MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education

NAME: FENIŇA FAYE MAYOS DOROPAN SECTION: BEED- IIIA SUBJECT: ELED 111

CHAPTER 2: PHILOSOPHY, OBJECTIVES AND COMPOSITIONS OF ART

WARM UP ACTIVITY
Write your philosophy in life as a would-be teacher. Write it in the box and be able to share it
if asked.

“It is more important to have a happy life

than a so-called successful life, because
success can be defined in so many ways.
Just being happy is a success in itself”.
Although we may sometimes neglect to cultivate our
own happiness, feeling happy is intrinsically important. If we
are happy it has added knock on effects and benefits. These
include us becoming more compassionate and feeling
healthier both physically and emotionally. We become more
creative, witty, energetic and fun to be around and it can also
lead us to become more financially successful. The
fundamental reason why happiness is so important is that it’s
extremely vital to our own goals in life and can help us
achieve many other cherished personal ambitions and goals.
Also, by being happy, we have the potential to change many
other lives just by being ourselves.

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ACTIVITY 1

Answer the following questions.

1. What is the belief of Plato regarding art?

Plato had two theories of art. One may be found in his dialogue The Republic, and seems to be the
theory that Plato himself believed. According to this theory, since art imitates physical things, which
in turn imitate the Forms, art is always a copy of a copy, and leads us even further from truth and
toward illusion. For this reason, as well as because of its power to stir the emotions, art is dangerous.
Plato's other theory is hinted at in his shorter dialogue Ion, and in his exquisitely crafted Symposium.
According to this theory the artist, perhaps by divine inspiration, makes a better copy of the True than
may be found in ordinary experience. Thus, the artist is a kind of prophet. Here are some features of
the two theories:
Art is imitation This is a feature of both of Plato's theories. Of course, he was not the first or
the last person to think that art imitates reality. The idea was still very strong in the Renaissance,
when Vasari, in his Lives of the Painters, said that "painting is just the imitation of all the living
things of nature with their colors and designs just as they are in nature." It may still be the most
commonly held theory.
.
Art is powerful, and therefore dangerous Poetry, drama, music, painting, dance, all stir up
our emotions. All of the arts move people powerfully. They can strongly influence our
behavior, and even our character. For that reason, Plato insisted that music (especially music),
along with poetry and drama and the other arts, should be part of the education of young citizens
in his ideal republic, but should be strictly censored to present, at first, only the good.

2. How did Aristotle support his own philosophy?

Aristotle (384-322 BC) was more systematic and down to earth. All the arts have their
own techniques and rational principles, and it is through mastery of these that the
artist/craftsman brings his conceptions to life. Yes, the arts do copy nature, but their
representations are fuller and more meaningful than nature gives us in the raw. That is their
strength. We do not therefore need to insist on some moral purpose for art, which is thus free
to represent all manner of things present, past, imagined or institutionally-required. Correctness
in poetry is not correctness judged on other grounds like politics or morality. The artist's task
is to create some possible world which the audience will grasp and evaluate much as they do
the "real" world outside. The artwork needs to be internally consistent, and externally
acceptable.

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3. What does Kant want us to discover when he said "Art for Art's Sake".

German philosopher Immanuel Kant qualified “art for art’s sake” as a mode of approaching
art in The Critique of Judgement (1790). Declaring content, subject matter, and any other
external demands obsolete, Kant argued the purpose of art is to be “purposeless”. It should not
have to justify any reason of existing and being valued other than the fact that it is art. Our
experience of art – the ways we appreciate and criticize work – is therefore wholly commanded
by aesthetic pleasure and delight, separate to the rest of the world. To Kant, this was the only
window through which it could be viewed. Responsible for a host of core ideas in Western
philosophy, Kant’s thoughts on autonomy and transcendental value have resonated throughout
modern thinking to present day.

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ACTIVITY 2
Browse the internet about the following compositions of art: subject of art, ways of presenting
them and mediums used.

The Subjects of Art

The subject of art is the matter to be described or to be portrayed by the artist. This may
refer to any person, object, scene or event.
Two Kinds of Art as to Subject:
1. Representational Art or Objective Art
They are those arts which depict (represent) objects that are commonly recognized by
most people. They attempt to copy, even if in a subjective manner, something that's real. It uses
“form” and is concerned with “what” is to be depicted in the artwork.

Examples:
A. Still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace
objects which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or man-made
(drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on) in an artificial setting.

B. Portraiture (portrait) is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of

a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant.

C. Landscapes, Seascapes, Cityscapes

2. Non-representational Art or Non-objective Art – They are those arts without any reference
to anything outside itself (without representation). It is nonobjective because it has no
recognizable objects. It is abstract in the sense that it doesn’t represent real objects in our world.
It uses “content” and is concerned with “how” the artwork is depicted.

Methods of Presenting Art Subjects

1. Realism. It often refers to the artistic movement, which began in France in the 1850s. The
popularity of realism grew with the introduction of photography - a new visual source that
created a desire for people to produce things that look “objectively real”. Undistorted by
personal bias, realism believed in the ideology of objective reality and revolted against
exaggerated emotionalism. Simply speaking, it is a method of portraying an art subject
according to the objective reality. It depicts what the eyes can see, what the ear can hear, what
the sense faculty may receive. Example was the painting of Zeuxis, 5th century painter. The

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subject of his painting was a grape. When he unveiled his painting of grapes, they appeared so
real, luscious and inviting that the birds flew down from the sky to peck at them.

2. Abstraction. Its etymology is derived from Latin “abstractus "drawn away," or Latin past
participle “abstrahere:” from ab(s)- "away" + trahere "draw," which means "withdrawn or
separated from material objects or practical matters." It is totally the opposite of realism.

In abstract art, the artist does not show the subject at all as an objectively reality, but only his
idea, or his feeling about it (exaggerated emotionalism). It is all about what the artists feel and
what mood they might want to portray. Abstract art is all shapes, no real-life images, scenery,
or objects.

Example is the painting of Constantin Brancusi’s “Bird in Space.” He was so impressed by the
grace of a bird in flight, by the sweep of its body as it flew through the air. His sculptural work
does not look like a bird for it is supposed to convey an impression of a bird’s grace and speed.

Forms of Abstraction:

A. Distortion. This is clearly manifested when the subject is in misshapen condition,

or the regular shape is twisted out. It is a form os emphasizing detail to the point that
something is no longer “correctly” depicted. Example is Pablo Picasso’s The Old
Guitarist. See how the left shoulder is hitched up so high and the other shoulder barely
exists; how spidery his hands are; and how his head is twisted around unnaturally.
Another is Henry Moore’s sculptural works and the ancient Egyptian paintings and
sculptural works are good examples of this kind. Pablo Picasso’s “The Old Guitarist”
Henry Moore’s “Distortion”

B. Elongation. It refers to that which is being lengthened, a protraction or an extension.

El Greco "Christ Crucified," a sculpture by Giambologna from around 1588, an elegant
but somewhat formulaic work in which the elongated body of Christ seems to float
almost birdlike off the cross, is an example of this.

C. Mangling. This may not be a commonly used way of presenting an abstract subject,
but there are few artists who show subject or objects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated,
torn, hacked or disfigured.

D. Cubism. It began in the early 1900s when artists such as Georges Braque (French)
and Pablo Picasso (Spanish) began painting in such a way that was far removed from
traditional art styles. The Cubists tried to create a new way of seeing things in art. Many
of their subjects, be they people or landscapes, were represented as combinations of
basic geometric shapes - sometimes showing multiple viewpoints of a particular image.
Cubist pictures are therefore often described as looking like pieces of fractured glass.
Constantin Brancusi’s Bird in Space 3 Violin and Candlestick by Braque Three
Musicians by Picasso

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E. Abstract Expressionism. Abstract Expressionism is a modern art movement that

flowered in America after the Second World War and held sway until the dawn of Pop
Art in the 1960's. With this movement New York replaced Paris as the center of the art
world. In a painting, the artists applied paint rapidly, and with force to their huge
canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions, painting gesturally, non-
geometrically, sometimes applying paint with large brushes, sometimes dripping or
even throwing it into the canvas. Abstract Expressionism was influenced by the
Existentialist philosophy, which emphasized the importance of the act of creating, not
of the finished object. What matters for the artist are the qualities of the paint itself and
the act of painting itself. Jackson Pollock “Convergence” Jackson Pollock “Autumn
Rhythm”

3. SYMBOLISM. A symbol is a visible sign of something invisible such as an idea or quality.

Symbolism systematically uses symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work
of art more subjective (rather than objective) and conventional. For example, a flag is a symbol
of a country and it depicts the value of nationalism; a lion to represent courage and a lamb to
represent meekness. The logos and emblems of business firms and the coat of arms of bishops
are also examples of symbolism.

Lucerne’s Lion Monument, a famous masterpiece of the early 19th century, is dedicated to the
memory of the heroic fight and final defeat of the Swiss Guards in Paris in 1792. In the
Philippines, we have the “Spolarium” of Juan Luna. The painting shows fallen gladiators being
dragged to an unseen pile of corpses in a chamber beneath the Roman arena. It expresses his
anger over the abuses and cruelties of the colonial rule of the Spanish authorities over the
people of his native country. The 4 sculpture in the EDSA Shrine depicts the brave-ness and
courage of the Filipinos against the tyrant dictator, Ferdinand Marcos. Lucerne’s Lion
Monument Juan Luna “Spolarium”

4. FAUVISM. It is derived from the French “les fauves,” which means “the wild beasts.” It is an
artistic movement of the last part of the 19th century which emphasized spontaneity and use of
extremely bright colors. To a fauvist, for example, a tree trunk need not be brown. It could be
bright red, purple or any other color. Henri Matisse, French artist, was known for his use of
colour and his fluid, brilliant and original draughtsmanship. As a draughtsman, printmaker, and
sculptor, but principally as a painter, Matisse is one of the best-known artists of the 20th
century. He was initially labeled as a Fauve (wild beast).

5. DADAISM. The term “dada” is a French word, which means a “hobby-horse.” A hobby-horse
is a child’s toy consisting of a wooden horse mounted on a stick. With this etymology, we could
say that Dadaism is system of art which is per se “nonsensical.” Some would say it is not an
art because it strives to have no meaning at all. It started as a Post World War cultural
movement against the barbarism of the war. It is a reaction to what they believed were outworn
traditions in art, and the evils they saw in society. It tried to shock and provoke the public with

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outrageous pieces of writing, poetry recitals and art exhibitions. Marcel Duchamp’s “The Large
Glass” Marcel Duchamps’ Fake Urinal Turned into Fountain

6. FUTURISM. Futurism came into being with the appearance of a manifesto published by the
poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti on the front page of the February 20, 1909, issue of Le Figaro.
It was the very first manifesto of this kind. Marinetti summed up the major principles of the
Futurists. He and others espoused a love of speed, technology and violence. Futurism was
presented as a modernist movement celebrating the technological, future era. The car, the plane,
the industrial town were representing the motion in modern life and the technological triumph
of man over nature. Donald Davis “Shaped Space Colony” Klaus Burgle “Retro Futurismus”

7. SURREALISM. It is an offshoot or a child of dada. It is also known as “super realism,” which

revolves on the method of making ordinary things look extraordinary. It focuses on real things
found in the imagination or fantasy or it has realistic subjects that are found in the unconscious
mind; depicting dreamlike images of the inner mind.
Two Types of Surrealism
1. Veristic Surrealism. It allowed the images of the subconscious to be undisturbed
so that the meaning could be understood through analysis. They follow images of
the subconscious until consciousness could understand the meaning. Examples:
Rene Magritte would show a nighttime sky, then a daytime foreground, or Salvador
Dali would melt clocks to show how unreal how time and space were; slice of a
cheese with a face on it.
2. Automatism or Abstract Surrealism. Images of the subconscious should not be
burdened by meaning, so they are represented in an abstract form. It is focused more
on feelings and less analytical.
Surrealistic Techniques:
1. Scale – changing an object’s scale, or relative size. Example: ordinary small size of
glass to a big extraordinary size.
2. Levitation – Floating objects that don’t normally float. Example: Stone Floating
3. Juxtaposition – Joining two images together in impossible combinations. Example:
Car running and on top of it is a horse running with a man riding.
4. Dislocation – Taking an object form its usual environment and placing it in an
unfamiliar one. Example: a face wrapped by a piece of cloth; an electric burner inside
the car.
5. Transparency – Making objects transparent that are not transparent.
6. Transformation – Changing objects in unusual way.

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Medium to be Used

1. Painting These don’t necessarily have to be done on canvas-explore other surfaces.

✓ Oil
✓ Acrylic
✓ Watercolor
✓ Gouache
✓ Tempera
✓ Fresco painting
✓ Murals

2. Drawing These don’t necessarily have to be done on paper-explore other surfaces)

✓ Charcoal
✓ Graphite
✓ Pencil
✓ Conte crayons
✓ Pen and Ink
✓ India Ink (with brush)
✓ Chalk
✓ Chalk pastels
✓ Oil pastels
✓ Color pencils
✓ Markers

3. Printing
✓ Screen-printing
✓ Mono-printing
✓ Block printing
✓ Etching
✓ Lithography
✓ Spraypaint
✓ Airbrush

4. Sculpture
✓ Pottery
✓ Ceramics
✓ Terracotta
✓ Wood carving
✓ Balsa wood
✓ Found objects
✓ Assemblage
✓ Installation art
✓ Earth Art
✓ Jewelry
✓ Mosaics
✓ Polymer clay

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✓ Paper
✓ Plaster
✓ PVC piping
✓ Resin
✓ Glass
• Stained glass
• Blown glass
✓ Metal
• Silver
• Nickel
• Copper
• Wires
• Aluminum foil
• Bronze
✓ Fiberglass
✓ Wax
✓ Stone
✓ Soap
✓ Marble
✓ Concrete
✓ Gelatine
✓ Styrofoam
✓ Relief sculpture
✓ Ready-mades

5. Textiles
✓ weaving
✓ macramé
✓ fashion design
✓ batik
✓ marbeling
✓ stamping

6. Photography/Film/ Technology
✓ Black and white
✓ Digital
✓ Photoshop
✓ Graphic design
✓ Video art
• Animation
• Clay animation
• Stop motion photography

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Other

✓ Mixed media
✓ Collage
✓ Paper cutting
✓ scrimshaw
✓ fimo
✓ gold leafing
✓ glues
✓ transparencies

8. IMPRESSIONISM. It is also sometimes referred to as optical realism due to its interest in the
actual viewing experience, including such things as the effect of color, light and movement on
the appearance of the objects depicted in the artworks. Impressionism focused on directly
describing the visual sensations derived from nature. Devotees of Impressionism were not
concerned with the actual depiction of the objects they painted. Instead they were concerned
with the visual impressions aroused by those objects.

The Impressionists created one of the most important artistic movements of the nineteenth
century and it got its start in France. The theme of the Impressionism movement teaches, “the
human eye is a marvelous instrument”. The worldwide impact of Impressionism was large and
lasting.

Claude Monet is widely recognized as the father of the Impressionist movement, and his work
Impression: Sunrise is widely recognized as the first work of this new movement. Fascination
with color, light and movement formed the core of the Impressionism movement.

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WRAP UP ACTIVITY

Be able to complete the tables below. In number two, you look for an output of a famous
Filipino painter or sculptor and paste them in the first column, then fill up the remaining columns.

1. Philosophy of Art

Philosophy Philosopher Implication to you as a

would-be teacher
Plato
As a future teacher, the
Art as mimesis. Plato believed philosophy of Plato has a
that all artistic creation is a great impact to me because
mimesis, which means imitation art being imitation, it
or copying to the Greek. The reflects reality in its relation
to man and depicts man, his
concrete things that man created
spiritual world and relations
are just shadows created by man’s between individuals in their
mind. And that, all artists are interaction with the world. I
imitators of nature. believed that this can be seen
to the relation to my
colleagues.

Aristotle
This also has a great impact to
Art is a representation. Aristotle me because art is defined by
said that art represents something its ability to represent reality.
in the environment. And it is Thus, the foundational
through representation with the relationship between humans
and art is one of perception,
use of signs and symbols that
not emotion. I can apply this
people organize the world. is to my future teaching
career.

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Kant

Arts for arts' sake. Kant pointed For me, I believed that the
out that what he meant by beauty philosophy of Kant is Art is a
is the form of the beautiful but the form of self-expression. Many
uses it a way of expressing a
taste. His concern is on the range of feelings and emotions,
function of individual or personal from turmoil to happiness or
taste. And he said that judgement exasperation- feelings that every
of taste is both subjective and person has within their souls. So,
this will be a great impact to me
universal. as a future teacher.

Weinstein
This philosophy is very
Arts as an escape Allen Weinstein important to me as a future
said that there’s a need for an teacher. Art as an escape is
artist to get rid of pressure and very true. Without a mental
anxiety because if they are kept, escape we build up a lot of
anxiety within ourselves. It is
they will come out as anger and
important to get rid of this
hatred. anxiety and pressure because
if we keep it within, it will
usually come out in the form
of anger. Unfortunately, this
anger is often taken out on the
wrong people.

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2. Famous Compositions of Filipino Artists

Famous Artworks with the Subject Manner of Medium

name of the Artists Presenting the
Subject
Renowned as the The Spanish- The figures and
First trained realist illuminated
Contemporary developed a landscapes
Filipino Artist, backlighting magically glow
Amorsolo painted technique on the canvas.
the Philippine (realism), where
landscape in his colorful
sunny and colorful depictions of local
depictions that people reflect the
idealized both radiance of the
nature and native Philippine sun.
beauty.
The Fruit Gatherer, 1950
Fernando Amorsolo

His harmonious Multi-media His mastery lies

colours are painter José Joya in gestural
influenced by uses bold and paintings, where
Philippine vibrant colours the paint is
landscapes and with a variety of applied
tropical wildlife. painting spontaneously
techniques, on canvas,
layering, loose sometimes
Granadean Arabesqu, 1958 impasto strokes directly out of
Jose Joya and controlled the tube or
drips (abstract through the use
expressionism). of broad strokes
with brushes.

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Earlier work dealt Her paintings Pacita created a

with socio-political consist of vibrant unique technique
depictions of colors and a called ‘trapunto’,
people, constant change where she
indigenous masks, of patterns and stitches and
tropical flowers, materials stuffs her
and underwater (fauvism). vibrant
scenes. canvases with a
wide range of
materials such
as cloth, metal,
beads, buttons,
Alkaff bridge by Pacita Abad, shells, glass and
Joachim affeldt / Alamy Stock Photo ceramics, to
give her work a
three-
dimensional
look.
Fishermen at Sea, The Fishermen is Like Amorsolo,
which connects surrealism and his painting are
both energy, faith cubism. popular at
and the struggle auctions and
of fishermen have received
under a vibrant exceptionally
crimson sun high bids at
labouring Sotheby’s and
together to bring Christie’s.
The Fishermen, 1981
in the haul for the
Ang Kiukok
day.
Fondly known as He established his His fruitful
‘BenCab’ in the own four- career has
Philippines, level BenCab spanned five
Cabrera is the best- Museum on Asin decades, where
selling commercial Road that features his paintings,
painter of his an eclectic etchings,
generation and a selection of sketches, and
prominent head of indigenous prints have been
the local artifacts, personal exhibited across
contemporary art works, and an Asia, Europe,
scene. overwhelming and the US.
collection of
paintings from
contemporary
Sabel in Blue, 2006 Filipino artists
Benedicto Cabrera (realism) .

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. He is regarded as The self-taught His

the Father of photographer photographs
Philippine processed his own capture the
photography. He film in a culture of the
documented with makeshift people in his
great detail the darkroom and community and
everyday lives of managed to even serve as a
indigenous people produce prints documentation
of the without electricity of their
Cordilleras. (realism). customary
practices and
rituals

Sagada, 1952
Eduardo Masferre
Her sculptures Borrowing from Agnes Arellano
highlight the the term of poet is best known for
female body and Gerard Manley her surrealist and
draw from Hopkins, Agnes expressionist
themes attributes her work in plaster,
surrounding work to bronze and
sexuality, ‘inscapes’, that cold-cast
religion, and assert an internal marble.
mysticism. unity among
various elements
in her
installations and
sculptures
Carcass-Cornucopia,1987 (surrealism)
Agnes Arellano
Chabet initially His works show a His multi-
studied contemporary faceted skills in
architecture but his view of art- drawing,
conceptual art making and sculpture,
installations, thinking. He installations,
collages, and describes himself photography,
sculptures in the as a “custodian” printmaking,
1960s and 70s and his work as and collages
made him a “creatures of question
rebellious figure memory”. modernity.
Roberto Chabet’s on the local art
‘Onethingafteranother, scene.
at the Mission House,
Manila Biennale 2018
Mark Demayo

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It is the second Abueva is adept His expertise

highest cross in the in traditional was seen in a
world and the representation wide array of
tallest in Asia. and modern materials such as
Under the abstract forms of hard wood,
commission of the sculpture. A trip abode, steel,
Philippine around the cement, marble,
government, University of the and bronze. He
Abueva Philippines will was also
collaborated with show you a responsible for
designer Lorenzo number of his the relief
del Castillo to works, such as marble
create a shrine the University sculptures seen
that Gateway and Nine in the war
commemorates Muses near the memorial cross
the thousands of old faculty centre. in Mt. Samat,
Filipino and Bataan
American soldiers
The Cross at Mt. Samat. Bataan who lost their
completed in 1970 lives during the
Napoleon Abueva / 1Bataan Japanese-led
Bataan Death
March in 1942.
Make sure to walk
up the flight of
stairs inside the
cross to reach the
top, and experience
the fabulous views
of Bataan.

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3. Famous Paintings/ Sculpture presented in the following periods/ style the Renaissance, Baroque,
Impressionism, Post-Impressionism and Cubism.

Famous Artworks with the Artist Subject Manner of Presenting Medium

of the Subject

R ENAISS ANCE ART From the 14th through Italian Renaissance In Renaissance-era
17 century, Italy artists like Italy, this antiquity-
underwent an Michelangelo, inspired approach
unprecedented age of Leonardo da Vinci, materialized as
enlightenment. Known and Raphael found humanist portrait
as the Renaissance—a inspiration in classical painting,
term derived from the art from Ancient Rome anatomically correct
Italian and Greece, adopting sculpture, and
word Rinascimento, or ancient interests like harmonious,
“rebirth”—this period balance, naturalism, symmetrical
saw increased and perspective. architecture.
attention to cultural
subjects like art and
architecture.

“David” by Michelangelo. 1501-1504.

Galleria dell'Accademia
B A R O Q UE Sculptors like Bernini Toward the end of the This opulence is
achieved a sense of Renaissance, evident in Baroque
theatricality through the Baroque movement painting, sculpture,
dynamic contours and emerged in Italy. Like and architecture.
intricate drapery. And the preceding genre, Painters like
architects across Baroque art showcased Caravaggio suggested
Europe embellished artistic interests drama through their
their designs with in realism and rich treatment of light and
ornamentation color. Unlike depiction of
ranging from Renaissance art and movement.
intricate carvings to architecture, however,
imposing columns. Baroque works also
“The Ecstasy of St. Teresa” by Bernini.
emphasized
1647-1652. Cornaro Chapel, Santa
extravagance.
Maria della Vittoria, Rome

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REALISM Realism is a genre of French artists like Photography was an

art that started in Gustave Courbet and influence on this type
France after the Honoré Daumier, as of art, pushing
French Revolution of well as international painters to produce
1848. A clear rejection artists like James realistic
of Romanticism, the Abbott McNeill representations in
dominant style that Whistler, focused on competition with this
had come before it, all social classes in new technology.
Realist painters their artwork
focused on scenes of (realism), giving voice
contemporary people to poorer members of
and daily life. What society for the first
may seem normal now time and depicting
was revolutionary social issues stemming
after centuries of from the Industrial
“The Gleaners” by Jean-François painters depicting Revolution.
exotic scenes from
Millet. 1857. Musee d'Orsay, Paris
mythology and the
Bible, or creating
portraits of the
nobility and clergy.

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IM P R ESS IONIS M It may be hard to Breaking from Impressionism started

believe, but this now Realism, Impressionist when a group of
beloved art genre was painters moved away French artists broke
once an outcast visual from realistic with academic
movement. representations tradition by
(realism) to use painting en plein
visible brushstrokes, air—a shocking
vivid colors with little decision when most
mixing, and open landscape painters
compositions to executed their work
capture the emotion of indoors in a studio.
light and movement.

“Water Lilies” by Claude Monet. 1906.

Art Institute of Chicago.

P OS T -IMP RESS IONIS M Again originating Not unified by a single Perhaps the most
from France, this type style, artists were well-known Post-
of art developed united by the inclusion Impressionist
between 1886 and of abstract elements is Vincent van Gogh,
1905 as a response to and symbolic content who used color and
the Impressionist in their artwork. his brushstrokes not
movement. This time, to convey the
artists reacted emotional qualities
against the need for of the landscape,
the naturalistic but his own
depictions of light emotions and state
and color in of mind.
Impressionist art. As
“The Starry Night” by Vincent van opposed to earlier
Gogh. 1889. MoMA, New York styles, Post-
Impressionism covers
many different types
of art, from the
Pointillism of Georges
Seurat to the
Symbolism of Paul
Gauguin.

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CUBISM Completely breaking A truly revolutionary This reduction of

with any previous art style of art, Cubism is images to minimal
movement, objects one of the most lines and shapes was
were analyzed and important art part of the Cubist
broken apart, only to movements of the 20th quest for
be reassembled into an century. Pablo simplification. The
abstracted form. Picasso and Georges minimalist outlook
Braque developed also trickled down
Cubism in the early into the color
1900s, with the term palette, with Cubists
being coined by art forgoing shadowing
critic Louis Vauxcelles and using limited
in 1907 to describe the hues for a flattened
artists. Throughout the appearance. This
“Les Demoiselles d'Avignon” by Pablo 1910s and 1920s, the was a clear break
Picasso. 1907. MoMA two men—joined by from the use of
other artists—would perspective, which
use geometric forms has been the standard
(cubism) to build up since the
the final Renaissance.
representation.

A precise definition The movement began Tapping into the

of Surrealism can be when a group of visual appeal for artists to
S UR REALISM
difficult to grasp, but artists adopted liberate themselves
it's clear that this once automatism, a from restriction and
avant-garde movement technique that relied take on total creative
has staying power, on the subconscious freedom, Surrealists
remaining one of the for creativity. often challenged
most approachable art perceptions and
genres, even today. reality in their
Imaginative imagery artwork. Part of this
spurred by the came from the
subconscious is a juxtaposition of a
hallmark of this type realistic painting
of art, which started in style with
“The Persistence of Memory” by the 1920s. unconventional, and
Salvador Dalí. 1931. MoMA, New York. unrealistic, subject
matters.

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ASSESSMENT
Answer the following questions:
1. Which philosophy of art do you favor and why?

I believed in the philosophy of Plato that art is imitation. According to the mimetic theory, art is
an imitation or representation of nature or reality. Art being imitation, means that like philosophy it
reflects reality in its relation to man and depicts man, his spiritual world and relations between
individuals in their interaction with the world.
2. What is subject? What is the most common subject?

The Subjects of Art

The subject of art is the matter to be described or to be portrayed by the artist.
This may refer to any person, object, scene or event.

Representational Art or Objective Art

They are those arts which depict (represent) objects that are commonly
recognized by most people. They attempt to copy, even if in a subjective manner,
something that's real. It uses “form” and is concerned with “what” is to be depicted in
the artwork.

3. What are the kinds of subjects in art?

Representational Art or Objective Art

They are those arts which depict (represent) objects that are commonly recognized by
most people. They attempt to copy, even if in a subjective manner, something that's real. It uses
“form” and is concerned with “what” is to be depicted in the artwork.

Examples:
C. Still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace
objects which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or man-made
(drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on) in an artificial setting.

D. Portraiture (portrait) is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of

a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant.

C. Landscapes, Seascapes, Cityscapes

Non-representational Art or Non-objective Art – They are those arts without any reference
to anything outside itself (without representation). It is nonobjective because it has no

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recognizable objects. It is abstract in the sense that it doesn’t represent real objects in our world.
It uses “content” and is concerned with “how” the artwork is depicted.

4. Is the presence of subject matter an important consideration in judging a work of art? Why?

Yes, because arts subjects encourage self-expression and creativity and can build
confidence as well as a sense of individual identity. Creativity can also help with wellbeing and
improving health and happiness. And of course, through this it helps to develop critical thinking
and the ability to interpret the world around us.

5. Would the choice of subject matter affect the artistic value a painting? Why?

The topic, or subject matter, of a picture can affect its value. For example, a painting of a
pretty young girl is likely to be worth more than one of a stern-looking old gentleman by the same
artist. A quick look at the prices fetched by an artist’s work at auction reveals a wide range. This
is sometimes due to the size of the work, or it may be because the higher value works are finished
oil paintings while the cheaper ones are quick sketches. However, it is often down to the desirability
of the subject of the painting.
6. How important is medium to the artist?
Artists often use a particular medium because it affects the texture or color of the work
of art. Other times, the artist will choose a medium because it helps the audience interpret the art in
a specific way. Purple pigments were expensive and only used for royalty.
7. What are the compositions of art? How are these utilized in a work of art?
Elements of Composition

The elements of composition in art are used to arrange or organize the visual
components in a way that is pleasing to the artist and, one hopes, the viewer. They help give
structure to the layout of the painting and the way the subject is presented. They can also
encourage or lead the viewer's eye to wander around the whole painting, taking in everything
and ultimately coming back to rest on the focal point. In Western art the elements of
composition are generally considered to be:

• Unity: Do all the parts of the composition feel as if they belong together, or does
something feel stuck on, awkwardly out of place?
• Balance: Balance is the sense that the painting "feels right" and not heavier on one
side. Having a symmetrical arrangement adds a sense of calm, whereas an
asymmetrical arrangement creates a more dynamic feeling. A painting that is
not balanced creates a sense of unease.
• Movement: There are many ways to give a sense of movement in a painting, such as
the arrangement of objects, the position of figures, the flow of a river. You can use
leading lines (a photography term applicable to painting) to direct the viewer's eye
into and around the painting. Leading lines can be actual lines, such as the lines of a

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fence or railroad, or they can be implied lines, such as a row of trees or curve of stones
or circles.
• Rhythm: In much the same way music does, a piece of art can have a rhythm or
underlying beat that leads your eye to view the artwork at a certain pace. Look for the
large underlying shapes (squares, triangles, etc.) and repeated color.
• Focus (or Emphasis): The viewer's eye ultimately wants to rest on the "most
important" thing or focal point in the painting, otherwise the eye feels lost, wandering
around in space.
• Contrast: Paintings with high contrast—strong differences between light and dark,
for example—have a different feel than paintings with minimal contrast in light and
dark, such as in Whistler Nocturne series. In addition to light and dark, contrast can
be differences in shape, color, size, texture, type of line, etc.
• Pattern: A regular repetition of lines, shapes, colors, or values in a composition.
• Proportion: How things fit together and relate to each other in terms of size and
scale; whether big or small, nearby or distant.

The elements of composition are not the same as the elements of art, though
composition is sometimes included as one of the latter.

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REFLECTION
After going through all these activities, you’re going to write down what you have learned and
realized from the lesson.

What I have learned…..

Learning through and about the arts enriches the experience of studying as
well as preparing students for life after school. Arts subjects encourage self-
expression and creativity and can build confidence as well as a sense of individual
identity. Art stresses the importance of developing creative problem-solving skills
that are critical for success in our rapidly changing economy. A philosophy of art
education must involve an understanding of student learners, child development,
artistic development and how each student learns things a little differently. And of
course, I learned that composition of art is very important because these are used
to arrange or organize the visual components in a way that is pleasing to the artist
and, one hopes, the viewer. They help give structure to the layout of the painting
and the way the subject is presented. They can also encourage or lead the viewer's
eye to wander around the whole painting, taking in everything and ultimately
coming back to rest on the focal point.

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What I realized…..

After the lesson, I realized that art is a way of expression, a way of

joy, a way of making people understand things which can't be done verbally. Art fills
the creator, as well as the admirer, with joy, as it provides us with inner calmness and
happiness. Art doesn't discriminate between people and is equally special for the
admirers of it. Also, the task of the philosopher of art is not to heighten understanding
and appreciation of works of art but to provide conceptual foundations for the critic
by (1) examining the basic concepts that underlie the activities of critics and enable
them to speak and write more intelligibly about the arts and by (2) arriving at true
conclusions about art, aesthetic value, expression, and the other concepts that critics
employ. And of course, I realized that composition is important because it shapes the
viewer's experience of the artwork. Composition is a big part of what makes a piece
eye-catching and dynamic, or calm and soothing, or disorienting and off-kilter. One
part of the piece might have more going on, or more visual “weight,” which draws
your eye to that part.

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References
Art as a representation (nd). Retrieved from http://www.textetc.com/theory/faithful-
representation.html

Art for Art’s Sake (nd). Retrieved from https://speakingvisuals.wordpress.com/2016/07/13/talking-

theory-art-for-arts-
sake/#:~:text=Before%20gaining%20such%20popularity%2C%20German,is%20to%20be%20%E2
%80%9Cpurposeless%E2%80%9D.

Bhandari (2018). The 10 Most Famous Filipino Artists and their Masterworks. Retrieved from
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-10-most-famous-filipino-artists-and-their-
masterworks/

List of Medium (nd). Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/a/hbuhsd.edu/ib-art/list-of-

mediums?fbclid=IwAR3jT3MNK5Y3px29Mjo0rh9tiZBhHPC1GUrH_Y72L2mmY20kawa730Hex
Q

Marder (2016). The8ElementsofCompositioninArt.Retrievedfromhttps://www.liveabout.com/elements-of-

composition-in-art-2577514

Plato (nd). Retrieved from

http://users.rowan.edu/~clowney/Aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm#:~:text=Plato%20had%20
two%20theories%20of,from%20truth%20and%20toward%20illusion.

My Modern Met Team (2019). 13 Revolutionary Art Movements That Have Shaped Our Visual
History. Retrieved from https://mymodernmet.com/important-art-movements/

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