[2072 Set D Q.N. 2(c)]
    
Solution: = i +0 j +2k = i +2k
  The magnitude of
We have a = (3, –1, – 4), b = (–2, 4, – 3)
     
  2 a + 3 b = |2 a + 3 b | = | i + 2 k | = 12 + 22 = 5
Then, a – 2 b = (3, –1, – 4) – 2(– 2, 4, – 3)
 
= (3, –1, – 4) + (4, –8, 6)  The unit vector along (2 a + 3 b )
= (3 + 4, –1 – 8, – 4 + 6)    
  2a +3b i +2k 1  2 
= = = i + k .
 a – 2 b = (7, – 9, 2)   5 5 5
Now, |2 a + 3 b |
  40. ABCD is a parallelogram, G is the point of intersection of its
| a – 2 b | = 72 + (–9)2 + 22 = 49 + 81 + 4 = 134
diagonals and if O is any point show that :
  –9
Unit vector along a – 2 b = 
7 2 
      
 134 134 134 OA + OB + OC + OD = 4OG [HSEB 2073 Set D Q.N. 2(c)]
         Solution:
38. If OP = i + 3 j – 7 k and OQ = 5 i – 2 j + 4 k , find PQ and its Let ABCD be a parallelogram. Since G A
B
direction cosines. [2072 Set E Q.N. 2(c)]
is the point of intersection of diagonals O
Solution:
AC and BD. So G is the mid-point of
We have G
AC and BD.
   
OP = i + 3 j – 7 k Let O be any point on the
D C
    parallelogram. Join OA, OB, OC and
OQ = 5 i – 2 j + 4 k OD.
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Then,   
or, b =– a – c
         
OA + OB + OC + OD = (OG + GA ) + (OG +GB ) + (OG +GC ) +   
or, ( b )2= (– a – c )2
 
(OG + GD )  
or, b2 = a2 + 2 a . c + c2 . . . . (i)
         
= OG + OG + OG + OG + (GA +GC ) + (GB +GD ) Since (– B) is angle between a and c .
   
[GA and GC are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction and a . c
  So, cos (– B) =
 
similar case as GB andGD ] |a ||c |
      
or, OA + OB + OC + OD = 4OG + O + O or, a . c = ac cos ( – B)
      
 OA + OB + OC + OD = 4OG or, a . c = – ac cos B
Then, equation (i) becomes
41. Define scalar product of two vectors. Give the geometrical
or, b2 = a2 – 2ac cos B + c2
interpretation of the scalar product of two vectors. Prove vertorically
b = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B.
2
that, b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ca cosB. [HSEB 2073 Set D Q.N.10]
  
Solution: 42. If a = (3, – 1, – 4), b = (– 2, 4, – 3) and c = (– 5, 7, – 1) find the unit
Scalar product (or dot product):   
vector along a – 2 b + c . [NEB 2074 (set B) Q.N. 2(c)]
  Solution:
Let a = (a1, a2, a3) and b = (b1, b2, b3) be two vectors. Then the scalar
    See answer of Q.N. 4.
product of two vectors a and b is denoted by a . b and is defined by
  6.2 Scalar Product
a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
OR 1. Prove by vector method:
    cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B [2057 Q.N. 11 (a)]
a . b = | a | | b | cos ab cos, where,  is the angle between two
Solution:
vectors.
Let XOX' and YOY' are two mutually perpendicular axes intersect at origin
Vectors product (or cross product): O.
  Suppose POX = A and QOX = B
Let a = (a1, a2, a3) and b = (b1, b2, b3) be two vectors. Then the vector
    Then, POQ = A – B
product of two vectors a and b is denoted by a  b and is defined by; Let OP = r1 and OQ = r2. Y
  
   i j k  then co-ordinates of P and Q P

a  b =  a1 a2 a3  are (r1 cos A, r1 sin A) and (r2

r1 Q
 
cos B, r2 sin B) respectively.
b1 b2 b3 Then, r2

    X' A B
X
= (a2b3 – a3b2) i + (a3b1 – a1b3) j + (a1b2 – a2b1) k OP = (r1 cos A, r1 sin A) O
For next part A 
OQ = (r2 cos B, r2 sin B)
Let ABC be a triangle such that.
Also, Y'
     
BC = a , CA = b and BA = c . c  
b OP . OQ = (r1 cos A, r1 sin A) . (r2 cos B, r2 sin B)
Now,
= r1r2 cos A cos B + r1r2 sin A sin B
  
CA = CB + BA = r1r2 (cos A cos B + sin A sin B)
B C  
   B a
or, CA = – BC – AB Since, A– B is angle between OP and OQ .
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Then, 3
or, cos  =
  6 6
OP . OQ
cos (A – B) = 1
  or, cos  =
|OP | |OQ | 2
r1 r2 (cos A cos B + sin A sin B)   = 60°.
=
r1r2   
5. Find the cosine of the angle between the vectors 2 i + j + k and
 cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B.
  
      4 i +3 j +5k . [2060 Q.N. 3 (b)]
2. Show that the vectors 2 i + 3 j – 8 k and 2 i + 4 j + 2 k are
Solution:
orthogonal. [2057 Q.N. 3 (b)]
   
Solution: Let, a = 2 i + j + k
       
Let, a = 2 i + 3 j – 8 k and b = 4 i + 3 j + 5 k
    Now,
and b = 2 i + 4 j + 2 k
       
Now, a . b = (2 i + j + k ) . (4 i + 3 j + 5 k )
        =8+3+5
a . b = (2 i + 3 j – 8 k ) . (2 i + 4 j + 2 k )
 
= 4 + 12 – 16 = 0  a . b = 16
  Again,
Since, a . b = 0. So the two vectors are perpendicular to each other.

Hence, the two vectors are orthogonal. | a | = (2)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
3. Prove by vectors method: 
|b | = (4)2 + (3)2 + (5)2 = 16 + 9 + 25 = 50
cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B [2058 Q.N. 11 (a)] Now,
Solution:  
See answer of Q.N. 1. a . b
cos  =
       
4. Find the angle between two vectors a = i + j – 2 k and b = 2 i – | a | | b |
  16
j – k . [2059 Q.N. 4 (a)] cos  =
6 50
Solution:
8
    =
Let, a = i + j – 2 k 5 3
    8
and b = 2 i – j – k cos  =
Now, 5 3
         
a . b = ( i + j – 2 k ) . (2 i – j – k ) = 2 – 1 + 2 6. If a and b are two vectors of unit length and  is the angle between
  1   
 a . b =3 them. Show that | a – b | = sin . [2061 Q.N. 4 (a)]
2 2
Again,
Solution:
  
|a | = (1)2 + (1)2 + (–2)2 = 6 Given that a and b are two vectors of unit length.

and | b | = (2)2 + (–1)2 + (–1)2 = 6  
 | a | = 1 and | b | = 1.
Now, We know that,
 
a . b    
cos  = a . b = | a | | b | cos 
 
|a ||b | = 1.1 cos 
= cos 
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 165 166/Vectors and Its Application

   
 a . b = cos . Since  – C is angle between a and b
Now,  
a . b
1   1   So, cos (– C)=
|a – b |= (| a – b |)2  
2 2 |a ||b |
   
=
1
2
( a – b )2 [ |a | = a
2 2
 
= a . a ] or, a . b = ab cos (– C)
 
1   Similarly,  – B) is angle between a and c
= a2 – 2 a . b + b2  
2 a . c
1 So, cos – B) =
= (1)2 – 2cos  + (1)2  
2 |a ||c |
1    
= 2 – 2 cos  or, a . c = | a | | c | cos (– B)
2
Then, equation (i) becomes
1
= 2 (1 – cos ) or, a2 = –ab cos (– C) – ac cos ( – B)
2
or, a2 = ab cos C + ac cos B
1  a = b cos C + c cos B.
= 2. 2 sin2
2     
1  9. If i , j , k be three mutually perpendicular unit vectors and a =
= . 2 sin
2 2       
i – 2 j + k , b = 2 i – 3 j – k , find the cosine of the angle
 between the two vectors. [2063 Q.N. 4 (a)]
= sin
2 Solution:
1       
 | a – b | = sin . Let, a = i – 2 j + k
2 2
   
7. Prove vectorically that: and b = 2 i – 3 j – k
cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B [2062 Q.N. 11 (a)] Now,
Solution:        
See answer of Q.N. 1. a . b = ( i – 2 j + k ) . (2 i – 3 j – k ) = 2 + 6 – 1 = 7
Again,
8. Using vector method, prove in any triangle that:

a = b cos C + c cos B. [2063 Q.N. 11 (a)] | a | = (1)2 + (–2)2 + (1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6
Solution: 
Let, ABC be a triangle such that A | b | = (2)2 + (–3)2 + (–1)2 = 4 + 9 + 1 = 14
       
AB = c , BC = a and CA = b . c Then, cosine angle between a and b is
b
Now, by triangle law of vector addition, we  
a . b 7 7
   B cos  = = =
have, BC = BA + AC a C   6 14 12
|a ||b |
  
or, BC = – AB – CA 
cos   
   
or, a =–b – c .
 10. Using vector method, prove in any triangle that:
Taking dot product with a on both sides, we get, b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ac cos B. [2064 Q.N. 11 (a)]
     Solution:
a . a = a .(– b – c )
Let ABC be a triangle such that.
   
or, a2 = – a . b – a . c . . . . (i)      
BC = a , CA = b and BA = c .
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 167 168/Vectors and Its Application
Now, Now,
          
CA = CB + BA A a . b = ( i – 2 j + 4 k ) . (2 i + 7 j + m k ) = 2 – 14 + 4
    
or, CA = – BC – AB  a . b = –12 + 4m
   c  
or, b = – a – c b The two vectors a and b are orthogonal if
 2   2  
or, ( b ) = (– a – c ) a . b =0
  B C or, –12 + 4m = 0
or, b2 = a2 + 2 a . c + c2 . . . . (i) B a
   m= 3.
Since (– B) is angle between a and c .
14. Prove by vector method:
  cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B. [2066 (c) Q.N. 11 (a)]
a . c
So, cos (– B) =
  Solution:
|a ||c | See answer of Q.N. 1.
         
or, a . c = ac cos ( – B) 15. If a = i + 2 j + 3 k and b = 2 i + 3 j + 4 k , find the projection of
   
or, a . c = – ac cos B a on b .
Then, equation (i) becomes
Solution:
or, b2 = a2 – 2ac cos B + c2
Given that,
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B.
         
11. Find the value of r if the vectors 3 i – j – 2 k and 2 i – 2 j + r k a = i +2 j +3k
are orthogonal. [2065 Q.N. 4 (a)]    
and b = 2 i + 3 j + 4 k
Solution: Now,
           
Let, a = 3 i – j – 2 k a . b = ( i + 2 j + 3 k ) . (2 i + 3 j + 4 k ) = 2 + 6 + 12 = 20
   
and b = 2 i – 2 j + r k  
 a . b = 20
Now,
We know that,
       
a . b = (3 i – j – 2 k ) . (2 i – 2 j + r k ) = 6 + 2 – 2r  
    a . b 20 20
 a . b = 8 – 2r Projection of a on b = = =
 2 2
(2) + (3) + (4) 2
29
  |b |
The vectors a and b are orthogonal if
16. Prove by vector method:
 
a . b =0 cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B. [2067 Q.N. 11 (a)]
i.e. 8 – 2r = 0 Solution:
 r = 4. Let XOX ' and YOY ' are two Y
12. Use vector method to prove that, in any triangle ABC, mutually perpendicular axes intersect at
a = b cos C + c cos B. [2066 Q.N. 11 (a)] origin O. P
Solution: Suppose POX = A and QOX = B r1
See answer of Q.N. 8. Then, POQ = A + B
      Let OP = r1 and OQ = r2. then co- A
13. For what value of m are the vectors i – 2 j + 4 k , 2 i + 7 j + m k X
orthogonal? [2066 Q.N. 3 (b)] ordinates of P and Q are (r1 cos A, r1 sin O B
Solution: A) and (r2 cosB, –r2 sin B) respectively. r2
    Then,
Let, a = i – 2 j + 4 k  Q
    OP = (r1 cos A, r1 sin A)
and b = 2 i + 7 j + m k
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 169 170/Vectors and Its Application
   
OQ = (r2 cos B, –r2 sin B) or, c =–b – a
Also,   
or, ( c )2 = (– b – a )2
 
OP . OQ = (r1 cos A, r1 sin A) . (r2 cos B, –r2 sin B)  
or, c2 = b2 + 2 b . a + a2 . . . . (i)
= r1r2 cos A cos B – r1r2 sin A sin B
 
= r1r2 (cos A cos B – sin A sin B) Since, – C) is angle between a and b .
   
Since, A + B is angle between OP and OQ . a . b
So, cos –C) =
Then,  
|a ||b |
 
OP . OQ  
cos (A + B) = or, a . b = ab cos ( – C)
 
|OP | |OQ |  
or, a . b = – ab cos C
r1 r2 (cos A cos B – sin A sin B) Then, equation (i) becomes
=
r1r2
 c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C.
 cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B.    
    19. Show that the three points whose position vectors are 2 i – j + k , i
17. Given a = (3, 1, 2) and b = (2, –2, 4), find the projection of a on b .     
[2067 Q.N. 3 (b)] – 3 j – 5 k and 3 i – 4 j – 4 k form the sides of a right angled
Solution: triangle. Also, find the remaining two angles. [2069 old (set B) Q.N. 10 (a)]
Given that, Solution:
    Let O be the origin.
a = (3, 1, 2) = 3 i + j + 2 k
Then,
    
and b = (2, –2, 4) = 2 i – 2 j + 4 k   
OA = 2 i – j + k
Now,
   
        OB = i – 3 j – 5 k
a . b = (3 i + j + 2 k ) . (2 i – 2 j + 4 k ) = 6 – 2 + 8
   
  and OC = 3 i – 4 j – 4 k
 a . b = 12
We know that, Now,
          
  a . b AB = OB – OA = ( i – 3 j – 5 k ) – (2 i – j + k )
Projection of a on b =
    
|b | AB = (– i – 2 j – 6 k )
12 12 12 
= 2 2 2
= = = 6 and |AB| = (–1)2 + (–2)2 + (–6)2 = 1 + 4 + 36 = 41
(2) + (–2) + (4) 4 + 4 + 16 24 Again,
18. Using vector method, prove that: c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C.   
[2068 Q.N. 11 (a)] BC = OC – OB
Solution:      
A = (3 i – 4 j – 4 k ) – ( i – 3 j – 5 k )
Let ABC be a triangle such that,
   
      BC = (2 i – j + k )
AB = c , BC = a and AC = b . 
c A
Now, b and |BC| = (2)2 + (–1)2 + (1)2 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
   Now,
AB = AC + CB C   
   B C AC = OC – OA
or, AB = – CA – CB a
     
= (3 i – 4 j – 4 k ) – (2 i – j + k ) C B
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 171 172/Vectors and Its Application

        
AC = ( i – 3 j – 5 k ) and, PB = PO + OB = – r – a
 Again,
and |AC| = (1)2 + (–3)2 + (–5)2 = 1 + 9 + 25 = 35      
Now, PA . PB = (– r + a ) . (– r – a ) = r2 – a2 = 0 [ OA = OP]
BC2 + AC2 = 6 + 35 = 41 = AB2  
PA . PB = 0
 BC2 + AC2 = AB2
Hence, the angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
Hence, the triangle is right angled triangle and right angle at c.
i.e. APB = 90°.
For the second part:
     
21. For what value of x is the pair of vectors x i – 2 j + 4 k and 2 i +
AC .AB
Cos A =  
  7 j + k orthogonal? [2069 old (set B) Q.N. 3(b)]
|AC| |AB|
Solution:
         
( i – 3 j – 5 k ) . (– i – 2 j – 6 k ) Let, a = x i – 2 j + 4 k
=
35 41    
–1 + 6 + 30 35 and b = 2 i + 7 j + k
= =        
35 41 35 41 a . b = (x i – 2 j + 4 k ) . (2 i + 7 j + k ) = 2x – 14 + 4
35  
or, cos A=  a . b = 2x – 10
41
 
35 The vectors a and b are orthogonal if
 A = cos–1  
41 a . b =0
  or, 2x – 10= 0
BC . AB
and, cos (180 – B) = or, 2x = 10
 
|AB| |BC|  x = 5.
             
(2 i – j + k ) . (– i – 2 j – 6 k ) 22. If a = i + j – 2 k and b = 2 i – j – k are two vectors, find the
= cosine of the angle between the two vectors. [2069 (set B) Q.N. 3 (c)]
6 41
–2 + 2 – 6 Solution:
– cos B = See answer of Q.N. 4.
6 41
     
6 23. If | a + b | = | a – b |, prove that a is perpendicular to b .
or, – cos B = – [2069 (set A) old Q.N. 3 (b)]
41
Solution:
= cos–1 
6    
B
 41 Given that, | a + b | = | a – b |
   
20. Prove analytically that the angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. Then,| a + b |2 = | a – b |2
[2069 old (set B) Q.N. 9 (a)]        
Solution: or, ( a + b ) . ( a + b ) = ( a – b ) . ( a – b )
Let the angle in a semi-circle is APB. P                
or, a . a + a . b + b . a + b . b = a . a – a . b – b . a + b . b
Let O be the origin such that,    
    or, 2 a . b + 2 a . b = 0
OA = a then OB = – a B A  
O or, 4 a . b = 0
 
Let OP = r  
 a . b =0
Now,
 
     Hence, a is perpendicular to b .
PA = PO + OA = – r + a .
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 173 174/Vectors and Its Application
24. Define scalar product of two vectors. Prove by the method of vectors Now,
that: cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B. [2069 (set A) Q.N. 10]       
Solution: a . b = (2 i – j + k ).( i – 3 j – 5 k )
Scalar product of two vectors: =2+3–5
  =0
Let a = (a1, a2, a3) and b = (b1, b2, b3) be two vectors, then the scalar Again,
    
product of two vectors a and b is denoted by a . b and is defined by | a | = 22 + (–1)2 + (1)2 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
  
a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 | b | = 12 + (–3)2 + (–5)2 = 1 + 9 + 25 = 35
Also, Now,
  
a . b = ab cos  where  is the angle between two vectors. a.b 0
For the second part: cos =
  6 35
See answer of Q.N. 1. |a||b|
25. Prove by vector method: or, cos = 0
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B [2070 old Q.N. 11 (a)] 
 = 2
Solution:
See answer of Q.N. 16.      
31. If ( a + b ). ( a – b ) = 0, prove that | a | = | b |. [2072 Set D Q.N. 3(c)]
26. Define scalar product of two vectors. Prove by vector method that:
Solution:
cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B. [2070 (set D) Q.N. 10]
We have
Solution:
   
For the first part: see answer of Q.N. 24. ( a + b ). ( a – b ) = 0
For the second part: see answer of Q.N. 1.   
      or, a2 – a . b + b . a – b2 = 0
27. If | a + b | = | a – b |, prove that a is perpendicular to b . or, a2 = b2
      [2070 (set C) Q.N. 3 (c)]  
Solution: or, | a |2 = | b |2
See answer of Q.N. 23.  
     | a | = | b |
28. For what value of m is the pair of vectors i – 2 j + 4 k and 2 i –
32. Define Scalar product of two vectors. Give the geometrical
 
7 j + m k orthogonal? [2071 (sec C) Q.N. 3 (c)] interpretation of the Scalar product of two vectors. In any triangle
Solution: prove vectorically that: a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA. [2072 Set E Q.N. 10]
See answer of Q.N. 13 Solution:
29. Define scalar product of two vectors. Prove by vector method that: For the first part
See answer of Q.N. 24.
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B. [2071 (set D) Q.N. 10]
Geometrical meaning of Scalar product
Solution:
 
For first part: See answer of Q.N. 24 Let a and b be two vectors. Then the geometrical meaning of scalar
For second part: See answer of Q.N. 16 product
30. Find the angle between the vectors     
a . b = (magnitude of a )  (Projection of b on a ).
       
2 i – j + k and i – 3 j – 5 k . [2072 Set C Q.N. 3(c)]   a . b  
Hence, projection of a on b is = = | a | cos  a . b^
Solution: 
    |b |
Let a = 2 i – j + k  
  a . b  
    and projection of b on a is = = | b | cos  b . a^
b = i –3 j –5k 
|a |
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 175 176/Vectors and Its Application
For the second part QOX = B
Let ABC be a triangle such that Then, POQ = A – B
      Let OP = r1 and OQ = r2. then co-ordinates of P and Q are (r1 cos A,
BC = a , CA = b , AB = c r1 sin A) and (r2 cos B, r2 sin B) respectively.
A
Now, Then,
    
BC = AB + AC OP = (r1 cos A, r1 sin A), OQ = (r2 cos B, r2 sin B)
   c
b Also,
or, a = – AB – CA  
   OP . OQ = (r1 cos A, r1 sin A) . (r2 cos B, r2 sin B)
or, a = – c – b = r1r2 cos A cos B + r1r2 sin A sin B
   B C = r1r2 (cos A cos B + sin A sin B)
or, ( a )2= (– c – b )2 a
 
  Since, A– B is angle between OP and OQ .
or, a2 = c2 + 2 c . b + b2 Then,
   
or, a2 = b2 + 2 b . c + c2 . . . . (i) OP . OQ r1 r2 (cos A cos B + sin A sin B)
cos (A – B) = =
    r1r2
Since ( – A) is the angle between b and c . So |OP | |OQ |
  cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B.
b.c
cos (– A) = 34. Using vectors prove that [NEB 2074 (set A) Q.N. 10]
  (i) b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ca cosB
|b||c|
(ii) c = a cos B + b cos A for any triangle ABC.
  Solution:
or, b . c = bc cos ( – A)
See answer in Q.N.10.
 
or, b . c = – bc cos A 35. Define Scalar product of two vectors. Prove vectorically
Then (i) becomes Cos (A + B) = Cos A. Cos B – Sin A. Sin B. [NEB 2074 (set B) Q.N. 10]
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA. Solution:
33. Define scalar product of two vectors. Prove vectorically that For the first part:
See answer of Q.N.24.
Cos (A – B) = Cos A Cos B + Sin A Sin B. [HSEB 2073 Set C Q.N.10]
For the second part:
Solution: See answer of Q.N.26.
Scalar product (or dot product):
  6.3 Vector Product
Let a = (a1, a2, a3) and b = (b1, b2, b3) be two vectors. Then the scalar
      
product of two vectors a and b is denoted by a . b and is defined by 1. Show that the area of the parallelogram determined by i + j – 3 k
    
a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 and – i – 2 j – 3 k is 118 sq. units. [2058 Q.N. 3 (b)]
For next part: Y Solution:
       
a . b = | a | | b | cos P Let, a = i + j – 3 k
ab cos, where,  is the    
r1 Q and b = – i – 2 j – 3 k
angle between two vectors. Now,
r2
  
Let XOX' and YOY' are two X' A B
  
i j k 
 
O X
mutually perpendicular axes a  b = 1 1 –3
intersect at origin O.
Suppose POX = A and Y'
 –1 –2 –3 
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 177 178/Vectors and Its Application
    
= i (–3 –6) + j (3 + 3) + k (–2 + 1) |OP  OQ |
sin (A + B) =
      
 a  b = –9 i + 6 j – k |OP | |OQ |
  r1r2 (sin A cos B + cos A sin B)
We know that, area of parallelogram is the magnitude of a  b . or, sin (A + B) =
r 1r 2
 
 | a  b | = (–9)2 + (6)2 + (–1)2  sin (A + B) = (sin A cos B + cos A sin B)
= 81 + 36 + 1 3. Prove by vector method:
= 118 sq. units. sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B. [2060 Q.N. 11 (a)]
Hence, the area of the parallelogram is 118 sq. units. Solution:
Let XOX ' and YOY ' are two mutually perpendicular axes intersect at
2. Prove by vector method:
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B. [2069 Q.N. 11 (a)]
origin O.
Solution: Suppose POX = A and QOX = B
Let XOX' and YOY' are two mutually perpendicular axes intersect at origin Then, POQ = A – B
O. Let OP = r1 and OQ = r2. Then Y
Suppose POX = A and QOX = B co-ordinates of P and Q are (r1 cos A,
P
r1 sin A, 0) and (r2 cos B, r2 sin B, 0)
Then, POQ = A + B
respectively. r1 Q
Let OP = r1 and OQ = r2. Y
Then co-ordinates of P and Q Then, r2

are (r1 cos A, r1 sin A, 0) and (r2  X' O AB

P OP = (r1 cos A, r1 sin A, 0) X
cos B, –r2 sin B, 0) respectively. r1 
Then, OQ = (r2 cos B, r2 sin B, 0) Z
 O A Also, Y'
OP = (r1 cos A, r1 sin A, 0) X' X   

B
   i j k 
OQ = (r2 cos B, –r2 sin B, 0)
Z
r2
OP  OQ = 
r1 cos A r1 sin A 0 
Also,
 
Y' Q r 2 cos B r2 sin B 0 
OP  OQ =   
   = i .(0 – 0) – j .(0 – 0) + k .(r1r2 cos A sin B – r1r2 sin A cos B]
 i j k    
 r cos A r1 sin A 0  = 0 i – 0 j – (r1r2 sin A cos B – cos A sin B) k

 r cos B 0 
1
= (0, 0, – r1r2 (sin A cos B – cos A sin B))
2 –r2 sin B So,
    
= i . (0 – 0) – j . (0 – 0) + k . (–r1r2 cos A sin B – r1r2 sin A cos B) |OP  OQ | = 02 + 02 + (–r1r2 (sin A cos B – cos A sin B))2
   = r12 r22 (sin A cos B – cos A sin B)2
= 0 . i – 0 . j – (r1r2 sin A cos B + cos A sin B) . k
= (0, 0, – r1r2 (sin A cos B + cos A sin B)) = r1r2 (sin A cos B – cos A sin B)
So,  
Since, A – B is angle between OP and OQ .
 
|OP  OQ | = 02 + 02 + (–r1r2 (sin A cos B + cos A sin B))2  
|OP  OQ |
= r12 r22 (sin A cos B + cos A sin B)2 Then, sin (A – B) =
 
= r1r2 (sin A cos B + cos A sin B) |OP | |OQ |
  r1r2 (sin A cos B – cos A sin B)
Since, A + B is angle between OP and OQ . or, sin (A – B) =
r 1r 2
Then,  sin (A – B) = (sin A cos B – cos A sin B)
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 179 180/Vectors and Its Application
4. Prove in any triangle, by vector method that: ab sin C bc sin A ca sin B
or, = =
sin A sin B sin C abc abc abc
a = b = c . [2061 Q.N. 11 (a)]
sin A sin B sin C
 = =
Solution: A a b c
Let ABC be a triangle such that      
5. Find a unit vector perpendicular to 2 i + 3 j – k and i + j – 2 k .
      c b
AB = c , BC = a and CA = b . [2061 Q.N. 3 (b)]
Now, by triangle law of vector addition, B Solution:
we have, a C        
Let, a = 2 i + 3 j – k and b = i + j – 2 k
     
AB + BC + CA = O Now, vector perpendicular to a and b is
      
or, c + a + b = O
  
i j k
   
   
 a + b + c = O . . . . (i)
a  b = 2 3 –1 
= i (–6 + 1) – j (– 4+ 1) + k (2 – 3)

Taking cross product with a on both sides of (i), we get,

1 1 –2 
    
       a  b = –5 i + 3 j – k .
a (a + b + c )= a  O Again,
         
or, a  a + a  b + a  c = O [ a  O = O] | a  b | = (–5)2 + (3)2 + (–1)2 = 25 + 9 + 1 = 35
       Now,
or, a  b + a  c = O [ a  a = O]
 
    unit vector perpendicular to a and b
or, a  b = – ( a  c )
    
    a  b –5 i + 3 j – k –5  3  1 
 a  b = c  a . . . . (ii) = = = i + j – k
  35 35 35 35
 |a  b |
Also, taking cross product with b on both sides of (i), we get,

      6. Find the area of the parallelogram determined by the vectors i +
b (a + b + c )= b  O     
        2 j + 3 k and –3 i – 2 j + k . [2062 Q.N. 3 (b)]
or, b  a + b  b + b  c = O [ b  O = O] Solution:
              
or, b  a + b  c = O [ b  b = O] Let, a = i + 2 j + 3 k and b = –3 i – 2 j + k
    Now,
or, b  c = –( b  a )   
   
 
i  j k 
 b  c = a  b . . . . (iii)
a  b = 1 2  3 
 –3 
From (ii) and (iii), we have,
      –2 1
a  b = b  c = c  a
  
      = i (2 + 6) – j (1 + 9) + k (–2 + 6)
or, | a  b | = | b  c | = | c  a |
    
or, ab sin ( – C) = bc sin (A) = ca sin (B)  a  b = 8 i – 10 j + 4 k
   
[ ( – C) is angle between a and b . Then,  a  b | = (8)2 + (–10)2 + (4)2
  = 64 + 100 + 16 = 180 = 6 5
|a  b |  
Then, sin ( – C) =  | a  b | = ab sin ( – C)]  
 
|a ||b | The area of parallelogram determined by a and b is
or, ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B  
 a  b | = 6 5 sq. unit.
Hence, the area of the parallelogram is 6 5 sq. units.
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 181 182/Vectors and Its Application

    
7. Find the area of the triangle determined by the vectors 3 i + 4 j and
  i j k    
  a  b = 3 4 1  = i (0 – 7) – j (0 + 5) + k (21 + 20)
–5 i + 7 j .
 –5 
[2064 Q.N. 3 (b)]
Solution: 7 0
          
Let, a = 3 i + 4 j = 3 i + 4 j + 0 k  a  b = –7 i – 5 j + 41 k
       
and b = –5 i + 7 j = –5 i + 7 j +0 k So, | a  b | = 72 + (–5)2 + (41)2 = 49 + 25 + 1681 = 1755 = 41.892
Now,  
   Then, area of triangle a and b is
   i j k  1   1
= | a  b | =  41.892 = 20.946 sq. units.
a  b =  3 4 0  2 2
 –5 7 0  12. Define vector product of two vectors. Interpret the vector product of
two vectors geometrically. Prove by vector method that:
  
= i (0 – 0) – j (0 – 0) + k (21 + 20) sin A sin B sin C
a = b = c .
[2069 (set B) Q.N. 10]
    
 a  b = 0 i – 0 j + 41 k Solution:
 
So, | a  b | = 02 + 02 + (41)2 = 41 Vector product of two vectors:
    
Then, area of triangle determined by a and b is Let a and b be two vectors, then the vector product of two vectors a
1   1   
= | a  b | =  41 = 20.5 sq. unit. and b is denoted by a  b and is defined as the vector which is
2 2  
perpendicular to both a and b .
8. By using vectors, prove that in any ABC
Geometrical Interpretation of vector product:
sin A sin B sin C
   
a = b = c .
[2065 Q.N. 11 (a)] C
Let, OA = a and OC = b be two adjacent sides B
Solution: of a parallelogram OABC. Draw CDOA.
b
See answer of Q.N. 4. Then, 
  CD O D a A
9. Find the area of the triangle determined by the vectors 3 i + 4 j and = sin 
OC
 
–5 i + 7 j . [2068 Q.N. 3 (b)] CD = OC sin 
Solution: Now,
See answer of Q.N. 7. Area of parallelogram OABC
10. Prove vectorically that in any triangle: = OA  CD = OA  OC sin  = ab sin 
a b c Again,
= = [2069 old (set B) Q.N. 11 (a)]   ^ ^
sin A sin B sin C | a  b | = |ab sin  n | where n is the unit vector.
Solution: ^
= ab sin n |
See answer of Q.N. 4.
^
   = ab sin . [n is a unit vector]
11. Find the area of the triangle determine by the vectors 3 i + 4 j + k = ab sin 
  = Area of parallelogram OABC
and – 5 i + 7 j . [2069 old (set B) Q.N. (a)]
Solution:  
Hence, the modulus of a  b is the area of the parallelogram OABC.
           
Let, a = 3 i + 4 j + k and b = – 5 i + 7 j = – 5 i + 7 j + 0 k Also, the modulus of a  b is twice the area of the triangle OAB.
Now, For second part:
See answer of Q.N. 4.
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 183 184/Vectors and Its Application
13. Prove by vector method that: sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B.     
[2069 (set A) old Q.N. 11 (a)] a  b = – i + 5 j + 11 k
Solution: Again,
See answer of Q.N. 3.  
a  b = (–3)2 + (5)2 + (11)2 = 9 + 25 + 121 = 155
 Again,
14. Find the area of the parallelogram determined by the vectors i +
     
2 j + 3 k and –3 i – 2 j + k . [2069 (set A) Q.N. 3 (c)] |a | = (2)2 + (–1)2 + (1)2 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6 and
Solution: 
See answer of Q.N. 6. |b | = 32 + (4)2 + (–1)2 = 9 + 16 + 1 = 26
    
15. Find the unit vector perpendicular to the vectors 4 i – 2 j + 3 k and The sine angle between a and b is given by
    
5 i + j – 4 k . [2070 (old) Q.N. 4 (b)] |a  b | 155 155
sin = = =
Solution:   6 26 156
|a ||b |
   
Let, a = 4 i – 2 j + 3 k 155
sin  =
    156
and b = 5 i + j – 4 k
  17. Define vector product of two vectors. Using vector method, prove
Now, the vector perpendicular to a and b is sin A sin B sin C
  
 
that: a = b = c . [2070 (set C) Q.N. 10]
i j k
    
a  b = 4 –2 3 
= i (8–3) – j (–16–15)+ k (4+10) Solution:

 –4 
For first part: See answer of Q. N 12
5 1 For second part: See answer of Q.N. 4.
     18. Define vector product of two vectors. Prove by vector method that sin
 a  b = 5 i + 31 j + 14 k .
Again, (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B. [2071 (set C) Q.N. 10]
  Solution:
| a  b | = (5)2 + (31)2 + (14)2 = 25 + 961 + 196 = 1182 For first part: See answer of Q.N. 12
Now, For second part: See answer of Q.N. 2
    
unit vector perpendicular to a and b 19. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors 3 i + j + 2 k
       
a  b 5 i + 31 j + 14 k 5  31  14  and 2 i – 2 j + 4 k . [2071 (set D) Q.N. 3 (c)]
= = = i + j + k .
  1182 1182 1182 1182 Solution:
|a  b |
          
Let a = 3 i + j + 2 k and b = 2 i – 2 j + 4 k
16. Find the sine of the angle between the two vectors 2 i – j + k and
 
     a × b
3 i +4 j – k . [2070 (set D) Q.N. 3 (c)] We know that, unit vector perpendicular to a and b =
 
Solution: |a × b|
      
Let, a = 2 i – j + k
  
i j k

 
and b = 3 i + 4 j – k
  So, a × b = 
3 1 2 
 
Let,  be the angle between two vectors a and b .
2 –2 4
Now,      
= (4 + 4) i – (12 – 4) j + (– 6 – 2) k = 8 i – 8 j – 8 k
  
   i j k   
 
Also, | a × b | = (8)2 + (– 8)2 + (– 8)2 = 64 + 64 + 64 = 8 3
|a  b | =  2 –1 1 
= i (1 – 4) – j (–2 – 3) + k (8 + 3)  
 3 4 –1 
 Unit vector perpendicular to a and b
 Complete NEB Solution of Basic Mathematics Grade-12 / 185 186/Vectors and Its Application
     = (a2 b3 – a3 b2) b1 + (a3 b1 – a1 b3) b2 + (a1 b2 – a2 b1) b3
a × b 8 i –8 j –8k 1  1  1 
= = = i – j – k =0
  8 3 3 3 3
|a× b|   
 a × b is perpendicular to b .
20. Define vector product of two vectors. Prove by vector method
sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB. [2072 Set C Q.N. 10]
        
24. If a + b + c = 0, prove that a × b = b × c = c × a
Solution: [HSEB 2073 Set D Q.N. 3(c)]
For the first part: See answer of Q.N. 12. Solution:
For the second part: See answer of Q.N. 2.   
21. Define vector product of two vectors. Prove by vector method that in We have, a + b + c = O
a b c 
any triangle ABC: = = . [2072 Set D Q.N. 10] Taking cross product on the both sides by a , we get
sinA sinB sinC
     
Solution: a × a + a× b +a × c =O
For the first part         
See answer of Q.N. 12. or, 0 + a × b – c × a = O [∵( a × c ) = – ( c × a )]
For the second part    
or, a × b = c × a . . . . (i)
See answer of Q.N. 4.
  
  Again, a + b + c = O
22. Find the area of the triangle determined by the vectors 3 i + 4 j and

  Taking cross product on both sides by b , we get
–5 i + 7 j . [2072 Set E Q.N. 3(c)]
     
Solution: b × a + b× b +b × c =O
See answer of Q.N. 7.     
or, –( a × b ) + 0 + b × c = O
  
23. Show that vector product a × b is perpendicular to both vectors a    
 or, a × b = b × c . . . (ii)
and b . [HSEB 2073 Set C Q.N. 3(c)] Combining equation (i) and (ii), we get
     
Solution: a× b = b × c = c × a
  
Let a = (a1, a2, a3) and b = (b1, b2, b3)
Then,
25. Prove that  (
a – b ) × (a + b ) = 2a × b .
[NEB 2074 (set A) Q.N. 2(c)]
  
  
i j k  Solution:
a ×b = 
a1 a2 a3  LHS= (
a–b ) × (
a+b)
 b1 b2 b 
3
= a × a + a × b –
    b ×
a –
b ×
b
  
= [(a2 b3 – a3 b2) i + (a3 b1 – a1 b3) j + (a1 b2 – a2 b1) k ] =
a ×b + (
a ×
b)
Now,  
=2(a × b)
   = RHS.
( a × b ) . a = {(a2 b3 – a3 b2, a3 b1 – a1 b3, a1 b2 – a2 b1) . (a1, a2, a3)}
= (a2 b3 – a3 b2) a1 + (a3 b1 – a1 b3) a2 + (a1 b2 – a2 b1) a3 26. Find the area of the parallelogram determined by the vectors.
=0      
i + 2 j + 3 k and – 3 i – 2 j + k . [NEB 2074 (set B) Q.N. 3(c)]
   Solution:
 a × b is perpendicular to a .
See answer of Q.N. 6.
Also,
  
( a × b ) . b = {(a2 b3 – a3 b2, a3 b1 – a1 b3, a1 b2 – a2 b1) . (b1, b2, b3)}
