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3.4: Equality and relational operators ' zyBooks catalog ( Help/FAQ ) Hayoung Kwon %

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3.4 Equality and relational operators

Equality operators

An equality operator checks whether two operands' values are the same (==) or different (!=). Note that equality is ==, not just =.
An expression involving an equality operator evaluates to a Boolean value. A Boolean is a type that has just two values: true or false.

Table 3.4.1: Equality operators.

Equality operators Description Example (assume x is 3)

x == 3 is true
== a == b means a is equal to b
x == 4 is false

x != 3 is false
!= a != b means a is not equal to b
x != 4 is true

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PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
3.4.1: Evaluating expressions that have equality operators.

Indicate whether the expression evaluates to true or false.

x is 5, y is 7.

1) x == 5
True
False

2) x == y
True
False

3) y != 7
True
False

4) y != 99
True
False

5) x != y
True
False

6) Is x = = y a valid expression?
Yes
No

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PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
3.4.2: Creating expressions with equality operators.

Type the equality operator to complete the desired expression.

1) numDogs is 0
numDogs 0

Check Show answer

2) numDogs and numCats are the same

numDogs numCats

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3) numDogs and numCats differ

numDogs numCats

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4) numDogs is either less than or greater than numCats

numDogs numCats

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5) userChar is the character 'x'.

userChar 'x'

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Relational operators

A relational operator checks how one operand's value relates to another, like being greater than.
Some operators like >= involve two characters. A programmer cannot arbitrarily combine the >, =, and < symbols; only the shown two-
character sequences represent valid operators.

Table 3.4.2: Relational operators.

Relational operators Description Example (assume x is 3)

x < 4 is true
< a < b means a is less than b
x < 3 is false

x > 2 is true
> a > b means a is greater than b
x > 3 is false

x <= 4 is true
<= a <= b means a is less than or equal to b x <= 3 is true
x <= 2 is false

x >= 2 is true
>= a >= b means a is greater than or equal to b x >= 3 is true
x >= 4 is false

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PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
3.4.3: Evaluating equations having relational operators.

Indicate whether the expression evaluates to true or false.

x is 5, y is 7.

1) x <= 7
True
False

2) y >= 7
True
False

3) Is x <> y a valid expression?

Yes
No

4) Is x =< y a valid expression?

Yes
No

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PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
3.4.4: Creating expressions with relational operators.

Type the operator to complete the desired expression.

1) numDogs is greater than 10

numDogs 10

Check Show answer

2) numCars is greater than or equal to 5

numCars 5

Check Show answer

3) numCars is 5 or greater
numCars 5

Check Show answer

4) centsLost is a negative number

centsLost 0

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Example: Golf scores

In golf and miniature golf, each hole has a "par" indicating the normal number of strokes to get the ball in the hole. The following program
outputs special names for numbers below par. The program uses one relational operator, and several equality operators, in a multi-branch
if-else statement.

zyDE 3.4.1: Golf scores.

This program outputs special names for different numbers of strokes for a par 4 hole. Press Run to see the name for the input strokes
of 2. Try changing the input strokes to different values, and press Run again to see the name.
If desired, try extending the program to print "Bogey" for 5, and "Double bogey" for 6. Remember that equals is ==, not =.
Try typing "= 1" instead of "== 1" and see what happens. Try typing an unsupported operator, like =>, and see what happens.

2
Load default template...

1 #include <iostream>
2 using namespace std; Run
3
4 int main() {
5 int numStrokes;
6
7 cin >> numStrokes;
8
9 // Assumes "par 4"
10 if (numStrokes <= 0) {
11 cout << "Invalid entry." << endl;
12 }
13 else if (numStrokes == 1) {
14 cout << "Hole in 1!!!" << endl;
15 }
16 else if (numStrokes == 2) {
17 cout << "Eagle!" << endl;
18 }
19 else if (numStrokes == 3) {

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CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
3.4.1: Enter the output for the branches with relational and equality operators.

Start
1

Type the program's output

2

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
3
int main() {
int numEggs;
4
numEggs = 6;
b
if (numEggs <= 6) {
cout << "b" << endl; h
}
else {
cout << "e" << endl;
}

cout << "h" << endl;

return 0;
}

1 2 3 4

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CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
3.4.2: Equality and relational expressions.

Start
1

Write an expression that will cause "Foot or more" to print if the value of numInches is greater than or equal to 12.
2
1 #include <iostream>
2 using namespace std;
3 3
4 int main() {
5 int numInches = 0;
6
7 cin >> numInches; // Program will be tested with values: 11, 12, 13, 14.
8
9 if (/* Your code goes here */) {
10 cout << "Foot or more" << endl;
11 }
12 else {
13 cout << "Less than a foot" << endl;
14 }
15
16 return 0;
17 }

1 2 3

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Comparing characters, strings, and <oating-point types

The relational and equality operators work for integer, character, and Noating-point built-in types.
Comparing characters compares their ASCII numerical encoding.
Floating-point types should not be compared using the equality operators, due to the imprecise representation of Noating-point numbers, as
discussed in a later section.
The operators can also be used for the string type. Strings are equal if they have the same number of characters and corresponding
characters are identical. If string myStr = "Tuesday", then (myStr == "Tuesday") is true, while (myStr == "tuesday") is false because T differs
from t.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
3.4.5: Comparing various types.

Which comparison will compile AND consistently yield expected results? Variables have types denoted by their names.

1) myInt == 42
OK
Not OK

2) myChar == 'q'
OK
Not OK

3) myDouble == 3.26
OK
Not OK

4) myString == "Hello"
OK
Not OK

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Common errors

Perhaps the most common error in C and C++ is to use = rather than == in an if-else expression, as in: if (numDogs = 9) { ... }. That code is
not a syntax error. The statement assigns numDogs with 9, and then because that value is non-zero, the expression is considered true. C's
designers allowed assignment in expressions to allow compact code, and use = for assignment rather than := or similar to save typing.
Many people believe those language design decisions were mistakes, leading to many bugs. Some modern compilers provide a warning
when = appears in an if-else expression.
Another common error is to use invalid character sequences like =>, !<, or <>, which are not valid operators.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
3.4.6: Watch out for assignment in an if-else expression.

What is the inal value of numItems?

1) numItems = 3;
if (numItems == 3) {
numItems = numItems + 1;
}

Check Show answer

2) numItems = 3;
if (numItems = 10) {
numItems = numItems + 1;
}

Check Show answer

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CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
3.4.3: If-else statement: Fix errors.

Start

Find and ix the error in the if-else statement.

1 #include <iostream>
2 using namespace std;
3
4 int main() {
5 int userNum;
6
7 cin >> userNum; // Program will be tested with values: 1, 2, 3, 0.
8
9 if (userNum = 2) {
10 cout << "Num is equal to two" << endl;
11 }
12 else {
13 cout << "Num is not two" << endl;
14 }
15
16 return 0;
17 }

Check Try again

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CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
3.4.4: If-else statement: Print senior citizen.

Write an if-else statement that checks patronAge. If 55 or greater, print "Senior citizen", otherwise print "Not senior citizen" (without
quotes). End with newline.

1 #include <iostream>
2 using namespace std; 1 test
3 passed
4 int main() {
5 int patronAge;
6 All tests
7 cin >> patronAge; passed
8
9 /* Your solution goes here */
10
11 return 0;
12 }

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#3.5 Detecting ranges (general)