ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF

TINOSPORA CARDIFOLA EXTRACT

Dissertation submitted to Andhra University in partial

fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MICRO BIOLOGY

Submitted by
REVATHI. P.
REG NO. 709277229013

Under the guidance of

Dr. SURYA ANJANI KUMAR SARVA
M.Sc., PhD.

DEPARTMENT OF MICRO BIOLOGY

CH.S.D.ST. THERESA’S COLLEGE FOR WOMEN,
(Affiliated to Andhra University and Approved by NAAC)
ELURU, W.G.DT
2009-2011
 DECLARATION

I declare that the present work entitled

“ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TINOSPORA CARDIFOLA

EXTRACT” is a bonafide record of the research work carried out

by me and no part of the discussion has been presented earlier for

any degree, diploma and any other similar title.

Place: ELURU

Date: REVATHI.P.

Regd No. 709277229013

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is inevitable that thoughts and ideas of other people drift into the
subconscious when one feels to acknowledge the help derived from others.

I am grateful to Rev. Sr. Marietta Pudota, M.Sc., PhD, Director of

PG Courses, St. Theresa’s College for Women, Eluru for her blessings and
encouragement throughout my course of study.

I would like to express my special gratitude to Mr. S. Surya Anjani

Kumar giving me permission to do my project work in their esteemed
organization.

I express my sincere gratitude to Mrs. A. Padmavathi, M.Sc, M.Phil,

Head of the Department, Micro Biology in the continuous support and
timely suggestions.

I thank the Administrative and Non-teaching staff of ST.

THERESA’S COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, ELURU for their services.

Last but not the least; I would like to say thanks to my parents and my
friends who helped me to achieve my effort.

REVATHI.P.

Regd No. 709277229013

 PREFACE

Majority of the one billion population of India lives in the rural

villages. They, by far, rely on traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs, for

their primary health care needs. Demand for medicinal plant is increasing in

both developing and developed countries due to growing recognition of

natural products and due to other reasons, sometimes out of compulsion as

the only source of health care available in the villages.

In recent years, the growing demand for herbal product has led to a

quantum jump in volume of plant materials traded within and across the

countries. Though India has a rich biodiversity, the growing demand is

putting a heavy strain on the existing resources. While the demand for

medicinal plants is growing, some of them are increasingly being threatened

in their natural habitat. For meeting the future needs cultivation of medicinal

plant has become inevitable.

 ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to evaluate in vivo protective role of

aqueous extract of stem and leaves of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) on the toxic

effects of lead on the hematological values. The lead-treated (5 mg/kg body

weight, intraperitonially, once daily) male albino mice concurrently received

either T. cordifolia stem or leaves extracts (400 mg/kg body weight, orally,

once daily) for the duration of 30 days. The animals exposed to lead showed

significant decrease in RBC and Hb level. Significant decline in WBC,

DLC, and PCV was also noticed.

Increase in MCV values displaying reciprocal relationship with RBC,

PCV, and Hb values in lead-treated mice were also recorded. These

influences of lead were prevented by concurrent daily administration of T.

cordifolia stem and leaves extract. These results suggested that simultaneous

supplementation of T. cordifolia protects against lead intoxication.

Tinospora cordifolia Willd. (Menispermaceae) has been used in Indian and

Chinese traditional medicines against various ailments.

 INDEX

 INTRODUCTION OF TINOSPORA CARDIOFOLA

 PROPERTIES OF TINOSPORA CARDIOFOLA

 APPLICATIONS OF TINOSPORA CARDIOFOLA

 ACTION OF TINOSPORA CARDIOFOLA ON BACTERIA

 ACTION OF TINOSPORA CARDIOFOLA ON FUNGI

 METHODOLOGY

 RESULTS

 DISCUSSIONS

 REFERENCE
 TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA

INTRODUCTION

Botanically it is named as Tinospora cordifolia and belongs to family

Menispermaceae. Tinospora cordifolia, which is known by the common

name Guduchi, is an herbaceous vine of the family Menispermaceae

indigenous to the tropical areas of India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.

The plant is a glabrous climbing shrub found throughout India,

typically growing in deciduous and dry forests. The leaves are heart

shaped. The succulent bark is creamy white to grey in color, with deep

clefts spotted with lenticels. It puts out long, slender aerial roots, often
 growing on mango or neem trees. Flowers are yellow, growing in lax

racemes from nodes on old wood. Fruits are drupes, turning red when

ripe.

Tinospora cordifolia (TC) family Menispermaceae is distributed

throughout tropical Indian subcontinent and China, ascending to an altitude

of 300 m. A variety of constituents have been isolated from T. cordifolia

plant and their structures were elucidated. They belong to different classes

such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid,

phenolics, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides. T. cordifolia has been

found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory

activities. This plant was also found to exhibit anti-pyretic activity. T.

cordifolia is widely used in folkloric veterinary medicine and traditional

ayurvedic medicine in India for its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic

activities. But, there were no reports on well controlled experiment trials

depicting the anti-arthritic potential of T. cordifolia.

The active adaptogenic constituents are deterrence compounds

including tinosporone, tinosporic acid, cordifolisides A to E, syringen, the

yellow alkaloid, berberine, Giloin, crude Giloininand, a glucosidal bitter

principle as well as polysaccharides, including arabinogalactan

 polysaccharide (TSP). Picrotene and bergenin were also found in the

plant. The active principles of Tinospora cordifolia, a traditional Indian

medicinal plant were found to possess anticomplementary and

immunomodulatory activities.

Tinospora cordifolia and similar species like Tinospora crispa and

Tinospora rumphii Boerl are used in Ayurvedic and Jamu herbal medicine

as a hepatoprotectant, protecting the liver from damage that may occur

following exposure to toxins, as well as in Thailand, Philippines. Recent

research has demonstrated that a combination of T. cordifolia extract and

turmeric extract is effective in preventing the hepatotoxicity which is

otherwise produced as a side effect of conventional pharmaceutical

treatments for tuberculosis using drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin.

Tinospora or Giloy or Amrita is a well known medicinal herb contains

anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. This herb has been used in

Ayurveda in India since centuries as a medicine  in building up the immune

system and the body’s confrontation against definite infecting organisms. In

a scientific study conducted using human WBC (white blood corpuscles),

this herb helps in increasing the killing ability of macrophages, the resistant

cells those are accountable for fighting foreign materials as well as

microorganisms. 

  Tinospora or Giloy is used as an immune-modulator in immune-

suppression of certain ailments like as obstructive jaundice, hepatic fibrosis,

peritonitis and sepsis. Guduchi or Giloy  improve the functioning of

protective cells, macrophages and will improve body’s resistance to

infections.

  This herb is highly recommended by Yoga Guru Swami Ramdev in

preventing swine flu that has been declared epidemic worldwide. 

 Common Name:

Telgu       -   Tippaa tiga

Hindi -          Giloya, Guduchi

English -      Tinospora  

Latin  -         Tinospora Cordifolia   

Sanskrit -     Guduchi, Madhuparni, Amrita, Chinnaruha,  

                   Vatsadaani, Tantrika, Kundalini, Chakralakshanika

Tamil    -       Shindilakodi    

Kannada -    Amrita balli 

Malayalam -  ambrithu, cittamrtu 

Tinospora cordifolia Miers, commonly known as ‘Guduchi’ (family

Menispermaceae) is a plant prescribed in Ayurveda, the Indian traditional

system of Medicine as a 'Rasayana' or general tonic (Thatte and Dahanukar,

1986). Dry barks of T. cordifolia has antispasmodic, anti-pyretic, anti-

allergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-leprotic properties. Guduchi is a

promising drug entity which should enter the world market by evidence-

based research for therapeutics. Celastrus paniculatus or Jyotishmati is a

herbal plant belonging to the Celastraceae family. It is also called Black-Oil

tree or Climbing Staff tree. It is also considered to be analgesic, aphrodisiac,

diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, stimulant and tonic.

Soil and climate: It requires a warm humid tropical climate with an annual

rainfall of 2000-3000cm. It thrives well in deep fertile soils that are rich in

organic matter. Acidic to neutral soils are preferred though it can come up in

alkaline soils as well.

Seeds and sowing: It is propagated through stem cuttings. About 10-15cm

long stem cuttings having at least 2 nodes are planted in the field or

polybags. Treatment of cut ends with rooting hormones gives better results.

The usual planting time is with the onset of monsoon in May-June. Usually

it is planted along boundaries or nearby tall trees and allowed to trail on the

trees or hedges and hence regular spacing is not followed.

Manauring: While planting, adequate amounts of organic manure are

applied.

After cultivation: Once the plant is established no much management is

needed.

Economics: There is a huge market for the roots, extract of Tinospora in

medicinal use. 

Harvesting and processing: The stem is the most economic part.

Harvesting can be commenced after one year and usually partial harvesting

is followed depending on the necessity. The stem and root should be

collected in hot season when the concentration of the bitter principle is the

highest. A full-grown well-ramified plant may give 2-3kg vines, which are

cut into smaller pieces and traded either fresh or after drying.
 PROPERTIES OF TINOSPORA CARDIOFOLA
Guduci is bitter, pungent and astringent in taste, sweet in the post

digestive effect and hot in potency. It alleviates all the dosas. It possesses

light and oily attributes. It has a special potency as an anti-toxin.

Chemical Constituents: 

The plant contains alkaloid – Berberine and a glucosoid – Giloin,  The

active adaptogenic constituents are: diterpene compounds including

tinosporone, tinosporic acid, cordifolisides A to E, syringen, the yellow

alkaloid, berberine, Giloin, crude Giloininand, a gluco sidal bitter principle

as well as polysaccharides, including arabinogalactan polysaccharide (TSP). 

  The active adaptogenic constituents are diterpene compounds including

tinosporone, tinosporic acid, cordifolisides A to E,  syringen, the yellow

alkaloid, berberine,  Giloin, crude Giloininand, a gluco sidal bitter principle

as well as  polysaccharides, including arabinogalactan polysaccharide (TSP).

This study of the floral anatomy of Persea americana reveals that this

species is clearly a specialized form derived from a primitive angiosperm

stock and that the perianth consists of a three-parted calyx and a three-parted

corolla. The anatomy does not support the interpretation that the perianth

consists of a six-parted calyx or that the corolla is absent. The vascular

anatomy of the stamen indicates that it has been derived by reduction from a

branch system. Vertical compression has resulted in the fusion of the

vascular supply of the main limb or rachis of this branch system to the

bundles supplying the perianth.

In vivo administration of alcoholic extract of medicinal plant

Tinospora cordifolia (TC) to mice bearing a spontaneous T cell lymphoma

designated as Dalton’s lymphoma prevented tumor growth-dependent

regression of thymus. TC was found to augment proliferation of thymocytes

with a concomitant decrease in thymocyte apoptosis. It also resulted in a

decrease in the number of Hassal’s corpuscles. Restoration of thymus

homeostasis was caused by TC-dependent augmentation in production of

thymocyte growth promoting cytokines Interleukin-2 and Interferon-gamma

from thymocytes. TC was found to downregulate thymocyte apoptosis by

modulation of Caspase pathway. TC administration retarded tumor growth

and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. The possible mechanisms are

discussed.

TINOSPORA SHRUB: 

Tinospora is a big climber (glabrous) shrub generally climbs on large

trees. It is a twining, succulent-stemmed, fast growing with tuberous roots.

Its branches are grey-green, up to 40 mm in diameter, becoming brown with

age. The leaves are heart-shaped and 100 x 100 mm.  Its flowers are tiny

creamy-greenish and male and female flowers are formed on different

branches. It flowers in spring. The female flowers are followed by oval red

fruit up to 10 mm in diameter. These ripen during summer and autumn.  

Its stems are Fleshy and roots are long thread like, aerial, arise from

branches.    Bark is thin, greyish or creamy white in colour, when peeled

fleshy stem is exposed. Its seeds are curved, pea sized. 

Tinospora as Medicinal shrub

Tinospora or Guduchi is considered one of the best herbs to clear the micro-

circulatory system and other bodily channels. The antistress or anxiolytic

activity of Tinospora cordifolia is well documented by researchers and

clinically tested. Tinospora or Guduchi acts as a diuretic and found to be

effective against Renal obstruction like calculi and other urinary disorders.

Guduchi acts as a memory booster, develops inteligence, promotes mental

clarity. It is described as one of the Medhya Rasayana (mental rejuvenative)

in the Charak Samhita (The oldest and most potent book of Ayurvedic

Medicine). 
 Guduchi is regarded as a liver protector. Guduchi is considered

helpful in eye disorders as a tissue builder and promotes mental clarity.The

stem of guduchi is used in general debility, dyspepsia and urinary

diseases. Guduchi is anti-pyretic and act as a tonic after fever, also has

action against alternative fever like Malaria. Strengthen Immune System:

Guduchi is one of the best medications known to boost immune system. It

helps to boost our natural resistance power to avert numerous infections and

disorders. A recent study has revealed that this herb contains a novel

polysaccharide, known as alpha-D-glucan which is found to be noncytotoxic

to the white blood cells comprised of B cells which are mainly functioning

in humoral immunity, and T cells which are mainly responsible for cellular

immunity.  

Some health experts and Ayurvedic doctors also prescribe Tinospora

or Giloy for some sexually transmitted diseases. The herb is useful in

treating various skin diseases. Extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (TCE) have

been shown to possess anti-tumor properties. 

 APPLICATIONS OF TINOSPORA CARDIOFOLA

Tinospora cordifolia is used for diabetes, high cholesterol, allergic

rhinitis (hay fever), upset stomach, gout, lymphoma and other cancers,

rheumatoid arthritis (RA), hepatitis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), fever,

gonorrhea, syphilis, and to boost the immune system.

Tinospora cordifolia contains many different chemicals that might

affect the body. Some of these chemicals have antioxidant effects. Others

might increase the activity of the body's immune system. Some chemicals

might have activity against cancer cells in test animals. Most research has

been done in test tubes or in animals. There isn’t enough information to

know the effects of Tinospora cordifolia in the human body.

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE FOR:

 Allergies (hay fever). A particular extract of Tinospora cordifolia

(Tinofend, Verdure Sciences) seems to significantly decrease sneezing

and nasal itching, discharge, and stuffy nose after about 2 months of

treatment.

INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE FOR:

  Diabetes.

 High cholesterol.

 Upset stomach.

 Gout.

 Cancer, including lymphoma.

 Rheumatoid arthritis.

 Liver disease.

 Stomach ulcer.

 Fever.

 Gonorrhea.

 Syphilis.

 To counteract a suppressed immune system.

 Other conditions.

More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of Tinospora

cordifolia for these uses.

Tinospora cordifolia seems to be safe when used short-term. The

safety of long-term use, more than 8 weeks, is not known.

Uses & Benefits of Guduchi

 All parts of guduchi plant are used for various medicinal purposes.

 The plant oil is effective in reducing pain and edema and in gout and

skin diseases.

 The herb accords longevity, enhances memory, improves health, and

bestows youth, betters complexion, voice, energy and luster of the

skin.

 It is helpful in treating digestive ailments such as hyperacidity, colitis,

worm infestations, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, excessive thirst,

and vomiting and even liver disorders like hepatitis.

 Fresh juice of guduchi, when mixed with rock candy, speeds up the

recovery in hepatitis patients.

 It helps in remedying ailments like raktapitta, anemia, cardiac debility,

diabetes, sexual debility and splenic disorders.

 The starch of the plant serves as a household remedy for chronic

fever, relieves burning sensation and increases energy and appetite.

 The decoction of guduchi, mixed with nimba and vasa, eases the

itching and oozing.

  It benefits general weakness, dyspepsia, impotency, dysentery,

secondary syphilis, tuberculosis, jaundice, constipation, leprosy,

general debility, cutaneous rashes and condylomata.

 Guduchi helps in getting rid of renal caliculi and reduces blood urea

level.

 The decoction of guduchi and sunthi is a good combination for

treating gout and rheumatic disorders.

 Guduchi juice, when taken with cow’s milk or lodhra, is effective in

combating leucorrhea.

 The juice is mixed with cumin seeds and consumed to reduce the

burning sensation caused due to pitta.

 The root of guduchi is a strong emetic and used for bowel obstruction.

TINOSPORA OTHER USES

 Tinospora is very helpful in building up natural protection against

various diseases. It is often used to fight against general debility,

dyspepsia, and some other gastrointestinal diseases. This herbal

medication is stomachic and diuretic in nature which effectively

 stimulates the secretion of bile juice, relieves thirst, burning sensation,

vomiting tendencies, and jaundice.  

REMEDIES FOR YEAST INFECTION

YO! YOGURT 

 If you are a yogurt freak, you will probably know that yogurt contains

good bacteria. But, did you know that something as good as yogurt

can do wonders to your nasty yeast infection? Apart from including a

bowl of yogurt in your meals, you can also douse a tampon in yogurt

and push it inside your vagina for relief against singeing vaginal

infection. Repeat

LESS LUBRICATION OF VAGINA

 A drop in the estrogen levels in the body during menopause may lead

to the drying of the vaginal walls and hence less lubrication during

sexual intercourse. During this time, you will also lose interest in

sexual activity. However, this may also be due to dehydration or less

intake of water.
LOSS OF SEXUAL DESIRES

 A woman who has reached menopause will engage in lesser sexual

activities because lesser lubricants in the vagina mean acute pain

during sex. Also, the imbalance of hormones in the body will drive

away the desire for sex.

ABRUPT GROWTH OF HAIR

 A drop in estrogen levels means a rise in the testosterone levels in a

woman’s body. Testosterone is responsible for hair growth and

therefore, the imbalance will lead to the formation of unwanted hair.   

HOT FLASHES

 The first months following menopause will see sudden hot flashes in

the woman because of the imbalance of the different hormonal

activities in her body. Also, metabolism is boosted after menopause,

thereby leading to hot flashes. But this does not continue for long.

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS & WARNINGS:

PREGNANCY AND BREAST-FEEDING:

Not enough is known about the use of Tinospora cordifolia during

pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
DIABETES:

Tinospora cordifolia might lower blood sugar levels. Use it cautiously

if you have diabetes, and monitor your blood sugar levels. The doses of your

diabetes medications might need to be adjusted.

“Autoimmune diseases” such as multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus

(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or

other conditions: Tinospora cordifolia might cause the immune system to

become more active, and this could increase the symptoms of autoimmune

diseases. If you have one of these conditions, it’s best to avoid using

Tinospora cordifolia.

SURGERY:

Tinospora cordifolia might affect blood sugar levels, so there is a

concern that it might interfere with blood sugar control during and after

surgery. Stop taking Tinospora cordifolia at least 2 weeks before a scheduled

surgery.

MEDICINAL USES

 Anti-stress action: The anti-stress or anxiolytic (anxiety-diminishing)

activity of Tinospora cordifolia is well documented by researchers and

clinically tested. The ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia exhibited

significant antistress activity at 100 mg/kg compared with diazepam at 2.5

mg/kg. The alcoholic extract of the roots of Tinospora cordifolia was found

to possess normalizing activity against stress-induced changes in

norepinephrine, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-

hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in experimental rats.

 Anti-diabetic action: The ethyl acetate extract of Tinospora cordifolia

showed central nervous system depressant and low blood sugar activity in

rabbits. Oral administration of Tinospora cordifolia root extract to alloxan

diabetic rats caused a significant reduction in blood glucose and brain

lipids. The water, alcoholic, and chloroform extracts of the leaves of

Tinospora cordifolia exerted a significant hypoglycemic effect in normal as

well as in alloxan-treated rabbits. From this study, it was concluded that the

extracts of the leaves of Tinospora cordifolia have an insulin-like action.

 Anti-inflammatory action: The aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia

showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in rats against acute and

chronic type of inflammations' induced by carregenin.

 Immunomodulation activity: Tinospora cordifolia appears to improve

surgical outcome in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice by

strengthening the host defenses. Researchers have proven the usefulness of

the Tinospora extract in reducing the chemotoxicity induced by free radical

forming chemicals. In one study oral administration of some indigenous

herbal drugs including Tinospora cordifolia was found to protect mice from

cyclophosphamide induced Leukopenia. In another study a prospective,

randomized, double blind placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted

on breast cancer patients. Consenting breast cancer patients, who were

receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (CMF regimen), were recruited, and

randomized to drug and placebo group. From the results it appeared that

the plant Tinospora cordifolia provided some protection against the cancer

chemotherapy induced leucopenia.

Hypo-lipidaemic (fat decreasing) activity: Administration of the extract

of Tinospora cordifolia roots (2.5 and 5.0 g/kg body weight) for 6 weeks

resulted in a significant reduction in serum and tissue cholesterol,

phospholipids and free fatty acids in alloxan diabetic rats.

 Anticancer activity: Exposure of Hela cells to 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100

micro g/ml of Tinospora cordifolia extracts (methanol, aqueous and

methylene chloride) resulted in a dose-dependent but significant increase in

cell killing, when compared to non-drug-treated controls.

 Hepatoprotective action: Antihepatotoxic activity of Tinospora cordifolia

was found in albino rats intoxicated with CC14.

 
Anti-bacterial action: Alcoholic extract of the stem of Tinospora

cordifolia shows activity against E.coli. The active constituent in the

Tinospora cordifolia was also found to inhibit in vitro the growth of

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

 Anti-spasmodic action: Tinospora cordifolia has been observed to relax

smooth muscles of intestine, uterus and inhibit constrictor response of

histamine and acetylcholine on smooth muscles.

o Guduchi taken with ghee pacifies vaata, with jaggery removes

constipation, with sugar pacifies pitta, with honey pacifies kapha, mixed

with castor oil alleviates gouty arthritis and with dried ginger controls

rheumatoid arthritis.

o The juice of guduchi, mixed with pippali (long pepper) powder

alleviates fever.

o Decoction of guduchi, parpata (pitta-paapadaa) and amla (Indian

gooseberry) overcomes fever caused by pitta.

o One suffering from jaundice should take the paste of guduchi leaves

with buttermilk.

o Cold infusion of guduchi mixed with honey is beneficial in excessive

thirst.

o Cold infusion of guduchi mixed with honey checks vomiting.

o Decoction of guduchi, neem leaves and patola (kadvaa parval or janglee

chichodaa) leaves mixed with honey alleviates gastritis and allied

disorders.

o Decoction prepared with 30 grams of guduchi, dried ginger, and

coriander seeds alleviate gout and skin disorders.

o Decoction of guduchi and neem controls eruptive boils.

o Intake of the root of guduchi with rice water alleviates splenomegaly

(enlargement of spleen).

o Regular use of guduchi mixed with oil controls filarial disorders.

o Guduchi juice 10 grams, honey and rocksalt one gram, should be rubbed

together and used as collyrium. It alleviates various eye related

problems like dirt, pterygium, defects of vision, cataract, itching etc.

o People who take alcohol regularly should take guduchi to vitalize liver

tissue and prevent any damage to this vital organ.

TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA INTERACTIONS 

Moderate Interaction be cautious with this combination

Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with

TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA

Tinospora cordifolia might decrease blood sugar. Diabetes

medications are also used to lower blood sugar. Taking Tinospora

cordifolia along with diabetes medications might cause your blood sugar

to go too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your

diabetes medication might need to be changed.

Some medications used for diabetes include glimepiride (Amaryl),

glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone

(Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide

(Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), and others.

Medications that decrease the immune system

(Immunosuppressants) interacts with TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA.

 Tinospora cordifolia might increase the immune system. Taking it

along with some medications that decrease the immune system might

decrease the effectiveness of these medications.

Some medications that decrease the immune system include

azathioprine (Imuran), basiliximab (Simulect), cyclosporine (Neoral,

Sandimmune), daclizumab (Zenapax), muromonab-CD3 (OKT3,

Orthoclone OKT3), mycophenolate (CellCept), tacrolimus (FK506,

Prograf), sirolimus (Rapamune), prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone),

corticosteroids (glucocorticoids), and others.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF EARLY MENOPAUSE

USES & BENEFITS OF GUDUCHI

 All parts of guduchi plant are used for various medicinal purposes.

 The plant oil is effective in reducing pain and edema and in gout and

skin diseases.

 The herb accords longevity, enhances memory, improves health, and

bestows youth, betters complexion, voice, energy and luster of the

skin.
  It is helpful in treating digestive ailments such as hyperacidity, colitis,

worm infestations, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, excessive thirst,

and vomiting and even liver disorders like hepatitis.

 Fresh juice of guduchi, when mixed with rock candy, speeds up the

recovery in hepatitis patients.

TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA DOSING

BY MOUTH:

For allergic rhinitis (hay fever): 300 mg of a specific Tinospora

cordifolia aqueous stem extract (Tinofend, Verdure Sciences) three times

daily for 8 weeks.

 ACTION OF TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA ON

BACTERIA

Tinospora cordifolia shows significant bactericidal activities. It

improves bacterial clearance as well as improves phagocytic and

intracellular bactericidal capacities of neutrophils. It also stimulates

macrophage action. As a result it stimulates immune system of body.

Immunotherapeutic modification of Escherichia coli peritonitis and

bacteremia by Tinospora cordifolia,

Various studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial and

immunomodulatory activities of Guduchi. In studies which assessed the

antimicrobial efficacy of the herb, treatment with the herb was associated

with significantly improved bacterial clearance as well as improved bacteria-

fighting capacities of cells of the immune system.

 The antimicrobial activity of the Kupchan fractions was determined

by the disc diffusion method. For this purpose thirteen bacterial strains

(listed in table 1) were collected as pure cultures from the Institute of

Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF TEST SAMPLE OF TINOSPORA

CORDIFOLIA

Test microorganisms Zone of Inhibition (in mm)

Gram positive bacteria CTSF (400g/ Kanamycin (30g/ disc)
disc)
Bacillus cereus 7 33
Bacillus megaterium 8 33
Bacillus subtilis 10 34
Staphylococcus aureus 9 35
Sarcina lutea 8 33
Gram negative bacteria
Escherichia coli 10 32
Pseudomonas 8 33
aeruginosa
Salmonella paratyphi 8 34
Salmonella typhi 9 35
Shigella boydii 8 33
Shigella dysenteriae 9 33
Vibrio mimicus 10 34
Vibrio parahemolyticus 8 32
 In other studies which assessed the immunotherapeutic potential of

the herb, the extract of the plant was found to enhance the functioning of the

immune system.

Various studies have demonstrated the role of oxidative stress in the

development and exacerbation of infectious and inflammatory conditions.

And many herbs, by virtue of their potent antioxidant activities, are not only

powerful scavengers of bacteria but also help suppress the associated

infection and inflammation. Guduchi effectively suppresses oxidative stress

and thereby helps the body fight infections.

The herb inhibits growth of bacteria and improves the buildup of

immune resistance. It possesses antibacterial, anti-allergic, anti-

inflammatory and anti-rheumatic properties. Tinospora Cordifolia is useful

in treating urinary tract infections, gastric disorders as well as fever. It helps

in treating stomach disease with worms.

The protective effects of an Indian medicinal plant Tinospora

cordifolia as compared to gentamicin in E. Coli induced peritonitis.

Pretreatment with tinospora cordifolia or gentamicin reduced mortality in

mice injected with 1 x 10(8) E. coli intraperitoneally from 100% in controls

to 17.8% and 11.1% respectively. This was associated with significantly

improved bacterial clearance as well as improved phagocytic and

intracellular bactericidal capacities of neutrophils in the Tinospora cordifolia

treated group. In the gentamicin treated mice although bacterial clearance

was rapid, polymorph phagocytosis was depressed. Tinospora cordifolia did

not possess in vitro bactericidal activity. The results demonstrate that a

"prohost approach" may be beneficial in the therapy of peritonitis.

Tinospora cordifolia has been found to protect rats against mixed

bacterial abdominal sepsis and mice against E.co/iinduced peritonitis,

Further, cyclophosphamide myelosupperssion was also prevented by

Tinospora cordifolia (TC) in mice.

In view of the immunomodulation activities of Tinospora cordifolia,

we undertook studies to initially evaluate the effect of Tinospora

cordifolia upon survival of mice with E.coli peritonitis in comparison with a

standard antimicrobial agent, gentamicin. Further studies to investigate the

mechanism of protective effects against Ecoli sepsis were undertaken. These

induced bacterial clearance studies and evaluation of polymorphonuclear

functions.
 Alcoholic extract of the stem of Tinospora cordifolia shows activity

against E.coli. The active constituent in the Tinospora cordifolia was also

found to inhibit in vitro the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

ACTION OF TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA ON

FUNGI

The antimicrobial activity of the Kupchan fractions was determined

by the disc diffusion method. For this purpose 3 fungi (listed in table 1) were

collected as pure cultures from the Institute of Nutrition and Food Science

(INFS), University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF TEST SAMPLE OF TINOSPORA

CORDIFOLIA

Test microorganisms Zone of Inhibition (in mm)

Fungi
Candida albicans 8 35
Aspergillus niger 9 33
Sacharomyces 8 33
cerevacae
 Medicinal fungi have a long history of use in China. These fungi are

cultivated and marketed for their adaptogenic properties. Some of the more

well-known species are shiitake (Lentinula edodes), reishi (Ganoderma

lucidum), maitake (Grifola frondosa), chaga (Inonotus obliquus), and turkey

tail (Trametes versicolor), and caterpillar fungi (Cordyceps sinensis). The

main compounds thought to be active as adaptogens are the polysaccharides

and triterpenes.

Tinospora cordifolia, a plant belonging to the family Menispermiacae,

has been shown to decrease the fibrosis in animal models of reversible and

irreversible liver injuries induced by carbon tetrachloride as well as

heterologous serum. This antif ibrotic effect was found to preserve the liver

architecture as judged by histopathology and hydroxyproline content of

liver. This plant has also been shown to increase phagocytic and killing

activity of macrophages, tissue elements of RES against various bacteria and

fungi induced.
 METHODOLOGY

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

Distillation chamber, Tinospora Cardiofola extract, Nutrient Agar,

Macconkeyagar, benzene, Bunsen burner, aloveragel, glass slide,

Microscope, staining kit, measuring cylinder, pipettes.

 Tenospora cardiofola is a medicinal plant and it was selected to

determine whether it is antibacterial or antifungal.

 Dried and powdered leaves of T.C were taken and its extract is taken

by using.

 Now this extract was used to prepare its various concentrations are as

follows.

Materials 10% 20% 30%

Extract of T.cardiofola 10ml 20ml 30ml

Benzene 10ml 10ml 10ml

Distilled water 80ml 70ml 60ml

By this way, 3 different concentrations of extract were prepared

NUTRIENT AGAR COMPOSITION 100ML

Peptone 0.5gms

Yeast extracts 0.15gms

Beef extract 0.15gms

Sodium chloride 0.5gms.

MACCONKEY AGAR COMPOSITION 100ML

Peptone 1.7gms

Protease peptone 0.3gms

Lactose 1gms

Bile salts 0.15gms

Sodium chloride 0.5gms

Neutral red 0.003gms

Agar 0.15gms

Medium was sterilized at 121c for 15min at 15lbs pressure sterilized

medium was cooled and was in petriplats on this petriplate pure culture of

bacteria Azotobacter was spreaded and paper discs dipped in 10% extract
were placed on its 4 corners plates were then kept for incubation at 37c for

24hrs.

After incubation no growth was found around the disc inhibition

zones thus indicates that T. cardiofola has antibacterial activity.

In order to check whether tenospora has antifungal activity or not,

mocconkey agar plates were prepared and are inoculated with mixed culture

of bacteria and fungi by spread plate technique. Then discs dipped in 20%

extract were placed on the four corners of plate and kept for incubation at

37c for 48\72hrs.

After 48hrs of incubation, growth of fungi was seen throughout the

area of plate. This indicated that tenospora has no antifungal activity.

From the above observation, it was confirmed that T.cardiofola has

antibacterial activity.

For medicinal use, a creamy suspension was prepared by the

following process;

To 4ml of 20% T.cardiofola extract 20g of Aloevera gel was added

and it is heated on low flame with continuous stirring. After proper

thickening the flame was put off and was stored in airtight glass bottle

medicinally this cream can be used as an antibacterial agent.

 RESULT

By observing its ability of forming inhibition zones on bacteria and

fungi inoculated plates, T. cardiofola was identified as an antibacterial

agent rather than Antifungal.

 DISCUSSION

Plants are important source of potentially useful structures for the

development of new chemotherapeutic agents. The first step towards this

goal is the in vitro antibacterial activity assay. Many reports are available on

the antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antimolluscal and anti-

inflammatory properties of plants. Some of these observations have helped

in identifying the active principle responsible for such activities and in the

developing drugs for the therapeutic use in human beings.

However, not many reports are available on the Tinospora cardiofola

is medicinal plant indigenous to India Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.It has many

applications in the field of medicine some of them are as follows. Tinospora

cardiofola is used as hepatoprotectent to protect the liver from damage. It is

also used to prevent the side effects of conventional pharmaceutical agents

such has asisoniazide and refampcin used in tuberculosis.

It is natural blood purifier. It is very useful for skin problems like

acne, psoriasis, eczema and others. It can be used as an immunomodulater

for persons suffering with immunodeficiency and autoimmunodiseases. It is

effective for treating many types of cancers. It has on efficiency action on

urinary tract infection,jaundice,gout skin diseases, rhumatisum.

 FUTURE ASPECTS

According to some herbalists, tinospora has adaptogenic effects, a

term that indicates it helps the body adapt to stress. However, there is no

meaningful evidence to support this claim. Only double-blind, placebo-

controlled studies can prove a treatment effective, and the only such study

performed on tinospora tested other effects.

In this study, 75 people with allergic rhinitis (hayfever) were given

either tinospora or placebo for 8 weeks. 1  According to the investigators,

use of tinospora significantly decreased every measured symptom of

allergic rhinitis in the majority of participants; in comparison, use of

placebo provided almost no benefit at all. These results may sound

promising, but they are in fact so excessively dramatic as to raise doubts

about the study’s overall validity. It is unusual for so few benefits to be

seen in the placebo group of a study on a treatment for allergic rhinitis, and

it is nearly as unusual for almost universal benefits to be reported in the

treatment group. Independent confirmation will be required to overcome

the skepticism raised by these apparently “too good to be true” findings.

 Besides anti-allergy effects, weak evidence hints that tinospora may

have anti-cancer, immune stimulating,  nerve cell protecting,  anti-diabetic,

cholesterol-lowering,  and liver-protective  actions. Tinospora has also

shown some promise for decreasing the tissue damage caused by radiation 

, the side effects of some forms of chemotherapy,  and speeding healing of

diabetic foot ulcers.  However, all these findings are far too preliminary to

be relied upon.

Safety Issues

Use of tinospora has not been associated with significant side effects.

However, comprehensive safety testing has not been conducted. One animal

study found evidence that use of tinospora might decrease male fertility. 

Safety for pregnant or nursing women, young children, or individuals with

severe liver or kidney disease has not been established.

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