Senior High School

Practical Research 1
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Lesson 1: The Importance,
Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of
Research
Practical Research 1- Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
First Quarter- Module 3: The Importance, Characteristics, Processes and Ethics of
Research
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer : Rogel Zamora Aro
Reviewer : Clavel D. Salinas
Illustrator : Rogel Zamora Aro
Layout Artist: Rogel Zamora Aro
Evaluator : Henry D. Espina Jr.
Moderator : Arlene D. Buot
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Ester A. Futalan
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EPS in LRMS : Isaiash T. Wagas
PSDS/SHS Division Coordinator : Clavel D. Salinas

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Department of Education, Region VII, Division of Cebu Province
Office Address: IPHO Bldg., Sudlon, Lahug, Cebu City
Telefax: (032) 255-6405
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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 Senior High School

Practical Research 1
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Lesson 1: The Importance,
Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of
Research

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 Key Message
For Educators:

Learning is a constant process. Amidst inevitable circumstances, Department

of Education extends their resources and looks for varied ways to cater your needs
and to adapt to the new system of Education as a fortress of Learning Continuity Plan.
One of the probable solutions is the use of Teacher-made Educational Modules in
teaching.

You are reading the Practical Research 1 – Senior High School: First
Quarter Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on “Explains the importance of
research in daily life” (CS_RS11-IIIa-2)” and “Describes characteristics,
processes, and ethics of research (CS_RS11-IIIa-3) as written and found in the K-
12 Most Essential Learning Competencies.

The creation of this module is a combined effort of competent educators from

different levels and various schools of Department of Education-Cebu Province. In
addition, this module is meticulously planned, organized, checked and verified by
knowledgeable educators to assist you in imparting the lessons to the learners while
considering the physical, social and economical restraints in teaching process.

The use of Teacher-made Educational Module aims to surpass the challenges

of teaching in a new normal education set-up. Through this module, the students are
given independent learning activities, which embodies in the Most Essential Learning
Competencies based from the K-12 Curriculum Competencies, to work on in
accordance to their capability, efficiency and time. Thus, helping the learners acquire
the prerequisite 21st Century skills needed with emphasis on utmost effort in
considering the whole well-being of the learners.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

As the main source of learning, it is your top priority to explain clearly on how
to use this module to the learners. While using this module, learner’s progress and
development should be recorded verbatim to assess their strengths and weaknesses
while doing the activities presented independently in safety of their homes. Moreover,
you are anticipated to persuade learners to comply and to finish the modules on or
before the scheduled time.

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For the Learners:

As a significant stakeholder of learning, Department of Education researched

and explored on innovative ways to address your needs with high consideration on
social, economic, physical and emotional aspects of your well being. To continue the
learning process, DepEd comes up with an Alternative Delivery mode of teaching
using Teacher-Made Educational Modules.

You are reading the Practical Research 1 – Senior High School: First
Quarter Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on “Explains the importance of
research in daily life” (CS_RS11-IIIa-2)” and “Describes characteristics,
processes, and ethics of research (CS_RS11-IIIa-3) as written and found in the K-
12 Most Essential Learning Competencies.

This module is especially crafted for you to grasp the opportunity to continue
learning even at home. Using guided and independent learning activities, rest assured
that you will be able to take pleasure as well as to deeply understand the contents of
the lesson presented; recognizing your own capacity and capability in acquiring
knowledge.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

The first part of the module will keep you on

track on the Competencies, Objectives and
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW Skills expected for you to be developed and
mastered.

This part aims to check your prior knowledge

WHAT I KNOW on the lesson to take.

WHAT’S IN This part helps you link the previous lesson to

the current one through a short exercise/drill.

The lesson to be partaken is introduced in this

part of the module creatively. It may be
WHAT’S NEW through a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity, a situation or the like.

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 A brief discussion of the lesson can be read in
WHAT IS IT this part. It guides and helps you unlock the
lesson presented.

A comprehensive activitiy/es for independent

practice is in this part to solidify your
WHAT’S MORE knowledge and skills of the given topic.

This part of the module is used to process your

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED learning and understanding on the given topic.

A transfer of newly acquired knowledge and

skills to a real-life situation is present in this
WHAT I CAN DO part of the module.

This activity assesses your level of mastery

ASSESSMENT
towards the topic.

In this section, enhancement activities will be

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES given for you to further grasp the lessons.

This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
ANSWER KEYS

At the end of this module you will also find:

References Printed in this part is a list of all reliable and valid

resources used in crafting and designing this module.

In using this module, keep note of the fundamental reminders below.

1. The module is government owned. Handle it with care. Unnecessary

marks are prohibited. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering all
the given exercises.

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 2. This module is organized according to the level of understanding.
Skipping one part of this module may lead you to confusion and
misinterpretation.

3. The instructions are carefully laden for you to understand the given
lessons. Read each item cautiously.

4. This is a Home-Based class, your reliability and honour in doing the

tasks and checking your answers are a must.

5. This module helps you attain and learn lessons at home. Make sure
to clearly comprehend the first activity before proceeding to the next
one.

6. This module should be returned in good condition to your

teacher/facilitator once you completed it.

7. Answers should be written on a separate sheet of paper or notebook

especially prepared for Practical Research 1 subject.

If you wish to talk to your teacher/educator, do not hesitate to keep in touch with
him/her for further discussion. Know that even if this is a home-based class, your
teacher is only a call away. Good communication between the teacher and the
student is our priority to flourish your understanding on the given lessons.

We do hope that in using this material, you will gain ample knowledge and skills
for you to be fully equipped and ready to answer the demands of the globally
competitive world. We are confident in you! Keep soaring high!

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 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Good day dear learner!

This module is solely prepared for you to access and to acquire lessons befitted
in your grade level. The exercises, drills and assessments are carefully made to suit
your level of understanding. Indeed, this learning resource is for you to fully
comprehend the importance of research in daily life (CS_RS11-IIIa-2) and its
characteristics, processes, and ethics (CS_RS11-IIIa-3). Independently, you are
going to go through this module following its proper sequence. Although you are going
to do it alone, this is a guided lesson and instructions/directions on how to do every
activity is plotted for your convenience.

Using this learning resource, you are ought to Explain the importance of
research in daily life (CS_RS11-IIIa-2) and Describe the characteristics,
processes, and ethics of research (CS_RS11-IIIa-3) as inculcated in the K-12 Most
Essential Learning Competencies.

At the end of this module, you are expected to achieve the following objectives:

 determine the characteristics, processes, and ethics in conducting a

research;
 discuss the importance of research in daily life;
 evaluate situations given whether it employs ethical or unethical
practices in doing research; and
 display self-confidence in doing all the tasks in this module

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 WHAT I KNOW

Directions: Study the group of pictures below. The four pictures of each set
have something in common. Clues are given below each set of pictures for you to be
guided in accomplishing this task.

Disclaimer: All photographs used are sourced from different online websites. The
writer does not claim ownership of these photographs/cliparts. The use of these
materials are for lesson emphasis/educational use only.

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 WHAT’S IN

Directions: Based on the previous activity, give your own concise definition of the
terms being represented by each set of pictures. Kindly use separate sheet of paper
in accomplishing the given template below.

Group/Set Definition

Set A

Correct Word:

____________________

Set B

Correct Word:

____________________

Set C

Correct Word:

____________________

Set D

Correct Word:

____________________

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 WHAT’S NEW

Test I.
Directions: Read and understand each statement then determine whether it is an
unethical research practice or an ethical consideration. Write UP for unethical practice
and EC for ethical consideration.

____________ 1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a study

____________ 2. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
____________ 3. Respect of the research subjects’ right to privacy and dignity and
protection of subjects from personal harm
____________ 4. Studying the respondents or research subjects without their
knowledge
____________ 5. Misuse of research role
____________ 6. Objectivity and integrity
____________ 7. Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her extreme
embarrassment; guilt emotional turmoil by remaining him or her of
an unpleasant experience
____________ 8. Distortions of findings by sponsor
____________ 9. Invading the privacy of a respondent
____________ 10. Presentation of research findings

Test II.
Directions: Determine what major characteristic of research does each statement is
referring to. Choose the correct answer inside the box.

Empirical Employs Hypothesis

Systematic Analytical Original Work

Controlled Objective

___________ 1. The term also refers to the research as unbiased and logical.
___________ 2. Research follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on valid
procedures and principles.
___________ 3. Requires effort to get at the researcher’s own investigation and
produce the data needed to complete the study.
___________ 4. Research is based on observations and experimentation of theories.
___________ 5. Research refers to a search for facts, answers to questions and
solutions to problems.
___________ 6. There is a critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in
the researcher’s interpretations.
___________ 7. In research, all variables, except those that are tested/experimented
on, are kept constant.

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 WHAT IS IT
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which

includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an
individual’s speculation with reality.
Following the major definition of research as the scientific investigation of
phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of
facts, strict adherence to ethical standards in planning and conducting in both
qualitative and quantitative research is most important.
The following are the major characteristics of research:

Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or

observation by the researcher.

Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and

principles.

Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts

with a problem and ends with a problem.

Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical

procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.

Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical

manner without bias using systematic method
and procedures.

Replicability. The research design and procedures are

replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to
arrive at valid and conclusive results.

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 ETHICS and RESEARCH
The most common way of defining “ethics” is to refer as norms for conduct
that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. These are direct
networks among people because they recognize some common ethical norms but
interpret, apply, and balance them in different ways in the light of their own values
and experiences (Resmik, 2015).

Functions of Ethics

Ethics as important component in research writing shows the following

functions:
1. Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth and
evidence of error.
2. Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to
collaborative work such as trust, accountability, mutual respect and
fairness.
3. Ethical norms ensure that researchers can be held accountable to
the public.
4. Ethical norms in research, is research that helps build public
support quality and integrity of research.

Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research

When doing a qualitative inquiry, certain issues may arise.

Let us consider ethical issues that may be inherent in qualitative research.
1. The kind of information obtained because of the length and
personal interaction that ensues when doing a qualitative inquiry may give
rise to an issue or issues.
2. With regard to the researcher’s relationship to the participants, the
researcher is expected to act professionally, maintaining respect towards
them.
3. The researcher is expected to give back to the
subjects/participants of the research and to show appreciation for their
commitment of time, effort, and cooperation.
4. The researcher writes a letter and seeks to be allowed to conduct
a study.

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 THE RESEARCH PROCESS
Research is a process that requires patience and thought. There is no easy
way to make certain that you have exhausted every resource and found that best
research. Research is more of an art rather than a science.

Below is a diagrammatic presentation of the steps taken when doing a

research.

Review the literature of the

Select a general problem.
problem.

Select a specific research

Collect data. problem, question, or
hypothesis.

Interpret the findings and

Analyze and present or state conclusions or
display data. generalizations
regarding the problem.

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 WHAT’S MORE

Directions: Analyze the statements below then tell what specific ethical principle each
statement is referring to. Possible answers are given inside the box.

Carefulness Competence Responsible Mentoring

Integrity Animal Care Responsible Publication
Honesty Social Responsibility Respect for Colleagues
Objectivity Human Subjects Protection Non-Discrimination
Confidentiality Legality
Openness Respect for Intellectual Property

____________ 1. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and

publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.
____________ 2. Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and
other aspects of research.
____________ 3. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.
____________ 4. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically
examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research
activities.
____________ 5. Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and
new ideas.
____________ 6. Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property.
Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit
where credit is due. Never plagiarize.
____________ 7. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants
submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient
records.
____________ 8. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to
advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
____________ 9. Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare
and allow them to make their own decisions.
____________ 10. Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
____________ 11. Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms
through research, public education, and advocacy.
____________ 12. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis
of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence
and integrity.
____________ 13. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and
expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence
in science as a whole.
____________ 14. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental
policies.
____________ 15. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in
research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

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 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Directions: Evaluate the following cases and identify whether it shows ethical or
unethical practices. Support your answer with an explanation why these cases are
showing ethical or unethical practices.

Case 1

The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the

administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice, with chemical and
behavioral tests to determine toxic effects. Tom has almost finished the experiment
for Dr. Q. He has only 5 mice left to test. However, he really wants to finish his work in
time to go to Florida on spring break with his friends, who are leaving tonight. He has
injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests. He therefore
decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional
results.
Analysis:
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Case 2

Dr. T has just discovered a mathematical error in his paper that has been
accepted for publication in a journal. The error does not affect the overall results of his
research, but it is potentially misleading. The journal has just gone to press, so it is too
late to catch the error before it appears in print. In order to avoid embarrassment, Dr.
T decides to ignore the error.
Analysis:
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Case 3

Dr. Wexford is the principal investigator of a large, epidemiological study on the

health of 10,000 agricultural workers. She has an impressive dataset that includes
information on demographics, environmental exposures, diet, genetics, and various
disease outcomes such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and ALS. She has just
published a paper on the relationship between pesticide exposure and PD in a
prestigious journal. She is planning to publish many other papers from her dataset.
She receives a request from another research team who wants access to her complete
dataset. They are interested in examining the relationship between pesticide
exposures and skin cancer. Dr. Wexford was planning to conduct a study on this topic.
Analysis:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 WHAT I CAN DO

Directions: Below are some significance in doing a research. Comprehensively

expound the given reasons for its significance by giving concrete examples. Use the
given template in accomplishing the task.

Research is undertaken because of some importance it has and does for

individuals and the society. Reasons for its significance are given as follows:

Significance of Research Discussion/Analysis/Examples

1. To gather necessary information

2. To improve standard of living

3. To have a safer life

4. To know the truth

5. To explore our history

6. To understand arts

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 ASSESSMENT
Directions: Complete the diagram below to show/illustrate the correct steps taken
when doing research. Don’t forget to add brief description beside every step that you
have listed. Possible answers are given below.

Interpret and Report Collect Data

Formulate Hypothesis Review the Literature
Define Research Problem Design Research
Analyze Data

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

Step 6

Step 7

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 ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY/IES

Directions: On the space provided, create a reflection paper of the ethical and
unethical practices in conducting research. Make sure to cite examples of researches
that have ethical implications. Furthermore, relate your experiences and decision-
making when conducting a research and the effect of researches to the readers if it is
not done properly. Use separate sheet of paper in answering this activity.

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Page 20
Answers Vary Part.
The teacher will check all the
Notes to the Teacher!
WHAT I KNOW
Set A - Research
Set B -
Characteristic
WHAT I HAVE Set C - Process
LEARNED WHAT’S MORE Set D – Ethics
Answers Vary 1. Honesty
2. Objectivity WHAT’S IN
WHAT I CAN DO 3. Integrity Answers Vary
Answers Vary 4. Carefulness
5. Openness WHAT’S NEW
ASSESSMENT 6. Respect for
Step 1 - Define Intellectual Property Test I
Research Problem 7. Confidentiality
Step 2 - Review the 8. Responsible 1. UP
Literature Publication 2. EC
Step 3 - Formulate 9. Responsible 3. EC
Hypothesis Mentoring 4. UP
Step 4 - Design 10. Respect for 5. EC
Research Colleagues 6. EC
Step 5 - Collect 11. Social 7. UP
Data Responsibility 8. EC
Step 6 - Analyze 12. Non- 9. UP
Data Discrimination 10. EC
Step 7 - Interpret 13. Competence
and Report 14. Legality Test II
ADDITIONAL 15. Animal Care
ACTIVITIES 1. Objective
Answers Vary 2. Systematic
3. original Work
4. Empirical
5. Employs
Hypothesis
6. Analytical
7. Controlled
ANSWER KEYS
REFERENCES

Published Books

Baraceros, E. (2016). Practical research 1 (1st ed.). Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book
Store, Inc.

Buensuceso, D., Dacanay, D., Manalo, G., & San Gabriel, N. (2016). Practical
research 1 (1st ed.). Pasig, Philippines: Department of Education-Bureau of
Learning Resources

Prieto, N., Naval, V., & Carey, T. (2017). Practical research 1 for senior high school.
Quezon City, Metro Manila: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Electronic Resources

Research methods. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://libguides.library.cityu.edu.hk/researchmethods/ethics

Other Resources

K to 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies with Corresponding CG Codes

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education, Region VII, DepEd-Cebu Province
(Office Address) IPHO Bldg., Sudlon, Lahug, Cebu City
Telefax: (032) 255-6405
Email Address: [email protected]

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