February 17, 2021

Quiz 4
Due: February 21, 2021
ENEE 4600 20548 Section 0
 ENEE 4600 – Quiz 4

Table of Contents
Part 1: Problem 3-19 ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Solution ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Part a ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Part b ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Part 1: Problem 3-27 ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Solution ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Part a ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Part b ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Part 2: Problem 3-19 ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Solution ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Part 2: Problem 3-27 ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Solution ..................................................................................................................................................... 9

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 ENEE 4600 – Quiz 4

Part 1: Problem 3-19

A half-wave rectifier with a 1-kΩ load has a parallel capacitor. The source is 120 V rms, 60 Hz.
Determine the peak-to-peak ripple of the output voltage when the capacitor is:
(a) 4000 µF
(b) 20 µF.
Is the approximation of Eq. (3-51) reasonable in each case?

Solution
Part a
For the parameters given,

𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 √2 = 120√2 = 169.706 V

𝜔𝑅𝐶 = (2𝜋60) ∗ 1000 ∗ (4000 ∗ 10−6 ) = 1507.964 rad

𝜃 = − tan−1 (𝜔𝑅𝐶) + 𝜋 = − tan−1(1507.964) + 𝜋 = 1.571 rad

𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃 = 169.71 sin(1.571) = 169.710 V
The angle at which the diode turns on in the second period, 𝜔𝑡 = 2𝜋 + 𝛼, is the point when the sinusoidal
source reaches the same value as the decaying exponential output (pg. 103/89):
2𝜋+𝛼−𝜃
sin 𝛼 − (sin 𝜃)𝑒 − 𝜔𝑅𝐶 =0
Thus,
2𝜋+𝛼−1.571
sin 𝛼 − (sin(1.571))𝑒 − 1507.964 = 0 → 𝛼 = 1.480 rad (Used MATLAB)
The peak-to-peak ripple of the output voltage can be determined by Eq. (3-49):
Δ𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑚 (1 − sin 𝛼) = 169.706(1 − sin 1.480) = 0.70 V
The approximation of the output voltage ripple can be approximated using Eq. (3-51):
𝑉𝑚 169.706
Δ𝑉𝑜 ≈ = = 0.71 V
𝑓𝑅𝐶 60(1000)(4000 ∗ 10−6 )
Since the answers are similar, the approximation of Eq. (3-51) is reasonable.

Part b
For the parameters given,

𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 √2 = 120√2 = 169.706 V

𝜔𝑅𝐶 = (2𝜋60) ∗ 1000 ∗ (20 ∗ 10−6 ) = 7.540 rad

𝜃 = − tan−1 (𝜔𝑅𝐶) + 𝜋 = − tan−1 (7.540) + 𝜋 = 1.703 rad
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃 = 169.71 sin(1.703) = 168.229 V

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 ENEE 4600 – Quiz 4

The angle at which the diode turns on in the second period, 𝜔𝑡 = 2𝜋 + 𝛼, is the point when the sinusoidal
source reaches the same value as the decaying exponential output (pg. 103/89):
2𝜋+𝛼−𝜃
sin 𝛼 − (sin 𝜃)𝑒 − 𝜔𝑅𝐶 =0
Thus,
2𝜋+𝛼−1.703
sin 𝛼 − (sin(1.703))𝑒 − 7.540 = 0 → 𝛼 = 0.528 rad (Used MATLAB)
The peak-to-peak ripple of the output voltage can be determined by Eq. (3-49):
Δ𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑚 (1 − sin 𝛼) = 169.706(1 − sin 0.528) = 84.21 V
The approximation of the output voltage ripple can be approximated using Eq. (3-51):
𝑉𝑚 169.706
Δ𝑉𝑜 ≈ = = 141.72 V
𝑓𝑅𝐶 60(1000)(20 ∗ 10−6 )
Since the answers are not similar, the approximation of Eq. (3-51) is not reasonable. This makes sense
since the output voltage ripple is reduced by increasing the filter capacitor 𝐶 (pg. 105). As a result, this
causes a less accurate approximation as 𝐶 increases.

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 ENEE 4600 – Quiz 4

Part 1: Problem 3-27

A controlled half-wave rectifier has a 120 V rms 60 Hz ac source. The series 𝑅𝐿 load has 𝑅 = 40 Ω and
𝐿 = 75 mH. The delay angle is 60°. Determine
(a) an expression for load current
(b) the average load current
(c) the power absorbed by the load.

Solution
For the parameters given,

𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 √2 = 120√2 = 169.706 V

2 0.5
𝑍 = [𝑅 2 + (𝜔𝐿)2 ]0.5 = [402 + ((2𝜋60) ∗ 0.075) ] = 48.984 Ω

𝜔𝐿 (2𝜋60) ∗ 0.075
𝜔𝜏 = = = 0.707
𝑅 40
𝜔𝐿
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1(0.707) = 0.615 rad
𝑅
𝜋
𝛼 = 60° = rad
3
Part a
The expression for load current can be obtained using Eq. (3-55).
𝑉𝑚 𝛼−𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = [sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃) − sin(𝛼 − 𝜃) 𝑒 𝜔𝜏 ] , for α ≤ ω𝑡 ≤ 𝛽
𝑍
where
𝑉𝑚 𝛼−𝛽
0= [sin(𝛽 − 𝜃) − sin(𝛼 − 𝜃) 𝑒 𝜔𝜏 ]
𝑍
𝜋
−𝛽
169.706 𝜋 3
0= [sin(𝛽 − 0.615) − sin ( − 0.615) 𝑒 0.707 ] → 𝛽 = 3.75 rad (Used MATLAB)
48.984 3

Thus,
𝜋
−𝜔𝑡
169.706 𝜋 3
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = [sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.615) − sin ( − 0.615) 𝑒 0.707 ]
48.984 3
𝜋
3 𝜔𝑡
= 3.465 [sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.615) − 0.419𝑒 0.707 𝑒 −0.707 ]
𝜔𝑡
= 3.465 [sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.615) − 1.843𝑒 −0.707 ]
𝜔𝑡 π
= 3.465 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.615) − 6.39𝑒 −0.707 A, for ≤ ω𝑡 ≤ 3.75 rad
3

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 ENEE 4600 – Quiz 4

Part b
The average load current can be determined using Eq. (3-58).
𝛽
1
𝐼𝑜 = ∫ 𝑖(𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝛼
3.75
1 𝜔𝑡
= ∫ 3.465 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.615) − 6.39𝑒 −0.707 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝜋
3
= 0.89 A (Used MATLAB)
Part c
First, determine the rms current using Eq. (3-59).

𝛽
1
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ ∫ 𝑖 2 (𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝛼
3.75
2
1 𝜔𝑡
= √ ∫ [3.465 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.615) − 6.39𝑒 −0.707 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)] 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝜋
3
= 1.50 A (Used MATLAB)
The power absorbed by the load is:
2
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 = 1.52 ∗ 40 = 90 W

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 ENEE 4600 – Quiz 4

Part 2: Problem 3-19

Using the sample slx file provided for Quiz 3, simulate Problem 3-19 in Simulink and measure the peak-
to-peak ripple of the output voltage in both cases. Compare your analytical and simulation results in a
table.

Solution
The Simulink circuit used to simulate Problem 3-19 is shown below in Figure 1. In this diagram, 𝑅 =
1000 Ω, 𝑉𝑚 = 169.7, and 𝑓 = 60 Hz. The run time was set to 33.334 ms to capture a full two cycles (1
cycle = 16.67 ms).

Figure 1: Simulink circuit for Problem 3-19

For the simulation in Part a, 𝐶 = 4000 μF. The plot for the input and output voltages 𝑉𝑖𝑛 and 𝑉𝑜 are
shown below in Figure 2. Note that the axis was changed to radians by multiplying the time, 𝑡, with the
angular frequency 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, where 𝑓 = 60 Hz.

Figure 2: Input and output voltage waveforms for Problem 3-19a

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 ENEE 4600 – Quiz 4

A closer look at the 𝑉𝑜 ’s waveform reveals that there is a slight voltage dip while the diode is off. This is
shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Closer look into the second cycle of the input and output voltage waveforms for Problem 3-19a

According to Figure 3-11 of the textbook, Δ𝑉𝑜 is calculated by taking the difference between 𝑉𝑜 ’s
maximum and minimum. These points have been labelled in Figure 2. Thus,
Δ𝑉𝑜 = 169.7 − 169.004 = 0.696 V
For the simulation in Part a, 𝐶 = 20 μF. The plot for the input and output voltages 𝑉𝑖𝑛 and 𝑉𝑜 are shown
below in Figure 4. Note that the axis was changed to radians by multiplying the time, 𝑡, with the angular
frequency 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, where 𝑓 = 60 Hz.

Figure 4: Input and output voltage waveforms for Problem 3-19b

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 ENEE 4600 – Quiz 4

Like in Figure 3, there is also a slight voltage dip while the diode is off. However, in this case it is more
prominent and can be seen in Figure 4 as well.
According to Figure 3-11 of the textbook, Δ𝑉𝑜 is calculated by taking the difference between 𝑉𝑜 ’s
maximum and minimum. These points have been labelled in Figure 4. Thus,
Δ𝑉𝑜 = 169.303 − 57.3633 = 111.9397 V
The voltage ripple results from Part 1: Problem 3-19 and the graphs above have been gathered in Table 1
below.
Table 1: Analytical and simulated results for voltage ripple compared for Problem 3-19

Analytical (V) Simulated (V) Percent Error

4000 µF 0.7 0.696 0.57
20 µF 84.21 111.9397 32.93

Although the analytical results matched the simulated results from the 4000 µF capacitor, the analytical
results did not match the simulated results for the 20 µF. This could be due to human error such as
rounding, or the wrong values entered in the Simulink circuit.

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 ENEE 4600 – Quiz 4

Part 2: Problem 3-27

Using the sample slx file provided for this quiz, simulate Problem 3-27 in Simulink and find the extinction
angle 𝛽. It must verify the expression you have set up to calculate 𝛽.

Solution
The first positive value of 𝜔𝑡 in Eq. (3-12) that results in zero current is called the extinction angle 𝛽 (pg.
84/70).
The Simulink used in this problem is shown below in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Simulink diagram for Problem 3-5

To obtain the extinction angle 𝛽, the current was plotted in Simulink for a run time of 16.67 ms (one
period for 60 Hz), and its graph was sent to MATLAB’s workspace. Next, the time values were
multiplied by the frequency, 60 Hz, and a factor of 2*3.14 to convert that axis in radians. This result is
shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Current waveform for Problem 3-5

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 ENEE 4600 – Quiz 4

From the figure, it was observed that the current reached 0 A at 3.7467 radians. Therefore, 𝛽 = 3.74 rad.
Thus, the analytical and simulated answers are the same.

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