VISCOUS DAMPING
Occurs in a mechanical system when a component of the system
is in contact with a viscous liquid.
Means of vibration control = Dashpot
Viscous Damper or Dashpot
Damping force is proportional to the velocity ! = cx!
F( x)
c= viscous damping coefficient.
Units =N/(m/s)
Any form of damping where the damping force is proportional to
the velocity is referred to as viscous damping
SDOF mass-
spring-dashpot
system
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VISCOUS DAMPING
Schematic representation for viscous damping when present in
mechanical systems
(a) Schematic of a viscous damper in a mechanical system. (b) The viscous
damping force is always drawn as the opposite of the direction of positive
velocity. (c) When velocity is negative, the viscous clamping force is still
drawn to the left, but since it is negative, it goes toward the right.
Torsional viscous damper
A disk rotates in a dish
of a viscous liquid,
producing a moment
M = ctθ! about the axis of the
shaft and acting as a
torsional viscous
damper
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VISCOUS DAMPING
In the case of a nonlinear viscous damper described by a
function, F( x! ) the equivalent linear viscous damping around an
operating speed x! = x!1
!
dF( x)
ce =
dx! x! = x!1
Energy Dissipated by a Viscous Damping
n xi
U1→2 = − ∑ ∫ ci x!i dxi If an angular coordinate is
i=1 0
used as a generalized coordinate
x x
U1→2 = − ∫ ceq x!dx U1→2 = − ∫ ct , eqθ!dθ
0 0
Viscous damping is a non-conservative force
Work done by viscous damping is negative. The viscous damping
force always opposes the direction of motion.
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VISCOUS DAMPING
Combination of Dampers
Dampers in Parallel ceq = c1 + c2 + ......cn
1 1 1 1
Dampers in Series = + + ......
ceq c1 c2 cn
Equivalent damping coefficient and equivalent stiffness
of a vibratory system
k2 k 3
ke = k1 +
k2 + k 3
ce = c 1 +c2
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FBD and Sign Directions
Springs
Dampers
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Work out Problems
1. The block of mass as shown in Fig. 01
slides on a frictionless surface. Draw
the FBD and derive the differential
equation governing the motion of the
system using x as the displacement of
the system from its equilibrium Fig:01
position and as the generalized
coordinate.
Applying Newton’s law to the FBD
in the x direction
−kx − cx! + F(t) = m!!
x
x + cx! + kx + F(t)
m!!
FBD (Kinetic diagram)
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Work out Problems
2. Develop a mathematical model of an
automobile moving over a rough road
as shown in fig. 02, considering (a)
weight of the car body, passengers,
seats, front wheels, and rear wheels; (b)
elasticity of tires (suspension), main Fig:02
springs, and seats; and (c) damping of
the seats, shock absorbers, and tires. m passenger + mseat
cseat kseat
mbody mvehicle body
meq
kbody cbody
k f sus c f sus cr sus kr sus
keq ceq
m front wheel + mrear wheel
m front wheel mrear wheel
k fw c fw
k fw + krw c fw + crw crw krw
(i) (ii) (iii)
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Work out Problems
3. Develop a mathematical model for the tractor and plow shown in
Fig.03 by considering the mass, elasticity, and damping of the tires,
shock absorbers, and plows (blades).
Fig:03
Plow
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Work out Problems
4. Determine the equivalent spring constant
of the system shown in Fig. 04
Fig:04
5. A hinged rigid bar of length l is connected
by two springs of stiffnesses k1 and k2 and is
subjected to a force F as shown in Fig 05.
Assuming that the angular displacement of
Fig:05 the bar (θ ) is small, find the equivalent
spring constant of the system that relates
( ) ( )
2 2
keq = k1
l1
+ k2
l2 the applied force F to the resulting
l l
displacement x.
9 MEng3072_Unit 2_3_Dr. TMJ - 27 March 2017
Work out Problems
6. A mass of 30kg (shown in Fig. 06) is hung from a spring of
stiffness k =2.5 x 105 N/m, which is attached to an aluminum
beam (E = 71 x 109 N/m2, ρ = 2.7 × 10 3 kg m 3 ) of moment of inertia
I= 3.5 x 10-8 m4 and of length 35 cm. The beam is supported at its
free end and by a circular aluminum cable of diameter 1 mm and
length 30 cm. Determine the equivalent stiffness of the assembly.
Fig:06
keq = 1.4 × 10 5 N m
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Work out Problems
7. Find the equivalent torsional spring
constant of the system shown in Fig.
07. Assume that k1, k2, k3, and k4 are
torsional and k5 and k6 are linear
spring constants.
Fig:07
⎛ k1k2 k3 ⎞
keq = k4 + ⎜ ⎟ + R 2
(k5 + k6 )
k +
⎝ 1 2 2 3 3 1⎠
k k k + k k
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