Differential equation

Differential Equations
Summary

1. Order and Degree of a Differential Equation:

2. Order : Order is the highest differential appearing in a differential equation.

3. Degree :

It is determined by the degree of the highest order derivative present in it after the differential
equation is cleared of radicals and fractions so far as the derivatives are concerned.
n1 n2 nk
dm y  d m −1 y   dy 
f1 ( x, y )  m  + f 2 ( x, y )  m −1  + ................ f k ( x, y )   0
=
 dx   dx   dx 
dy
4. Differential Equation of First Order and First Degree : + f ( x, y ) =
0
dx
5. Elementary Types of First Order and First Degree Differential Equation, :

f ( x ) dx
Variables separable : ∫= ∫ φ ( y ) dy + c
Homogeneous Differential Equations :

dy f ( x, y )
A differential equation of the from = where f and g are homogeneous function of x
dx g ( x, y )
and y, and of the same degree, is called homogeneous differential equation and can be solved
easily by putting y = vx.

Exact Differential Equation :

dt
The differential equation M + N =0 ................... (1)
dx
Where Mand N are functions of x and y is said to be exact if it can be derived by direct
differentiation (without any subsequent multiplication, elimination etc.) of an equation of the
form f(x, y) = c
xdy − ydx  y xdy − ydx  y
xdy + y dx = d ( xy ) , 2
= d   , 2 ( x dx + y dy ) = d ( x 2 + y 2 ) , = d  ln 
x x xy  x
xdy − ydx  y  xdy + ydx xdy + ydx  1 
2 2
= d  tan −1  , = d ( ln xy ) , 2 2
= d − 
x +y  x xy x y  xy 

6. Linear Differential Equation :

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Differential equation

Linear differential equations of first order :

dy
The differential equation + Py = Q , is linear in y, where P and Q are functions of x.
dx
I.F for linear differential equation = e ∫ Pdx
y.e ∫ Pdx
The solution is given by= ∫ Q.e∫
Pdx
+C
dy
Bernoulli's equation : Equations of the form = Q. y n , n ≠ 0 and n ≠ 1
+ Py
dx
where P and Q are functions of x, is called Bernoulli's equation and can be made linear in v
by dividing by yn and putting y-n+ 1 = v. Now its solution can be obtained as in (v).

dy
7. Clairaut's Equation : y = px + f(p), where p = is known as Cialrout's Equation.
dx
To solve, differentiate it w.r.t. x, which gives
dp
either = 0 ⇒ p = c or x + f'(p) = 0 p is eliminated
dx

8. Orthogonal Trajectory :

An orthogonal trajectory of a given system of curves is defined to be a curve which cuts every
member of a given family of curve at right angle.

Steps to find orthogonal trajectory :

(i) Let f (x, y, c) = 0 be the equation of the given family of curves, where 'c' is an
arbitrary constant.
(ii) Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. x and then eliminate c.
dy dx
(iii) Replace by − in the equation obtained in (ii).
dx dy
(iv) Solve the differential equation obtained in (iii) .
Hence solution obtained in (iv) is the required orthogonal trajectory.

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 Differential equation
Practice Questions
dy π 
1. If ( 2 + sin x ) + ( y − 1) cos x =
0 , and y ( 0 ) = 1 then y   is equal to (2017)
dx 2
1
(a)
3
2
(b) −
3
1
(c) −
3
4
(d)
3

( )
−1
 
2. If y = y(x) satisfies the differential equation 8 x 9 + x dy =  4 + 9 + x  dx , x > 0
 
and y ( 0 ) = 7 , then y(256) = (2017)
(a) 16
(b) 3
(c) 9
(d) 80

13
1
3. The value ∑k =1  π ( k − 1π )   π kπ 
is equal (2016)
sin  +  sin  + 
4 6  4 4 
(a) 3 − 3
( )
(b) 2 3 − 3

(c) 2 ( 3 − 1)

(d) 2 ( 2 + 3 )

dy 1− y2
4. The differentia equation = determines a family of circles with (2007)
dx y
(a) variable radii and a fixed center at (0, 1)
(b) variable radii and a fixed center at (0, -1)
(c) fixed radius 1 and variable centers along the X-axis
(d) fixed radius 1 and variable centers along the Y-axis

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 Differential equation

2 + sin x  dy  π 
5. If y = y(x) and  = − cos x, y ( 0 ) =
1 , then y   equals (2004)
y + 1  dx  2
(a) 1/3
(b) 2/3
(c) -1/3
(d) 1

2
 dy  dy
6. A solution of the differential equation   − x + y =0 is (1999)
 dx  dx
(a) y = 2
(b) y = 2x
(c) y = 2x – 4
(d) y = 2x2 – 4

7. The order of the differential equation whose general solution is given by

y = ( c1 + c2 ) cos ( x + c3 ) − c4 e x + c5 where c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 , c5 are arbitrary constants, is (1998)
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 2

8. If a curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1, -1) and satisfies the differential equation, y(1 +
xy)dx = x dy, then is equal to (2016)
2
(a) −
5
4
(b) −
5
2
(c)
5
4
(d)
5

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 Differential equation

dy
9. Let y(x) be the solution of the differential equation ( x log x )= + y 2 x log x, ( x ≥ 1) . Then,
dx
y(e) is equal to (2015)
(a) e
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) 2e

dy xy x2 + 2x
10. The function y = f (x) is the solution of the differential equation + 2 = in (-1,
dx x − 1 1 + x2
3
2
1) satisfying f (0) = 0. Then ∫ f ( x ) dx is (2014)
3
−
2

π 3
(a) −
3 2
π 3
(b) −
3 4
π 3
(c) −
6 4
π 3
(d) −
6 2

11. Let f : [1/2, 1] → R (the set of all real numbers) be a positive, non-constant and
1
differentiable function such that f ' ( x ) < 2 f ( x ) and f (1/ 2 ) = 1 . Then, the value of ∫ f ( x ) dx
1/2

lies in the interval (2013)

(a) ( 2e − 1, 2e )
(b) ( e − 1, 2e − 1)
 e −1 
(c)  , e − 1
 2 
 e −1 
(d)  0, 
 2 

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 Differential equation

12. Let f (x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ∞) such that f (1) = 1, and
t 2 f ( x ) − x2 f (t )
lim = 1 for each x > 0. Then f (x) is (2007)
t→x t−x
1 2x2
(a) +
3x 3
1 4x2
(b) − +
3x 3
1 2
(c) − + 2
x x
1
(d)
x

13. If x dy = 1 and y ( x ) > 0 . Then, y (–3) is equal to

y ( dx + ydy ) , y (1) = (2005)
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 0

dy
14. If y(t) is a solution of (1 + t ) 1 and y(0) = – 1 then y(1) is equal to
− ty = (2003)
dt
(a) -1/2
(b) e + ½
(c) e – ½
(d) ½

15. At present, a firm is manufacturing 2000 items. It is estimated that the rate of change of
dP
production P with respect to additional number of workers x is given by = 100 − 12 x . If the
dx
firm employees 25 more workers, then the new level of production of items is (2013)
(a) 2500
(b) 3000
(c) 3500
(d) 4500

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Differential equation

x
16. Let f : R → R be a continuous function, which satisfies f ( x ) = ∫ f ( t ) dt . Then, the value of
0

f (ln 5) is … (2009)
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3

17. Let the population of rabbits surviving at a time t be governed by the differential equation
dp ( t ) 1
= p ( t ) − 200 . If p (0) = 100, then p (t) is equal to
dt 2
t
(a) 400 − 300e 2
t
−
(b) 300 − 200e 2

t
(c) 600 − 500e 2
t
−
(d) 400 − 300e 2

 π
18. A curve passes through the point 1,  . Let the slope of the curve at each point (x, y) be
 6
y  y
+ sec   , x > 0 . Then the equation of the curve is (2013)
x x
 y 1
(a) sin =  log x +
x 2
 y
(b) cosec =  log x + 2
x
 2y 
(c) sec  =  log x + 2
 x 
 2y  1
(d) cos  =  log x +
 x  2

19. The differential equation representing the family of curves where c is a positive parameter, is
of
(a) order 4, degree 3
(b) order 1, degree 1
(c) order 1, degree 3
(d) order 3, degree 2

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 Differential equation

20. If y(x) satisfies the differential equation y '− y tan x =

2 x sec x and y(0), then
 π  4π 2π
2
(a) y '  =  −
3 3 3 3
π  π
2
(b) y '   =
 4  18
π  π
2
(c) y   =
3 9
 π  4π 2π
2
(d) y '  =  +
3 3 3 3

21. Solution of the differential equation (x cos x – sin x + yx2) dx + x3 dy = 0 is –

sin x
(a) + xy =c
x
sin x
(b) +x= c
x
sin x
(c) +y= c
x
(d) None of these

22. The co-ordinates of the focus of the conic satisfying the differential equation.
2
d 2 y  dy 
y 2 +   = 0, y ( 0 ) = 2, y ' ( 0 ) = 4 is -
dx  dx 
15 
(a)  , 0 
4 
 1 
(b)  − , 0 
 4 
7 
(c)  , 0 
4 
 15 
(d)  − , 0 
 4 
23. The differential equation satisfied by all the circle in the x – y plane is (1 + y12 ) y3 =
λ y1 y22
where 𝜆𝜆 =
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) – 2
(s) 3

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 Differential equation

24. The order of the differential equation whose general solution is given by y = a cos x + b sin x
+ ce–x is
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

2/3
  dy  2  d2y
25. The order and degree of the differential equation  4 +    = are equal to
  dx   dx 2
(a) 2, 2
(b) 3, 3
(c) 2, 3
(d) 3, 2

dy
26. The general solution of the differential equation = e x − y + x 2 e − y is
dx
x3
(a) e = e + + c
y x

3
(b) e = e + 2 x + c
y x

(c) e y = e x + x3 + c
(d) none of these

dy x 2 + xy + y 2
27. The general solution of the differential equation = is
dx x2
x
(a) tan −1  = ny + c
 y
 y
(b) tan −1  = nx + c
x
x
(c) tan −1  = nx + c
 y
 y
(d) tan −1  = ny + c
x

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 Differential equation

dy 3 y − 7 x − 3
28. The solution of the differential equation = is
dx 3 x − 7 y + 7
(a) ( y − x − 2 ) + ( y + x − 5 ) =
5 7
c
(b) ( y − x − 5 ) + ( y + x − 1) =
2 7
c

(c) ( y − x − 7 ) + ( y + x − 5 ) =
2
c

(d) ( y − x − 1) + ( y + x − 1) =
2 5
c

29. The solution of the differential equation (1 + y2) dx = (tan–1 y – x) dy is

2
(a) xy= y5 + c
(b) xy 2 + 2 y 5 =
c
(c) xy
= 2
2 y5 + c
(d) None of these

dy
30. The solution of the differential equation (2x – 10y3) + y = 0 is
dx
(a) xy2 = y5 + c
(b) xy2 + 2y5 = c
(c) xy2 = 2y5 + c
(d) none of these
 d2y 
 2
 d2y  dx d3y
31. If m and n are the order & degree of the equation  2  + 4.  3  + 3 =x 2 − 1 , then
 dx  d y dx
3
dx
(a) m = 3, n = 2
(b) n = 2, m = 5
(c) m = 2, n = 3
(d) n = 5, m = 2

32. The differential equation of the family of all parabolas whose axis is x-axis are of
(a) first degree
(b) second degree
(c) third degree
(d) fourth degree

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 Differential equation

dy
33. The solution of the equation = e y + x + e y − x x is
dx
(a) e y ( e x + e − x + c ) =−1
(b) e y ( e x − e − x + c ) =−1

(c) e x ( e x − e − x + c ) =−1
(d) e x + y ( e 2 x + ce − x − 1) =−1

34. The solution of the differential equation (x + y) dy – (x – y) dx = 0 is

(a) y2 + 2xy + x2 = k
(b) y2 + 2xy – x2 = k
(c) y2 – 2xy + x2 = k
(d) none of these

xdy  y
35. The solution of the differential equation = y − x tan   is
dx x
 y
(a) x sin −1   + c =0
x
(b) x sin y + c = 0
 y
(c) x sin   = 0
x
c
(d) y = x sin −1  
x

36. The orthogonal trajectory of x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 is

(a) y4/3 + x4/3 = c
(b) y4/3 – x4/3 = c
(c) x2/3 – y2/3 = c
(d) (x y)4/3 =c

37. A curve passes through (2, 0) and the slope of the tangent at P (x, y) is equal to
( x + 1)
2
+ y −3
then the equation of the curve is
x +1
(a) y = x2 – 2x
(b) y = x3 – 8

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 Differential equation

(c) y2 = x2 + 2x
(d) none of these

dy  x − 2y + 5 
38. The solution of the differential equation = −  is
dx  2x − y + 4 
(a) ( x + y − 1=
) A ( x − y + 3)
(b) ( x + y + 3=
) B ( x + y − 1)
3

(c) ( x + y − 3=
) C ( x − y + 1)
3

(d) ( x + y − 1)= D ( x + y − 3)
3

xdy f ( xy )
39. If +y=x then f(xy) is equal to
dx f ' ( xy )
2
/2
(a) ke x
2
/2
(b) ke y
2
(c) ke( )
xy /2

(d) ke xy /2

2
( y ') =
2
40. The differential equation y ''+ 0
1− y
(a) is linear
y e x + c1
(b) has a solution =
(c) has a solution y= c1 − c2 x 2
x + c1
(d) has a solution y =
x + c2
2
d 2 y  dy 
41. Solution of the differential equation x 2 y 2
0 is d,
+ x − y =
dx  dx 
(a) y
= x ( c2 x 2 + 2c1 )

(b)
= y x ( c1 − 2c2 x 2 )

(c) y
= x ( c2 x − 2c1 )

(d) y 2
= x ( c2 x + 2c1 )

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 Differential equation

( ) ( ) dydx =
−1
42. The solution of the differential equation 1 + y 2 + x − e tan y
0 is
−1 −1
(a) xe 2=
tan y
e tan y
+c
(b) ( x − 2 ) =
−1
ce tan y

−1 −1
tan y
(c) 2 xe= e 2 tan y
+c
−1
tan y
(d) xe
= tan −1 y + c

x  y 
43. The solution of the differential equation = 22
dy  2 2
− 1 dx is
x +y x +y 
(a) y x cot ( c − x )
=
 y
(b) cos − 1  = ( − x + c )
x
(c) y x tan ( c − x )
=
 y2 
 2  x tan ( c − x )
(d) =
x 

 dy  ( xy )  dy  ( xy )  dy 
2 2 3 3

44. Solution of the differentiable equation x =

1 + xy   +   +   + .... is
 dx  2!  dx  3!  dx 
(a)
= y log e x + c

( )
2
(b) y = log e x

± ( log e x ) + 2c
2
(c) y =

(d) xy
= xy + k
 x + y − 1  dy  x + y + 1 
45. Solution of the differentiable equation   =  where y = 1, is
 x + y − 2  dx  x + y + 2 
( x − y)
2
−2
(a) log = 2( x + y)
2

( x − y)
2
+2
(b) log = 2( x − y)
2

( x + y)
2
+2
(c) log = 2( x − y)
2

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Differential equation

(d) none of these

46. Statement-1: The differential equation y3 dy + (x + y2) dx = 0 becomes homogeneous if we

put y2 = t
Statement-2: All differential equation of first order and first degree becomes homogeneous if
we
is True
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-
1.
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(d) Statement-2 is False, Statement-2 is True

dy
47. Statement-1: The integrating factor of the differential equation in ( xnx ) + y =2nx is
dx
nx
d2y
Statement-2: The general solution of the differential equation +y= 0 is y = A sin (x + B)
dx 2
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-
1.
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(3) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

48. Statement–1: The curve y = cx2, c being any arbitrary constant intersects the curves x2 + 2y2
= 2c at right angle.
Statement–2: As above curves traces orthogonal trajectory.
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-
1.
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(3) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

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Differential equation

49. Statement–1: A ray of light from origin after reflection at the point P(x, y) of any curve
becomes parallel to x–axis, the equation of curve may be y2 = 2x + 1
Statement–2: A ray of light parallel to axis after reflection from parabolic mirror always passes
through the focus.
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-
1.
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(3) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

50. Statement–1: The differential equation of the family of hyperbolas with asymptotes as the
dy
line x + = y 1 is ( x − 1) =
y 1& x − = y
dx
Statement–2: As , the eccentricity of the rectangular hyperbola is 2 .
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-
1.
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(3) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

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Differential equation

Answer keys

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c)

8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a)
15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (a)
22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (d)
29. (a) 30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (d)
36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (d) 41. (c) 42. (c)
43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (a) 49. (b)
50. (a)

“Detail solutions are mentioned in the content library”

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