A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

A COMPREHENSIVE ORDINARY LEVEL

THEORY OF LITERATURE
FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Best for Literature Students: Forms 2, 3 & 4

By Emmanuel Kachele

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www.kacheleonline.co.tz
2018

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A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

Copyright © 2018 by Emmanuel Kachele. All Rights Reserved.

Published by www.kacheleonline.co.tz
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Mpanda
Katavi
Tanzania

Email: [email protected]
Mob: +255622 009 566/+255765 884 936
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No part of this eBook may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, scanning, or otherwise without the written permission from the author
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A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

Author’s Note
Any English teacher can have his/her own analysis and we can equally learn from any one. Drop by drop,
we get the bucket overflowing!
This analysis is not the final.

Emmanuel Kachele
2018

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A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS

I sincerely acknowledge the good support I have been receiving from Mr Reuben Swilla (my first
Headmaster from Mwese Secondary School). He has been my precious guide since 2012. I also
specifically extend my gratitude to Headmistress of Karema High School, Ms Elinesi Mwangomba for
her support and recognition of my work.

I can’t forget my fellow teachers from English Language and Literature Department from the following
schools: Lukima Secondary School (Mbinga, Ruvuma, from 2011 – 2012), Mwese Secondary School
(Mpanda DC, Katavi, from 2012 – 2014), Karema High School (Mpanda DC, Katavi, from 2015 –
2019), and Sibwesa Secondary School (Mpanda DC, Katavi, from 2019 – present) for their linguistic
and departmental support.

I also thank my fellow UDOM Alumni: Mwalimu Nicholaus Mwanjabala, Mwalimu Million Luka,
and Mwalimu Leonard Mshang’a for their mutual support for my work.

I also extend my heartfelt gratitude to all my students wherever they are for their support and trust.

Emmanuel Kachele
2018

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A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part One: BASIC CONCEPTS OF LITERATURE .................................................................................................... 6

Part Two: DEFINITIONS OF LITERATURE............................................................................................................. 9
Part Three: NATURE AND ORIGIN OF LITERATURE ........................................................................................ 10
Part Four: LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.......................................................................................................... 11
Part Five: FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE .................................................................................................................
Part Six: FICTION AND NONFICTION .......................................................................................................................
Part Seven: TYPES OF LITERATURE .........................................................................................................................
Part Eight: ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE.................................................................................................................
Other Analysed Literary Works by the Author ......................................................................................................... 14
Popular Blog Posts ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
Free Downloads ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
References ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
About the Author .......................................................................................................................................................... 16

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A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

Part One: BASIC CONCEPTS OF LITERATURE

1. THEORY: Definition
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2008) defines Theory as a formal statement of rules on
which a subject of study is based or of ideas which are suggested to explain a fact or event or,
more generally, an opinion or explanation.
Encarta Dictionaries 2009 define Theory as the body of rules, ideas, principles, and techniques that
applies to a subject, especially when seen as distinct from actual practice. Something is said to
be in theory because if that particular thing is possible in theory, it should be possible, but often
it does not happen in that way. Thus, this proves that theory is a set of ideas which are suggested
to explain a fact, event, opinion or an explanation. For example, it is said most football coaches
are good at formulating theories but they fail to motivate the players to adapt to particular
coaches’ theories. In this case, a theory is any idea a person can form for a particular thing. And
after forming a theory that person tries to put that particular theory in practice to see it is working.
Generally, a theory is a body of rules or principles used to appraise works of literature.
2. LITERARY CRITICISM AND THEORY OF LITERATURE (LITERARY THEORY) IN
LITERATURE
Beginning with, literary criticism, it refers to the act of interpreting and studying literature. This is a
critical study of a piece of literature. In a literary field, literary critics apply different theories to
the text or an essay to give critical judgment or conclusion.
From An Introduction to Literary Criticism and Theory.
3. LITERARY THEORY (CRITICAL THEORY)
Literary theories are the means or methods used in the Literary Criticism of various works of literature.
Or they refer to the particular forms of literary criticism in which particular academic, scientific,
or philosophical approaches are followed in a systematic analysis of literary text. In general,
literary theories are the explanations of the assumptions and values upon which various forms of
literary criticism rest.
From Introduction of Literary Theory-Power Point Sample, An Introduction to Literary Criticism and
Theory.
Literary theories are developed as a means to understand the various ways people read texts. Each
theory is believed to be important, but most of us interpret texts according to the "rules" of several
different theories at a time. All literary theories are lenses through which we can see texts. There
is nothing to say that one is better than another or that you should read according to any of them,
but it is sometimes fun to "decide" to read a text with one or two in mind because you often end
up with a whole new perspective on your reading.

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The following is a summary of some of the most common theories of literature we apply in our
secondary schools. These theories are clearly explained, and none of them fully explains what
the theory is all about. But it is enough to get the general idea.
The most common and popular literary theories include:
o Feminist
o Marxist
o Psychoanalytic or Freudian
o Archetypal or Mythological
o New Historicism
o Reader-Response Criticism.
Now let us examine “Cinderella’ and “A Freedom Song” from these literary perspectives:
o Feminist Criticism. This criticism explores cultural and economic differences in a ‘patriarchal’
society that prevent women from realizing their economic potentials and cultural identifications.
The whole theory focuses on the relationship between genders that woman gender is regarded as
negative gender while man gender is treated as the dominant one.
For example, Cinderella is abused girl who is waiting to be rescued by the prince while Atieno is also
abused by her Uncle. This theme shows that girls are more vulnerable to torture when they
assume the roles of house girls than boys. Boys are more respectable.
o Marxist Criticism. Is the theory that focuses on the relationship between the classes. It is based
on the economic and cultural theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that believe in class
struggles.
For example, Cinderella is represented as the member of the Proletariat class who is oppressed by
Bourgeoisie stepmother and stepsisters who have turned her into a servant into her own home.
Later Cinderella desires to join the higher class of bourgeoisie by marrying the prince. Atieno
on the other hand she is oppressed by her well-off Uncle. When she tries to get the pleasures of
the grownups, she ends up being impregnated.
o Psychological Criticism. This is also called Psychoanalytic Criticism. It treats the work of
literature primarily as an expression of the personality, state of mind, feelings and desires of its
author. That is to say, the work of literature is correlated with its author’s mental traits and the
reference to the author’s personality is used to explain and interpret a literary work. So, the
readers can use the work of art to establish the personality of the author. This theory is used to
investigate the psychology of a character or an author in figuring out the meaning of the text.
Thus, we look Cinderella and Atieno as ones who are representing the id-expressing the desire;
stepmother, stepsisters and Uncle who are representing the superego-preventing the id from
fulfilling its desire; and fairy godmother and prince as the ones who represent the ego-negotiating
between the id and the superego and allowing the desires of the id to be fulfilled in a socially
acceptable manner.
o Archetypal Criticism. Archetype in literature is defined as the character types, images or
situations that are said to be identifiable in a wide variety of works of literature. Archetypal
Criticism reflects the set of universal, primitive, elemental patterns whose effects in literary

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works evokes a profound response to the reader. Some common examples of archetypes in
literature are like search for the father, rebel-hero, the scapegoat, and fatal woman.
In Cinderella and A Freedom Song, for example, stepmother, stepsisters and aunts are the archetypal
villains and the house chores done by Cinderella and Atieno are also the archetypal activities of
difficult home tasks.
o New Historicism Criticism. This theory is applied to a text with specific historical information
about the time during which the author wrote. Most historical information is from the point of
view of the powerful and in this case the history of the weak is forgotten.
Taking examples from Cinderella, we can see the violence and vengeance of the time, how princes got
their heiresses, and how house servants were treated that time. And in A Freedom Song, we can
see that the story is about modern rich African families who employ house girls and overwork
them beyond their abilities.
o Reader-Response Criticism. This is the type of literary theory that focuses on the reader (or
audience) and their experience of a literary work, in contrast to other literary theories the t focus
primarily on the author or the content and form of the work. By this shift of perspective, a literary
work is converted into an activity that goes on in a reader's mind, and what had been features of
the work itself-including narrator, plot, characters, style; and structure-are less important than
the connection between a reader's experience and the text. It is through this interaction that
meaning is made. This is the school of thought most students seem to adhere to. Proponents
believe that literature has no objective meaning or existence. People bring their own thoughts,
moods. and experiences to whatever text they are reading and get out of it whatever they happen
to base on their own expectations and ideas, For example, when I read “Sonny’s Blues" I am
reminded of my younger sister who loves music. The story really gets to me because sometimes
I worry about her and my relationship with her. I want to support her in a way that Sonny's
brother does not support Sonny.
These are just some of the many theories of literature.
4. A literary genre
This refers to a category of literary composition. In other words, genre is defined as the subject matter,
or category in which a writer would base his or her work on. The word ‘genre’ is derived from
French language which means ‘kind’. Thus, literature as a genre is divided into three sub-genres,
namely; Prose, drama, and poetry.
5. Genre writing
This is the act of a storytelling that is driven by plot. Genre fiction is the popular fiction that is written
to appeal to a larger group of people, it is more commercialized to the general public, and it deals
with pop culture such as romance and vampires which are in high regards for young readers who
outnumber the older readers.
6. Literary fiction
This is the writing that focuses on themes rather plot. Literary fiction often deals with metaphors, and
the way the world looks, which is one of many reasons why literature is read in schools as
opposed to majority of genre fiction that is focused frequently on entertainment.
The importance of studying a work from more than one critical perspective

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(i) It helps to understand the views of those who hold other literary theories.
(ii) It helps to affirm your perspective and speak to what to what you see in literature you are
studying.
(iii) It gives you deeper understanding of the author’s work and a better appreciation for the richness
of it.

The relationship between literary theory and literary criticism

In most cases, Literary Theory and Literary Criticism introduce the students to major theoretical
approaches to the study of literature, but this matter has its special merit when introduced to the Ordinary
Level Secondary Students because they sat a path to the more advanced studies in Literature in other
levels.

Part Two: DEFINITIONS OF LITERATURE

What is Literature?
To answer this question, you should first know the meaning of Literature. Literature as a separate
discipline has been defined by several authors in various perspectives. One and useful definition
of literature has been ‘it is simply anything that is written: textbooks, brochures, newspapers,
manuals and so on. For instance, if you are thinking to buy a motorcycle, you will probably want
to see the literature (instructions manual) about it. If you are Physics student, you will have to
read the literature about Physics too! Thus, we may conclude that all written materials like
historical books, magazines, dictionaries, novels, encyclopaedias, plays, short stories, and so on
are literatures.
Various definitions of Literature:
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2008) defines Literature as written artistic words,
especially those with a high lasting artistic value.
Literature is any artwork which uses language. It is a medium in which a person/artist creates an artwork
out of tools he/she has. In literature, the tools used to create artwork are words which are used in
expressing human experience, feelings, emotions and thoughts. Literature is a total experience
shaped into beauty and attractiveness.
Literature is defined as a piece of writing that is valued as a work of art, especially novel, play, and
poetry.
Literature is also defined as the written or oral composition that tells stories, dramatic situations, and
expresses emotions, and analyses and advocates ideas.

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A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

Literature also refers to the creative and imaginative writing which is designed to engage readers
emotionally and intellectually through the major literary genres such as novels, drama, and
poetry and other sub genres like fable, parable, and short stories.
Literature is a reflection of social, political, economic, and cultural realities. It is a part and parcel of
man’s self-realization and a symbol of man’s success and failure. It explains human nature,
calibre and his/her destination.
Conclusively, there are various definitions of literature but all of them amount to one, that is, literature
is an art that uses language creatively to portray social and personal experiences.
Literature has two divisions:
We can divide the large mass of literature’s materials into two different groups. In English we use refer
literature in at least two different ways: The first one is Informative literature. This mainly
presents information that tells us about facts, explanations, history, real people, and so forth. For
example, the history of real life of Kinjeketile, Mwalimu Nyerere and Carl Peters. The main
purpose of Informative literature is to offer knowledge and facts. The second one is Imaginative
literature. This mainly gives some entertainment and it aims to arouse thoughts and feelings.
Here, the author wants to expresses and communicates his ideas, his feelings, and his attitude to
things or people. He/she wants to communicate feelings, not facts; emotion, not information
only. Imaginative literature according to many scholars and writers has fuller and deeper sense
than informative literature. However, when the term ‘literature’ is used in this book, it will be
talking about written material that deals with thought and feelings in imaginative literature. This
kind of literature we will discuss the one that appeals to the imagination rather than to the
intellect; to the emotion rather than to the reason of the reader. It will be a kind of literature that
refers to the writing which expresses and communicate thoughts, feelings and attitudes towards
life.

CONCLUSION
Various scholars have defined the term ‘Literature’ and it has remained with its core aspects such
as artistic nature of it, creativity it has, its uniqueness in using the language, and its purposes in
the society.

Part Three: NATURE AND ORIGIN OF LITERATURE

ORIGIN OF LITERATURE
The origin of literature is entirely connected with the productive activities such as fishing, farming,

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A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

and building that existed since ancient times. In these productive activities, speech was developed as a
result of the labour process in various team works and other social movements and gatherings. These
activities helped men produce songs and these songs were accompanied by the physical movements of
arms and legs that simplified the works. Speech was at first used as a directive in locating and
assigning certain activities to be done. Syllables and words were later produced. The speech grew and
became a language, a fully conscious mode of communication between individuals and groups during
the growing of social development of labour.
DEVELOPMENT OF LITERATURE
Because the language is the medium through which the materials like literature are conveyed, then, the
literature itself probably began the very first the language was growing out of people’s social
interactions.
The origin of the term. The term ‘literature is derived from the Latin word ‘Littera’ which means
‘letter of the alphabet’ or in plural ‘Litterae’, meaning ‘letters’. This means that originally the
term ‘literature’ meant ‘anything written down, writing or kinds of writing’ although there was
much oral literature found in any society. However, in the 18th century, the term ‘literature’
took its modern (present-day) use and the current meaning generally attached to the term
‘literature’ that ‘literature is a body of writing by a people or by peoples using the same
language orally or in written forms.
Therefore, literature is a form of human expression. But not everything expressed orally or in words is
counted as literature even when it is well organized. Some forms of writings belong to
literature as an art only if they are said to succeed in possessing ‘artistic merit’, that is, a
natural skill in art and human creativity in the course of literary writings.
There are also various kinds of literature according to which language is used and which people are
involved in it. Thus, we can have the French literature, English literature, Chinese literature,
African literature, and Tanzanian literature as well.

PRACTICE YOUR SKILLS

In pairs or groups, discuss the literature you know and how it evolved in your local community.

Part Four: LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

Definitions of Language and Literature
Normally, language is defined as a tool of communication between human beings in a particular
community. On the other hand, literature is also a communicative channel between author and
audience. However, in an inevitable manner, author uses language so as to communicate or
convey his/her literature to his/her intended audience/readers.

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A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

IMPORTANCE OF LANGUAGE IN TEACHING LITERATURE

Language and literature depend on each other. We can say they are inseparable. Teaching literature in
foreign language is not an easy task for most teachers. But also teaching literature using
indigenous language is not a simple task. The important thing to note is that when teaching
literature in any class and in any level of school, a teacher will need various literatures’
materials in order to perfect his lesson. For example, the students cannot study four language
skills without reading literature. This and other learning experiences prove to us that language
is very important in studying literature for most students. After all, there is no literature without
language either spoken or written. The following are the reasons why language is important in
studying literature:
 Language is the medium (the road, carrier, or vehicle) through which literature is conveyed
either as oral or written one.
 Literature is created by language. This means there would be no literature if there was no
language. When the text uses language in an artistic or peculiar way, it is called literature or
literary text.
 Literature transforms and intensifies ordinary language into creative one. In doing so, literature
deviates systematically from everyday speech to figurative language.
 Language is improved when reading literature. So, reading is an aid for language development.
We read various literary texts to improve language.
 Language helps students to develop skills in textual analysis of various literary works.
 Language in literature helps to expose students to samples of real-life settings in various
literary works.
 Language in literature increases cultural enrichment to students.
 So, literature is termed as ‘creative’ and ‘imaginative’ writing because it employs language in
peculiar ways. It is a distinctive art that uses language creatively and artistically as its medium
of communication in forwarding the message to the intended audience.
Generally, we can say that language cannot be separated from literature and literature too cannot be
separated from language. They are like two sides of the same coin.

THE END OF THE NOTES

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CHAPTER ONE: THEORY OF LITERATURE
Part One: BASIC CONCEPTS OF LITERATURE
Part Two: DEFINITIONS OF LITERATURE
Part Three: NATURE AND ORIGIN OF LITERATURE
Part Four: LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Part Five: FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE
Part Six: FICTION AND NONFICTION
Part Seven: TYPES OF LITERATURE
Part Eight: ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF ‘O’ LEVEL CLASS READERS

HAWA THE BUS DRIVER
KALULU THE HARE

CHAPTER THREE: INTERPRETING SIMPLE POEMS: FORMS

INTRODUCTION
Analysis of ‘WHAT A HUMAN BEING DOES’
Analysis of ‘GOOD HERE! BAD THERE!’
Analysis of ‘THE BUNCH OF BANANA STOOPS WHERE IT IS’
Analysis of ‘MY BROTHER’

CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF NOVELS

PASSED LIKE A SHADOW
UNANSWERED CRIES

CHAPTER FIVE: ANALYSIS OF PLAYS

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A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

BLACK HERMIT
THE LION AND THE JEWEL

CHAPTER SIX: ANALYSIS OF POETRY

Part One: Analysis of ‘Song of Lawino’
Part Two: Analysis of ‘Lost Beauty’
Part Three: Analysis of ‘Eat More’
Part Four: Analysis of ‘Ballad of the Landlord’
Part Five: Analysis of ‘If We Must Die’
Part Six: Analysis of ‘Your Pain’
Part Seven: Analysis of ‘An Abandoned Bundle’

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Your support & contribution will guarantee the smooth, uninterrupted, consistent,
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Other Analysed Literary Works by the Author

An Introduction to Literature
Hawa the Bus Driver
Kalulu the Hare
Passed Like a Shadow
Unanswered Cries
Black Hermit
The Lion and the Jewel
Song of Lawino
Lost Beauty
Eat More
Ballad of the Landlord
If We Must Die
Your Pain
An Abandoned Bundle
Houseboy
The Old Man and the Medal
The Lion and the Jewel
Kinjekitile
The Wonderful Surgeon and Other Poems

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A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

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A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

References
 Okot P’ Bitek (1968) Song of Lawino, Heinemann, Kampala
 TIE (1996) Selected Poems, TIE, Dar es Salaam.
 Mabala, R.S (1980) Summons, Tanzania Publishing House Ltd, Dar es Salaam.
 Abrahams, M.H (1971) A Glossary of Literary Terms, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. New York.
 Daniel, K et al (ed.) (2003) Elements of Literature: Fourth Course with Readings in World
Literature; Florida Edition, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Austin.
 Daniel, K et al (ed.) (2003) Elements of Literature: Sixth Course; Literature of Britain with World
Classics; Florida Edition, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Austin.
 Kinsella, K et al (2003) Prentice Hall Literature: Timeless Voices, Timeless Themes; Copper
Level, Pearson, Upper Saddle River.
 https://www.stolaf.edu/people/mbele/picframe.html
 http://www.britishbirdlovers.co.uk/articles/owl-mythology-around-the-world
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_tale
 Mabala, R (2007) Hawa The Bus Driver, Ben and Company Ltd, Dar es Salaam.
 Worthington, F (----) Kalulu the Hare
 Mapalala, B (2006) Passed Like a Shadow, Dar es Salaam University Press.
 Conteh, O (2002) Unanswered Cries, Macmillan Publishers Limited.
 Ngugi wa Thiong’o (1968) Black Hermit, East African Educational Publishers LTD, Nairobi.
 Soyinka, W (1963) The Lion and the Jewel, Oxford University Press.
 Wole Soyinka. (n.d.). AZQuotes.com. Retrieved March 03, 2018, from AZQuotes.com Web site:
http://www.azquotes.com/author/13902-Wole_Soyinka
 Okot P’ Bitek (1968) Song of Lawino, Heinemann, Kampala
 TIE (1996) Selected Poems, TIE, Dar es Salaam.
 Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

About the Author

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A Comprehensive ‘O’ Level Theory of Literature: Forms 2, 3, & 4 Emmanuel Kachele

Emmanuel Alkado Kachele (Manny Kachele) is a UDOM Alumni and a teacher who has been teaching
English language and Literature for both Private and Government Secondary Schools since 2008. He has
taught English Language and Literature in Tuition Centres, Private Schools, and Government Schools in
Rukwa, Iringa, Ruvuma, and Katavi respectively. In general, he has been known as English language and
Literature teacher for ‘O’ Level and ‘A’ level respectively. He is currently an Educational Blogger and
Head of Sibwesa Secondary School in Katavi Region.
Apart from being a blogger, he is active on numerous social media platforms where you can always get
in touch with him anytime. He can answer your questions through: Facebook as Manny Kachele,
Instagram as mannykachele, Twitter as @mannykachele, LinkedIn as Manny Kachele, and Pinterest as
Manny Kachele. He also manages the following Facebook Pages: Manny Kachele & Kachele Online as
well as one Facebook Group: English bit by bit.
He has now founded his own blogs; Kachele Online Blog and English Bit by Bit Blog so that he can
share more materials with the students and the teachers as well. He also runs the blog Kachele Diary
Blog where he shares his passion for diary keeping life.

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