COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Lahore

Department of Electrical Engineering

EEE222–Electric Circuit Analysis II

Lab Manual for FALL 2020 & Onwards
Lab Resource Person
Arfa Tariq

Theory Resource Person

Dr. Ejaz Ahmad Ansari

Dr. Farooq E Azam

Dr. Aamir Bilal

Supervised By
Dr. Khurram Zaidi

Name: __________________________Registration Number:CIIT/ - - /LHR

Program: _______________________ Batch: _____________________________________

Semester ___________________________
Revision History

S.No. Activity Date Performed by

(DD/MM/YYYY)
1 Lab Manual Preparation 02/09/2013 Engr. Inam Khan

2 Lab Manual Review 23/09/2013 Dr. Mujtaba Hussain Jaffery

3 Layout modifications 03/09/2015 Engr. Masood Ahmad

4 Lab Manual Review 29/09/2015 Dr. Mujtaba Hussain Jaffery

5 Lab Manual Review 25/08/2016 Dr. Mirza Tariq Hamayun

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II Lab Manual i

 Preface

This course takes the students beyond simply analyzing circuits and helps them to develop the skills needed to
solve problems, choosing the best design from several competing solutions. Understanding of AC circuits,
ability to analyze the poly-phase circuits and measuring the AC power is main objective of this course. It also
helps students to analyze the two port circuits which will be useful to all Engineers.

Following are the major topics covered in this course.

• Natural and Step Response of a Parallel RLC circuit
• Steady State Response of Capacitor and Inductor
• Network Theorems (KCL, KVL and Thevenin Theorem) in Phasor Domain
• Power Measurements (Real, Reactive and Apparent Power) and Power Factor Correction
• Three-Phase Circuits
• Measurement of voltage, current, and power in a balanced three phase delta-connected circuit
• Design of RC Low pass & High pass Filter
• Design of RL Low pass & High pass Filter
• Design of second order and third order RC low pass Filter
• Resonance in series RC circuit
• Resonance in parallel RC circuit
• Design of passive Band Pass and Band Stop Filter and draw the Frequency Response
• Two port networks

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II Lab Manual ii

Books
Text Books
1. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (Fifth Edition), C. K. Alexander, M. N. O. Sadiku, McGraw Hill,
2006.
2. Hayt, Kemmerly, Durbin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, McGraw Hill, 2006 (seventh edition)
Reference Books
1. Electric Circuits, J. W. Nilsson, Addison-Wesley 1996 (fifth edition)
2. Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, J. D. Irwin, Prentice Hall 1999 (sixth edition)
3. Introduction to Electric Circuits, R. C. Dorf, Wiley 1993 (second edition)

Learning Outcomes
Theory CLOs
After successfully completing this course, the students will be able to:
1. Solve the single and three phase ac circuits using the concepts of sinusoids, phasors, and basic circuit
analysis theorems. (PLO1, C3)
2. Analyse the two-port networks and LTI systems using the concepts of frequency response and Laplace
transformation. (PLO2, C4)

Lab CLOs
After successfully completing this course, the students will be able to:
3. To design and compute the parameters for single and three phase electric circuits using standard
circuit analysis techniques. (C5 – PLO3)
4. To construct the single and three phase electric circuits and measure the required parameters using
simulation tool (LTspice), hardware platforms (breadboard, digital multi-meter (DMM) and digital
storage oscilloscope (DSO)). (P4 – PLO5)
5. To explain and write effective lab reports of experiments performed during the laboratory sessions.
(A3 - PLO10)

CLOs – PLOs Mapping

PLO Cognitive Domain Affective Domain Psychomotor Domain
PLO10
PLO1

PLO2

PLO3

PLO5

CLO

Lab CLO1 x C5

Lab CLO2 x P4
Lab CLO3 x A3

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Lab CLOs – Lab Experiment Mapping
Lab

Lab 10

Lab 11

Lab 12

Lab 13

Lab 14
Lab 1

Lab 2

Lab 3

Lab 4

Lab 5

Lab 6

Lab 7

Lab 8

Lab 9
CLO

Lab CLO1 C2 C2 C4 C4 C4 C4 C4 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5

Lab CLO2 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4
Lab CLO3 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4

Grading Policy

S-I 0.5*(S-I Exam result) + 0.5* (average of lab evaluation of Lab 1-4)

S-II 0.5*(S-II Exam result) + 0.5*[ (average of lab evaluation of Lab 5-8) * 1.5]

Terminal 0.5*(Terminal Exam result) +0.25*[(average of lab evaluation of Lab 9-12) *5] + 0.10*[(average
of lab evaluation of Lab 5-8)*5] + 0.15*[(average of lab evaluation of Lab 1-4)*5]

Lab Assignment Marks:

 Lab Assignment 1 marks = Lab report marks from experiment 1-3.
 Lab Assignment 2 marks = Lab report marks from experiment 4-6.
 Lab Assignment 3 marks = Lab report marks from experiment 7-9.
 Lab Assignment 4 marks = Lab report marks from experiment 10-14.

List of Equipment
 Oscilloscope
 Bread Board Panel
 Function Generator
 Digital Multi-meter
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Inductors
 Three Phase circuit Board

Software Resources
 LT Spice

Lab Instructions
• This lab activity comprises of three parts: Pre-lab, Lab Tasks, Lab Report and Conclusion and Viva
session.
• The students should perform and demonstrate each lab task separately for step-wise evaluation.
• Only those tasks that are completed during the allocated lab time will be credited to the students.
• Students are however encouraged to practice on their own in spare time for enhancing their skills.

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Lab Report Instructions
All questions should be answered precisely to get maximum credit. Lab report must ensure following items:
• Lab Objectives
• Methodology
• Conclusion

Safety Instructions

The following general rules and precautions are to be observed at all times in the laboratory. These rules are for
the benefit of the experimenter as well as those around him/her. Additional rules and precautions may apply to
a particular laboratory.

1. There must be at least two (2) people in the laboratory while working onlive circuits.
2. Remove all loose conductive jewelry and trinkets, including rings, which may come in contact with
exposed circuits.
3. When making measurements, form the habit of using only one hand at a time. No part of a live circuit
should be touched by the bare hand.
4. Keep the body, or any part of it, out of the circuit. Where interconnecting wires and cables are involved,
they should be arranged so people will not trip over them.
5. Be as neat a possible. Keep the work area and workbench clear of items not used in the experiment.
6. Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging into the outlet. Also, turn instrument
or equipment OFF before unplugging from the outlet.
7. When unplugging a power cord, pull on the plug, not on the cable.
8. When disassembling a circuit, first remove the source of power.
9. "Cheater" cords and 3-to-2 prong adapters are prohibited unless an adequate separate ground lead is
provided, the equipment or device is double insulated, or the laboratory ground return is known to be
floating.
10. No ungrounded electrical or electronic apparatus is to be used in the laboratory unless it is double
insulated or battery operated.
11. Keep fluids, chemicals, and beat away from instruments and circuits.
12. Report any damages to equipment, hazards, and potential hazards to the laboratory instructor.
13. If in doubt about electrical safety, see the laboratory instructor. Regarding specific equipment, consult
the instruction manual provided by the manufacturer of the equipment.
Information regarding safe use and possible- hazards should be studied carefully.

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II Lab Manual v

 Table of Contents
Revision History ............................................................................................................................................................i

Preface ..........................................................................................................................................................................ii

Books ........................................................................................................................................................................... iii

Learning Outcomes ..................................................................................................................................................... iii

CLOs – PLOs Mapping ................................................................................................................................................... iii

Lab CLOs – Lab Experiment Mapping ............................................................................................................................ iv

Grading Policy ............................................................................................................................................................. iv

List of Equipment ........................................................................................................................................................ iv

Software Resources ..................................................................................................................................................... iv

Lab Instructions .......................................................................................................................................................... iv

Lab Report Instructions ............................................................................................................................................... v

Safety Instructions ........................................................................................................................................................ v

LAB # 1 .........................................................................................................................................................................9

To explain the procedure for generation and display of AC signal using hardware tool .................................................9
Objectives ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
In Lab Task ...................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Post Lab Task .................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAB # 2 .......................................................................................................................................................................17

To explain natural and step response of a parallel RLC circuits using software tool .....................................................17
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 17
In Lab Tasks ..................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Post lab Task ................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAB # 3 .......................................................................................................................................................................27

To Analyze the Sinusoidal Steady State Response of Capacitor and Inductor...............................................................27

Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Pre-Lab ........................................................................................................................................................................... 27
In Lab Task ...................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Post lab Task................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II Lab Manual vi

LAB # 4 .........................................................................................................................................................................35

To analyse network theorems in phasor domain using software tool ..........................................................................35

Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Pre-Lab ........................................................................................................................................................................... 35
In Lab Task ...................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Post Lab Task .................................................................................................................................................................. 39
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAB # 5 .........................................................................................................................................................................41

To analyse and measure the Power (Active, Reactive and Apparent Power) and Power Factor Correction using
software tool ...............................................................................................................................................................41
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Pre-Lab ........................................................................................................................................................................... 41
In Lab Task ..................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Post Lab Task ................................................................................................................................................................. 45
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAB # 6 .........................................................................................................................................................................47

To analyse and construct three phase circuits using software tool ..............................................................................47
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Pre-Lab ........................................................................................................................................................................... 47
In Lab Task ..................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Post Lab Task .................................................................................................................................................................. 53
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAB # 7 .......................................................................................................................................................................55

To construct and analyze balanced three phase delta-connected circuit using LTspice ................................................55
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Pre-Lab ........................................................................................................................................................................... 55
In Lab Task ..................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Post Lab Task ................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAB # 8 .......................................................................................................................................................................60

To design and constructRC Low and High pass Filter by selecting appropriate components using Ltspice ...................60
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 60
Pre-Lab ........................................................................................................................................................................... 60
In Lab Task ..................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Post Lab Task ................................................................................................................................................................. 65
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAB # 9 .......................................................................................................................................................................67

To design and constructRL Low and High pass Filter by selecting appropriate components using LTspice ...................67
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 67
Pre-Lab ........................................................................................................................................................................... 67
In Lab Tasks ................................................................................................................................................................... 69
|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II Lab Manual vii
 Post Lab Task ................................................................................................................................................................. 72
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAB # 10: .....................................................................................................................................................................74

To design and construct Passive filters (Band pass, Band stop) and sketch its frequency response using theoretical
concepts, hardware and software tools .......................................................................................................................74
Objective......................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 74
In Lab Task ...................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Post Lab Task .................................................................................................................................................................. 77
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAB # 11 .......................................................................................................................................................................79

To design and construct series resonance RLC circuit using hardware and software tool .............................................79
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Pre Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 79
In Lab Task ...................................................................................................................................................................... 83
Post Lab Task .................................................................................................................................................................. 83
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAB # 12 .......................................................................................................................................................................85

To design and construct parallel resonance RLC circuit using hardware and software tool ..........................................85
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Pre Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 85
In Lab Task ...................................................................................................................................................................... 86
Post Lab Task .................................................................................................................................................................. 87
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAB # 13 .......................................................................................................................................................................89

To measure the impedance, admittance and hybrid parameter for unknown two port network using software tool .89
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 89
Pre Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 89
In Lab Task ...................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Post Lab Task .................................................................................................................................................................. 93
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAB # 14 .......................................................................................................................................................................95

To design and construct second and third order RC low pass filter circuits using software tool ...................................95
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 95
Pre Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 95
In Lab Task ...................................................................................................................................................................... 96
Post Lab Task .................................................................................................................................................................. 98
Lab Assessment .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II Lab Manual viii

 Lab Experiment | 1

LAB # 1
To explain the procedure for generation and display of AC signal using
hardware tool
Objectives

 To explain the procedure for generating the arbitrary waveforms using function generator.
 To explain the basic understanding of viewing a time varying voltage waveform and various control
knobs using digital oscilloscope.
Pre-Lab

Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope is a graph displaying device. It is used to visualize time-varying electronic signals on a screen.
The signals are graphed using an analogue circuitry or a digital apparatus.

Analog Oscilloscope
It works on the functionality of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). A beam of electrons is made to fall on a screen where
it becomes visible as a bright blue dot. The beam is then moved along a horizontal line using a sawtooth voltage
applied along the horizontal axis. The fast moving dot gives the appearance of a blue line. Then the signal to be
graphed on the screen is applied vertically so that the beam of electrons moves in a vertical access accordingly.
The result is a plot of the time varying applied signal on the oscilloscope screen.

Digital Oscilloscope
It works on the functionality of Analogto-Digital (A/D) converter. The applied input analog signal is sampled
at a high rate; the received samples are then plotted on the screen.

Digital Oscilloscopes have some obvious benefits over analog counterparts. The advent in digital circuitry has
made the oscilloscopes cheaper. Moreover the sampled signal in a digital oscilloscope can be stored in memory,
can be easily modified or transferred to a computer for further analysis. In this lab we shall conduct all
experiments using digital oscilloscopes.

However it is advised that engineering students should get hands-on experience on both types of +oscilloscopes.
In our lab (i.e. Electronics Lab: CIIT Lahore) we shall work with Agilent 3000 Series oscilloscopes.

. Figure 1: Agilent 3000 Series Oscilloscope (Panel Controls)

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 Lab Experiment | 1

Figure 2: Oscilloscope Display

Using the Oscilloscope

Auto –Scale Feature:
The oscilloscope has a very useful auto-scale feature that sets the various display scales automatically according
to the input waveform. It is a handy tool to start with until the students get a better grasp at the control knobs.
The students are advised not to rely on this feature completely but try to learn to set the scale parameters
themselves.

Figure 3: Auto Scale Button

This feature requires an input frequency at least 50Hz and a duty cycle at least 1%.

Input a Signal:
Use one of the supplied passive probes to input the signal into one of the channels of the oscilloscope.

Using the Run Control Buttons:

There are two buttons for starting and stopping the oscilloscope’s acquisition system: Run/Stop and Single.

Figure 4:Run Control Buttons

• When the Run/Stop button is green, the oscilloscope is acquiring data.

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 Lab Experiment | 1

• To stop acquiring data, press Run/Stop. When stopped, the last acquired waveform is displayed.
• When the Run/Stop button is red, data acquisition is stopped. To start acquiring data, press Run/Stop.
• To capture and display a single acquisition (whether the oscilloscope is running or stopped), press
Single. After capturing and displaying a single acquisition, the Run/Stop button is red
Horizontal Scale:
The horizontal controls consist of:

• The horizontal scale knob — changes the oscilloscope’s time per division setting using the center of
the screen as a reference.
• The horizontal position knob — changes the position of the trigger point (trigger is explained in the
subsequent section) relative to the centre of the screen.
• The Main/Delayed button ( We shall not use this button in this lab: For details of this feature refer to
the user manual of the device)

Figure 5: Horizontal Controls

• Turn the horizontal scale knob to change the horizontal time per division (time/div) setting. The
time/div setting changes in a 1- 2- 5 step sequence. The time/div setting is also known as the sweep
speed.
• Push the horizontal scale knob to toggle between Vernier (fine scale) adjustment and normal
adjustment. With Vernier ak2djustment, the time/div setting changes in small steps between the normal
(coarse scale) settings.
• The time/div setting is displayed in the status bar at the bottom of the screen.

Triggering:
The trigger determines when captured data should be stored and displayed. When a trigger is set up properly, it
can convert unstable displays or blank screens into meaningful waveforms. When the oscilloscope starts to
acquire a waveform, it collects enough data so that it can draw the waveform to the left of the trigger
point. The oscilloscope continues to acquire data while waiting for the trigger condition to occur. After it detects
a trigger, the oscilloscope continues to acquire enough data so that it can draw the waveform to the right of the
trigger point.
The oscilloscope provides these trigger modes:
• Edge — can be used with analog and digital circuits. An edge trigger occurs when the trigger input
passes through a specified voltage level with the specified slope.
Pulse — is used to find pulses with certain widths.
• Video — is used to trigger on fields or lines for standard video waveforms.

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 Lab Experiment | 1

Figure 6: Trigger Controls

• To adjust the trigger level, turn the trigger Level knob. Two things happen: The trigger level value
is displayed at the lower left- hand corner of the screen and a line is displayed showing the location
of the trigger level with respect to the waveform (except when using AC coupling or LF reject
coupling modes).
• Push 50% to set the level at 50% of the signal’s vertical amplitude.
• To make an acquisition even if no valid trigger has been found: Press Force.
• Forcing a trigger is useful, for example, when you want to display the DC voltage of a level
signal.

Vertical Controls
The vertical controls consist of:

• The channel (1, 2) Math, and Ref buttons —turn waveforms on or off (display or hide their menus).
• The vertical scale knobs — change the amplitude per division setting for a waveform using ground as
a reference.
• The vertical position knobs — change the vertical position of the waveform on the screen.

Figure 7:Vertical Controls

Pressing the channel (1, 2), Math, or Ref buttons have the following effect: If the waveform is off,
the waveform is turned on and its menu is displayed. If the waveform is on and its menu is

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 Lab Experiment | 1

notdisplayed, its menu will be displayed. If the waveform is on and its menu is displayed, the
waveform is turned off and its menu goes away.
• Turn its vertical scale knob to change the amplitude per division setting. The amplitude/div setting
changes in a 1- 2- 5 step sequence from 2 mV/div to 10 V/div (with “1X” probe attenuation).
Ground is used as a reference.
• Push its vertical scale knob to toggle between Vernier (fine scale) adjustment and normal adjustment.
With Vernier adjustment, the amplitude/div setting changes in small steps between the normal (coarse
scale) settings.
• The amplitude/div setting is displayed in the status bar at the bottom of the screen.
• Adjusting their vertical position lets you compare waveforms by aligning them above one another or
on top of each other. When an input channel waveform is on: Turn the vertical position knob to change
the vertical position of the waveform on the screen. Notice that the ground reference symbol on the
left side of the display moves with the waveform.
• Notice that, as you adjust the vertical position, a message showing the position of the ground
reference relative to the centre of the screen is temporarily displayed in the lower left- hand corner
of the screen.
• To specify channel coupling, if the channel’s menu is not currently displayed, press the channel button
(1, 2). In the Channel menu, press Coupling to select between:
• DC — passes both DC and AC components of the input waveform to the oscilloscope.
• AC — blocks the DC component of the input waveform and passes the AC component.
• GND — the waveform is disconnected from the oscilloscope input.

Function Generator

A function generator is a device to generate arbitrary time varying waveforms. It is used for testing and
designing circuits in a lab environment. The function generator used in this lab is Agilent 3320A. Using the
Function Generator

8:

Figure 8: Agilent 3320A Function Generator

Generating a Signal
• Turn the power on and press the output key.
Press the sine key, if not already active.
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 Lab Experiment | 1

• Enter a value of 2 using numeric keypad and then choose units to be kHz. We can also specify time
period instead of frequency if we press the “Freq” soft key and then specify the time period.
• Similarly press the Amplitude soft key to enter amplitude and offset soft key to enter DC offset.
• The units can be changed by pressing first the +/- key and then entering new units.
• Similarly by pressing the square, ramp, pulse etc keys we can generate arbitrary waveforms of different
characteristics.

In Lab Task
Task 1
• Turn on oscilloscope andfunction generator.
• Note down the values of Channel 1 voltage axis and Time axis on the oscilloscope screen. Write them
in the table .1
• Generate a sinusoidal wave of 2 KHZ and 5Vp-p. Connect thefunction generator using probes to the
oscilloscope. Press Auto Scale.
• Press channel (1) button, make sure from the menu that coupling is DC, bandwidth limit is off and probe
is set at (1X).
• Play with the horizontal and vertical position and scale knobs and try to understand their effect. Finally
press auto-scale again.
• Note down the new values of Channel 1 voltage axis and Time base axis. Interpret the graph displayed
using these values.
• Change the offset from -1V to 2V with difference of 0.5V. Observe the change in waveform. Change
the vertical scale i.e. the whole waveform is again at the centre of screen. Note down the new values of
voltage and Time of Channel 1.
• Press “measure” button, press “Voltage” and then press soft keys to determine following values , , , .
Similarly press “Time” and determine the values of frequency, time period etc. Fill the table 2.
• Change the coupling to AC. What do you observe?
Task 2
• Generate a square wave pulse between 0-5V. Let the frequency be 4KHZ. Observe the time period of a
wave.
• Change the duty cycle to 25%.
• Observe the on time +5V and off time 0V. Find the ratio of On-time and the time period of the square
wave.
• To measure the time (off or on) note down the time base status. It represents how much time one division
(box) on the horizontal axis represents. Using this information calculate the time i.e.
• divisions for which the wave is +5V and for which it is 0volts.
• Change the duty cycle to 70% and repeat the experiment.
Task 3
• Generate a Sine wave of 1 KHz (note down its value in radians/sec using w = 2πf), 10Vp-p.
• Press “Ref” and press “save” to save this waveform as reference.
• Now change the horizontal position knob, the reference wave remains static but the live voltage
waveform will change position. On lower left corner of the screen the time delay will be displayed.
• Delay the wave using horizontal position knob until the live waveform is at 180 degrees out of phase
with the reference (π radians). 180 degrees means the wave becomes exactly the inverted version of the
reference waveform. Note the numerical value of the time delay.

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 Lab Experiment | 1

• Change the frequency to 3 KHz and 3.5 KHz and repeat the experiment. Fill the table 3.
Observation Tables
Task 1
Table 1 (a)

CH-1 Time Base CH-1 Time Base

Voltage status Status status(after Status(after
offset) offset)

Table 1 (b)

Voltage
Measurements
Time
Measurements

Task 2
Table 2

Time Period Duty Cycle Time Base Status On-Time Off-Time Ratio

Task 3
Table 3

Frequency ( ) Frequency ( / ) Time delay ( ) ×

Post Lab Task

1. Generate the voltage waveform shown below on oscilloscope by using function generator. The on time
of the wave is 50% of the off time and only five complete cycles should be visible on the screen. The
voltage should vary from 0 to 1V. (Choose frequency of your own choice, show the output to the
instructor)
2. Observe the relationship of frequency and time.
3. Observe the relationship between in phase and out of phase waveforms.

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 Lab Experiment | 1

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

Instructor Signature: Date:

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 16

 Lab Experiment |2

LAB # 2
To explain natural and step response of a parallel RLC circuits using
software tool

Objectives

 To explain the basic understanding of LTspice software

 To explain the DC bias point and Transient Analysis using LTspice.
 To explain the Natural and Step response of RLC circuits using LTspice.
 To explain the concepts of overshoot, settling time and rise time using LTspice.

Pre-Lab

LTSpice

SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) is a general purpose electronic circuit simulator
used to predict circuit behaviour. LTSPICE is a SPICE simulator with graphical interface (schematic capture)
and waveform viewer.

Downloading and Installing LTSPICE:

LT Spice can be downloaded from http://www.linear.com/designtools/software/ltspice.jsp.The downloaded file

is .exe file which directly installs LT Spice. Creating a simple circuit:
1. Open the LT Spice software.
2. Choose File -> New Schematic.
3. From Tools menu the color preferences can be changed, the grid can be turned on or off from the view
menu.
4. The toolbar is explained below

Figure 1:LTspice Toolbar

5. The component button can be used to put any circuit component on the schematic diagram. The wire
button can be used to connect different components.
6. The label button can be used to give labels to different nodes. Otherwise a default name is given to each
node.
7. To delete a component from the diagram either use F5 or click the scissors button and click on the
component to be deleted.
8. To make a simple circuit as shown below click on the component button.

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 Lab Experiment | 2

Figure 2: A simple Resistive Circuit

9. The following window appears.

Figure 3: Component Selection Window

10. This window contains a collection of basic component; to make the circuit as shown above choose the
voltage source and place it on the schematic diagram.
11. Place resistors on the schematic diagram and join those using wires to make the complete circuit. To
rotate a resistor so that it can be placed as in the given circuit, select the resistor and press ctrl+r.
Similarly ctrl+e are used to mirror a resistor. Place the ground at the lower node.
12. The circuit is complete. To set the values of observe that each component has two labels attached to it.
One represents the name and other represents the value of the component. To change the name or the
value of any component left click on the corresponding label e.g. each resistor comes with a label R1,
R2 etc that represents its name. Each resistor is also accompanied by a label R that represents its value.
To change the value of the resistor use left click on the label. The following window appears.

Figure 4: Component Values Window

13. Enter the value in the text field and click ok.
14. Another way setting different properties of a component is by using left click on the component itself
e.g. if we use left click on the voltage source the following window appears.

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 Lab Experiment | 2

Figure 5: Source Value Window

15. Now the DC value and the source internal resistance can be set from this window. The advanced button
can be used to change the voltage source from DC to other types which shall be explored in other tasks.

Figure 6: Parallel RLC Circuit

The parallel RLC circuit shown is described by the following differential equation:

𝑑2 𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
2
+ + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶

The characteristic equation thus obtained by using𝑠 = 𝑑 ⁄𝑑𝑡 is

𝑠 1
𝑠2 + + =0
𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶
The roots of the characteristics equations and the initial conditions describe the complete response of the
circuit. The roots are given as
𝑠1 = −𝛼 + √𝛼 2 − 𝜔𝑜 2 and 𝑠2 = −𝛼 − √𝛼 2 − 𝜔𝑜 2
1 1
𝛼= 2𝑅𝐶
, 𝜔𝑜 = and 𝜔𝑑 = √𝜔𝑜 2 − 𝛼 2
√𝐿𝐶
Condition Response General Formula
2 2
If 𝜔𝑜 < 𝛼 Over damped 𝐴1 𝑒 𝑠1 𝑡 + 𝐴2 𝑒 𝑠2 𝑡
If 𝜔𝑜 2 > 𝛼 2 Under damped 𝐵1 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝐵2 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑑 𝑡
2 2
If 𝜔𝑜 = 𝛼 Critically damped 𝐷1 𝑡𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 + 𝐷2 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡

The response is overdamped when the roots of the circuit’s characteristic equation are unequal and real,
critically damped when the roots are equal and real, and underdamped when the roots are complex.

Pre-Lab Task

Solve the parallel RLC circuit for the following conditions.

Bring the solution and final result with you in the lab.
1. Let𝑅 = 2𝑘𝛺, 𝐿 = 250𝑚𝐻 and 𝐶 = 10𝑛𝐹.The initial current in the inductor at 𝑡 = 0is −4𝐴. The
initial voltage across the capacitor is zero. Find the expression of𝑣(𝑡)for 𝑡 > 0.
2. Let𝑅 = 62.5𝛺, 𝐿 = 10𝑚𝐻and 𝐶 = 1𝑢𝐹. The initial current in the inductor at𝑡 = 0is 80𝑚𝐴. The
initial voltage across the capacitor is 10𝑉.Find the expression of 𝑣(𝑡)for 𝑡 > 0.

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 Lab Experiment | 2

In Lab Tasks

Task 1: Simulating Bias Point

1. Create the simple circuit as described in the introduction section.

2. Set the DC voltage source equal to 5V and both resistors are set equal to 1K. (The symbol for
prefixessuch as kilo and “milli” and mega are case insensitive can be confusing e.g. the symbol for kilo
is K ork, for “milli” it is M or m and for mega it is “MEG” or “meg”.
3. Now click Simulate->run from the top menu or click the run button on the toolbar. The
followingwindow appears.

Figure 7: Simulation command window

It shows the possible type of analyses LT Spice can perform. At the moment we are only interested in
the DCbias point so click the DC op point button on the top menu of this window and click ok.
4. The operating point is calculated and the following results appear.

Figure 8: Bias point result window

5. Since we placed no label on the nodes so they are given names n001 and n002. The node with ground
connected is named 0.
6. Now we place our own labels on the nodes by using the label net button on the toolbar and run the
simulation again

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 Lab Experiment | 2

Figure 9: Simple circuit with nodes labelled

7. So the node voltages and current through each component are listed. Note that the current through the
resistor is negative. The reason is that was rotated before being placed in the circuit. LTspice defines a
predetermined direction of current through each resistor. A negative value shows that the actual
direction of current is opposite to the predetermined assumed direction. To check what direction
LTspice has assumed click View-> Spice Net-list from the top menu. A net-list is a text version of the
schematic diagram. The following window appears

Figure 10: Net-list window

8. It shows that is connected between nodes N2 and N1 and hence the assumed direction of current is from
N2 to N1. Whereas the actual current flows from N1 to N2 and hence the output generated a negative
sign.
9. To connect R1 i.e. the assumed direction is from N1 to N2 select the resistor by using the move or drag
button (the buttons with the symbol of open or closed hand) from the toolbar and press ctrl + e to mirror
the resistor. Now run the simulation and view the Spice Net-list.
10. The current through Voltage source is negative as it should be by passive sign convention. Fill the table
given below. Show your results to the instructor.

Operating Point (Fill the table with all voltages and currents)

Task 2: Transient Analysis

1. Create the parallel RLC circuit as shown in the introduction section.

2. Assign the values of 𝑅 = 200𝛺, 𝐿 = 50𝑚𝐻 and 𝐶 = 0.2𝑢𝐹. Label the non-ground Node as .

Figure 11: Parallel RLC circuit with node labelled

3. To assign initial values of currents and voltages in capacitor and inductor, press the .op button on the
toll bar (circled in the figure below). The following window appears

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 Lab Experiment | 2

Figure 12: Spice directive window

4. Write the following statement ". 𝐼𝐶 𝐼(𝐿1) = 30𝑚 𝑉(𝑉1) = 12". This sets the initial current of inductor
as 30mA and initial capacitor voltage as 12 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠.
5. Check net-list to see if you have connected the resistor, capacitor and inductor in the correct direction.
Now click Simulate->Edit Simulation cmd. The simulation command window will appear.
6. Choose Transient and set Stop Time equal to 300 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑐 .
7. Run the simulation. A graphical black window would appear. Maximize this window.

Graphical Analysis (TRACE)

1. Since the results of the DC Sweep are best viewed using a graphical utility so shall use the graphical
analysis of LTSPICE also called TRACE. Take the mouse cursor over the horizontal axis, the mouse
cursor changes into a scale icon. Use the ‘right-click’ button and a window would appear.

Figure 13: Horizontal axis control window

2. This window tells us that the quantity plotted on the horizontal-axis is time. It also tells what the
maximum and minimum value on the axis is and where the ticks are placed.
3. Now move the mouse cursor somewhere on the graphical screen and use ‘left-click’, from the dropdown
menu that appears click ‘Add Trace’. The following window appears

Figure 14: Add trace window

4. It lists all the voltages and current which have been calculated and can be plotted. Choose𝑉(𝑉1).
5. A number of mathematical operations can be performed on the graphs. A constant may be added,
subtracted, multiplied or divided from the graph. Two or more graphs may be added, subtracted,

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 Lab Experiment | 2

multiplied or divided. Similarly the logarithm or some trigonometric function of the graph may
beplotted as well. To apply a mathematical operation on the graph use left click on the title of the graph
((𝑉1) in this case). The following window appears

Figure 15: Waveform expression editor

6. In this window any algebraic expression may be written.

7. By using right click on the graph, the numerical values at different points can be observed.
8. Observe the waveform. What type of response is it? The time after which the waveform becomes in
between +1% and -1% of the final value (zero volts in case of natural response). This time is called
settling time of the response. Increase the simulation time and note down the settling time.
9. Change the value of resistor to 312.5. Again run the simulation. Observe the response and note down
the settling time.
10. Change the value of resistor to 200 and repeat the experiment. Save the waveforms for lab report. To
save a graph click Tools->Copy bitmap to clipboard and paste the graph in paint or in word file.

Task 3: Step Response

1. Create the following circuit on LT Spice. Do not set any initial conditions

Figure 16: Parallel RLC circuit with step source

2. To set the current source as a step source of 24mA, take the cursor on the current source and left click.
Click “Advanced”, the following window appears.

Figure 17: Advanced controls of a source

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 Lab Experiment | 2

3. Click PWL radio button. This button is used to generate an arbitrary waveform by specifying different
points of the waveform. The remaining waveform is calculated by linear interpolation. Specify the
following points to generate a step source of 24mA.
Table 1 : Values for a step current source

Time1 0
Value1 0
Time2 1nsec
Value2 24mA
Time3 1msec
Value3 24mA
4. Simulate the circuit for 200𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑐 with the step of 100𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑐; plot the inductor current. Observe the type
of response and measure the values of overshoot, rise time and settling time. The definitions are given
below
i. Over-Shoot: The maximum value of waveform greater than the steady state value (steady state
value is 24𝑚𝐴in this case).
ii. Rise Time: The time in which the waveform reaches 90% of the steady state value.
iii. Settling Time: The time after which the waveform becomes in between +1% 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1% of
the steady state value. (Note: Some definitions might define it as in between 5% or some similar
value).
5. Change the value of resistor to 625 and 500. Repeat the experiment.
6. Fill up all the tables given below. Show the graphs to the instructor. Save graphs for lab report.

𝑤𝑜 2 𝛼2 Type of response Overshoot Rise Time Settling Time

Post lab Task

Create the following circuit.

Figure 17: A series RLC circuit

Make sure that components are connected in right direction using Net-list. Voltage source 𝑉1 is a step source of
48V.

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 Lab Experiment | 2

1. Design the value of R i.e. the rise time of the voltage 𝑣𝑐(𝑡) is less than 400𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑐. Determine the type
of response?
2. Now re-design the value of R i.e. there is no over-shoot in the waveform now. Determine the he type
of response and the value of rise time.
3. Attach your results with lab report.

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 Lab Experiment | 2

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

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 Lab Experiment |3

LAB # 3
To Analyze the Sinusoidal Steady State Response of Capacitor and Inductor

Objectives

 Understanding the behavior of capacitor and inductor under time varying signal.
 Experimental verification of capacitor and inductor’s impedance expression.
 Understanding the physical meaning of the mathematical expressions of impedance of capacitors and
inductors.

Pre-Lab

Introduction

Phasor analysis is a useful tool to analyze the sinusoidal steady state behavior of circuits containing capacitors
and inductors. In phasor analysis the information about the frequency of the applied signal is suppressed and
only magnitude and phase are analyzed. This makes sense since linear circuits (i.e. circuits containing
resistors(R), capacitors(C) and inductors (L)) can only affect the magnitude and phase of the input signal and
the frequency of the sinusoid remains the same throughout the circuit. Using phasor technique we transform
the time domain V-I relations into phasor domain relations in the complex domain. This converts all the
differential equations that describe the circuit in time domain to phasor equivalent linear equations in complex
frequency domain. In phasor domain all passive elements (R, L and C) are converted into respective
impedances Z. All impedances in phasor domain follow the simple relation
𝑉̃ = 𝐼̃𝑍
Where 𝑉̃ and 𝐼̃ are complex values of phasor voltage and current. The impedance Z is a complex number defined
as the ratio between the voltage and current in phasor domain. Since all elements obey this form of Ohm `s law
in phasor domain hence all the techniques of resistive circuit analysis are valid for 𝑅, 𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐶 circuits in phasor
domain. The impedance of resistor is purely real whereas impedance of capacitors and inductors are purely
imaginary. The equivalent impedance of a network of RLC components is a complex number, the real part of
such impedance is called “Resistance” and imaginary part is called “Reactance”.
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋
Component Impedance (Z) Resistance (R) Reactance (X)
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 0
𝐶 −𝑗/𝑤𝐶 0 −1/𝑤𝐶
𝐿 𝑗𝑤𝐿 0 𝑤𝐿

Where ‘𝑤’ is the frequency of the sinusoidal signal in 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐.

Capacitor

As shown in the above table the impedance of capacitor is given as

𝑉̃
𝑍𝑐 = = −𝑗/𝑤𝐶
𝐼̃

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 Lab Experiment | 3

Figure 1: Capacitor and its Impedance

There are two important inferences that can be drawn from the impedance relationship.
1. The impedance is inversely proportional to the applied frequency. Hence capacitor behaves as short
circuit for high frequencies and it behaves as open for low frequencies (i.e. DC signal which has zero
frequency).
2. The ‘-j’ in the relationship describes that phasor voltage and current of a Capacitor are at a phase angle
of -90 degrees from each other.

Inductor

As shown in the above table the impedance of inductor is given as

𝑉̃
𝑍𝐿 = = 𝑗𝑤𝐿
𝐼̃

Figure2: Inductor and its Impedance

There are two important inferences that can be drawn from the impedance relationship.
1. The impedance is directly proportional to the applied frequency. Hence inductor behaves as open circuit
for high frequencies and it behaves as short for low frequencies (i.e. DC signal which has zero
frequency).
2. The ‘j’ in the relationship describes that phasor voltage and current of an Inductor are at a phase angle
of 90 degrees from each other.

Pre-Lab Exercise

In this assignment student will learn how to find the sinusoidal steady state response of simple RL and RC
circuits on LT spice.
1. To generate a sinusoidal source, first make the following circuit on LT spice.

Figure 3: A simple RC circuit.

2. Left-Click the voltage source, go to advance menu and select ‘SINE’ radio button.

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 Lab Experiment | 3

3. Specify the value of offset as zero, Amplitude as 5 and Frequency as 1𝐾𝐻𝑍. Leave the rest blank.
4. Now run transient analysis for 5 𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐. Plot input source voltage and voltage across capacitor on the
same screen.

5. To determine the phase difference between the two waveforms. Note down the time difference between
the peaks of the two waves. For example let’s say any one peak on the green wave (the input signal) is
at 2.25𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑡1) . For the same cycle, the peak on the blue wave (voltage across capacitor) is
at2.4𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑡2). Now the phase difference is given as
𝛥𝜃 = 𝜃2 − 𝜃1 = 𝑤(𝑡1 − 𝑡2) = 𝑤𝛥𝑡
Where w is the frequency is 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 and 𝜃 is in radians. The same relation may be written as
𝛥𝜃 𝑜 = 𝜃2 0 − 𝜃1 0 = 360𝑓(𝑡1 − 𝑡2) = 360𝑓𝛥𝑡
Where phase is in degrees and the frequency𝑓in 𝐻𝑍 .

Task 1
A phasor quantity (Voltage or Current) is a complex value which consists of two parts; Magnitude and Phase.
The magnitude is equal to the amplitude of the sinusoidal wave and phase is equal to the phase shift of the
sinusoidal wave from the origin/reference point. In the above section it is discussed how to calculate the phase
difference between two waveforms. Since we had set the phase shift of the input voltage source equal to zero
in the previous section (we left the value blank which by default means a zero value) hence the phase difference
is in fact equal to phase shift of the capacitor voltage waveform. Hence we can calculate the phasor magnitude
and phase from the waveform generated.
1. Make the circuit shown in figure 3, using LT SPICE.
2. Simulate the circuit for 10 different frequencies of your own choice in the range 0 − 10𝐾𝐻𝑧.
3. For each simulation, determine the phasor magnitude and phase of the capacitor voltage and current
(i.e. |𝑉𝑐|, |𝐼𝑐|, 𝜃𝑣𝑐 , 𝜃𝑖𝑐 ).
4. Fill the table for 10 different frequency values; plot all the values of the table as a function on frequency.
Bring the table and the plots with you in lab session and get them signed from the instructor.

Table 1

Frequency(𝐾𝐻𝑧) |𝑉𝑐| |𝐼𝑐| 𝜃𝑣𝑐 𝜃𝑖𝑐 𝜃𝑣𝑐 − 𝜃𝑖𝑐

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 Lab Experiment | 3

Task 2
Construct the circuit of Fig. 4 in LT Spice and repeat task 1. Record the data into the given table and keep the
table and plots with you in lab.

Figure 4: A simple RL circuit

Record the data into the given table and keep the table and plots with you in lab.

Table 2

Frequency(𝐾𝐻𝑧) |𝑉𝐿| |𝐼𝐿| 𝜃𝑣𝐿 𝜃𝑖𝐿 𝜃𝑣𝐿 − 𝜃𝑖𝐿

In Lab Task

Task 1: Response of C and L for DC and High Frequency

1. Create the simple RC circuit as shown in Fig.3 on a LT Spice.

2. Apply 5𝑉 DC as 𝑉1 using a DC power supply.
3. Measure the voltage and current through the capacitor.
4. Now apply a sinusoidal signal of very high frequency e.g. 10𝐾𝐻𝑧 or more as 𝑉1.
5. Examine the voltage and current waveform of a capacitor.
6. Now create the simple RL circuit as shown in Fig.4. Repeat the above experiment for it.
Frequency Capacitor Capacitor Inductor Inductor
Voltage Current Voltage Current

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 Lab Experiment | 3

Task 2: Phasor Impedance of a Capacitor

1. Create the simple RC circuit as shown in Fig No.3.

2. Apply a sinusoidal signal of 5V peak (10 𝑉𝑝−𝑝 ) of 1𝐾𝐻𝑧 frequency as 𝑉1.

Voltage Measurements

3. Examine the magnitude (i.e. peak) of the output voltage across the capacitor.
4. Compare it with the theoretical value. Theoretically, the phasor of the output voltage is:
𝑗
− 𝑤𝐶
𝑉̃𝑐 = ̃
𝑉1
𝑗
(𝑅 − 𝑤𝐶 )
The phasor current is
𝑉̃𝑐
𝐼̃𝐶 =
−𝑗/𝑤𝐶

5. From the above equation the theoretical values of the magnitude and phase of the output voltage
can be calculated.
6. Repeat the entire experiment for 200𝐻𝑧, 500𝐻𝑧, 1.5 𝐾𝐻𝑧and 2 𝐾𝐻𝑧.

Phase Measurements

7. To determine the phase value of the output voltage. We consider the input wave as reference and hence
its phase is zero. To calculate the phase difference we need to calculate the time difference between the
two waves. Then phase is calculated using the formula
𝛥𝜃 𝑜 = 𝜃2 0 − 𝜃1 0 = 360𝑓(𝑡1 − 𝑡2) = 360𝑓𝛥𝑡
8. If the output wave is ahead in time than the reference, we call it leading. In such a case 𝛥𝑡 is negative
and so is the phase. If the output wave is behind in time than the reference, we call it lagging. In such a
case 𝛥𝑡 is positive and so is the phase.
9. Find the phase for 200𝐻𝑧, 500𝐻𝑧, 1.5 𝐾𝐻𝑧and 2 𝐾𝐻𝑧.
Current Measurements (magnitude and Phase)

10. To measure the phasor of capacitor current, re-connect the circuit as follows:

Figure 5: A simple RC circuit

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 Lab Experiment | 3

11. Now connect the input source and measure the output voltage across the resistor. Capacitor current is
equal to the voltage across resistor divided by 𝑅1 .
12. Determine the magnitude and phase of the current for 200𝐻𝑧, 500𝐻𝑧, 1.5 𝐾𝐻𝑧and 2 𝑘𝐻𝑧.

Freq (Hz) ̃𝑐 |𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦

|𝑉 |𝑉̃𝑐 |𝑒𝑥𝑝 |𝐼̃𝑐 |𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 |𝐼̃𝑐 |𝑒𝑥𝑝
200

500

1.5K

2K

Post lab Task

Phasor Impedance of an Inductor

1. Create the simple RL circuit as shown in Fig.4 on a LT Spice.

2. Measure the phasor voltage and current across the inductor using the same procedure as that was in task
1 for frequencies 100𝐻𝑧, 200𝐻𝑍, 500𝐻𝑧, 1 𝐾𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 𝐾𝐻𝑧.
3. Compare it with the theoretical value. Theoretically the phasor of the output voltage will be calculated
as
𝑗𝑤𝐿
̃𝐿 =
𝑉 ̃
𝑉1
(𝑅 + 𝑗𝑤𝐿)
4. andphasor current as
̃𝐿
𝑉
𝐼̃𝐿 =
𝑗𝑤𝐿

Freq (Hz) ̃𝑐 |𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦

|𝑉 |𝑉̃𝑐 |𝑒𝑥𝑝 |𝐼̃𝑐 |𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 |𝐼̃𝑐 |𝑒𝑥𝑝
1K

100

200

500

2K

Express your ideas

1. In case of resistor, Is there any phase difference between voltage and current.

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 Lab Experiment | 3

2. In an Inductor, voltage waveform leads the current waveform. Elaborate this point on the basic
understanding of this lab.

3. Let the phase difference between two cosine waves of frequency 50Hz is 30 degrees. What would be
the corresponding time delay?

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 Lab Experiment | 3

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 34

 Lab Experiment | 4

LAB # 4
To analyse network theorems in phasor domain using software tool

Objectives

 To apply the network theorems of electric circuit using LTspice

Pre-Lab
We cannot do circuit analysis in the frequency domain without Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws.
Therefore, we need to express them in the frequency domain.
For KVL, let v1 , v2 , v3 be the voltages around a closed loop.
v1 + v2 + v3 = 0

By following a similar procedure, we can show that Kirchhoff’s current law holds for phasors. If we let i1 , i2 , i3
be the current leaving or entering a closed surface in a network at time t, then

i1 + i2 + i3 = 0

Pre-Lab Exercise
1. Determine 𝑉𝑜 (𝑡)in the circuit of Figure.1

Figure1

In Lab Task
Lab Task 1: Determine the magnitude and phase of the Nodes

1. Create the circuit as shown in Fig.2.

Figure 2: Circuit diagram for the lab experiment

2. Determine the magnitude and phase (i.e. Phasor Value) of all the node voltages from V1 to V6 .
3. Apply vin =6<0°

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 Lab Experiment |4

Fill in the table and blanks in the measurement section. Verify KCL and KVL using your results for each node
and each loop.

Lab Task 2: Verification of Thevenin Theorem

1. For the circuit in Fig. 2. Assume to be the load capacitor.

2. Disconnect the capacitor form the circuit and determine the magnitude and phase (i.e. Phasor Value) of
the open circuit voltage (i.e. V4 ).
3. Now replace C3 with a short circuit and determine the Phasor value of the short circuit current i.e. the
current through resistorR 5 . In order to determine the current, determine the phasor voltage V4 and divide
it by the value ofR 5 .
4. Compute Thevenin equivalent impedance by the help of given formula

Vopen circuit
Zth =
IShort Circuit

5. Determine the output voltage across the output capacitor C3 using the Theveninequivalent

Figure3: Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

6. Compare it with the actual voltage across C3 measured in the previous task (i.e. V6).
7. If the results are the same Thevenin theorem is verified.

Measurement Tables
Task -1

(Fill the table with Phasor values (magnitude and phase) of the node voltages)
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6

(V1 − V2 )
IR1 = ⁄R = _______________________________________________
1
(V2 − V3 )
IR2 = ⁄R = _______________________________________________
2
(V2 − V4 )
IR3 = ⁄R = _______________________________________________
3
(V4 − V5 )
IR4 = ⁄R = _______________________________________________
4
(V4 − V6 )
IR5 = ⁄R = _______________________________________________
5

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 Lab Experiment |4

Ic1 = IR2 = _______________________________________________

Ic2 = IR4 = _______________________________________________

Ic3 = IR5 = _______________________________________________

VR1 = (V1 − V2 ) = _______________________________________________

VR2 = (V2 − V3 ) = _______________________________________________

VR3 = (V2 − V4 ) = _______________________________________________

VR5 = (V4 − V6 ) = _______________________________________________

Vc1 = (V3 ) = _______________________________________________

Vc2 = (V5 ) = _______________________________________________

Vc3 = (V6 ) = _______________________________________________

Verification of KCL
Node V2:

The currents entering the node are: _______________________________________________

The currents leaving the node are: ________________________________________________

Sum of all currents entering: ________________________________________________

Sum of all currents leaving: ________________________________________________

Node V4:

The currents entering the node are: _______________________________________________

The currents leaving the node are: _________________________________________________

Sum of all currents entering: _________________________________________________

Sum of all currents leaving: ________________________________________________

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 Lab Experiment |4

NodeV6:

The currents entering the node are: _______________________________________________

The currents leaving the node are: _________________________________________________

Sum of all currents entering: _________________________________________________

________________________________________________
Sum of all currents leaving:

Verification of KVL
Loop 1: V1->V2->V3->V1

The voltage rise in the loop: _______________________________________________

The voltage drops in the loop: _________________________________________________

Sum of all voltage rises: _________________________________________________

Sum of all voltage drops: ________________________________________________

Loop 2: V2->V4->V5->V3->V2

The voltage rise in the loop: _______________________________________________

The voltage drops in the loop: _________________________________________________

Sum of all voltage rises: _________________________________________________

Sum of all voltage drops: ________________________________________________

Loop 3: V4->V6->V5->V4

The voltage rise in the loop: _______________________________________________

The voltage drops in the loop: _________________________________________________

Sum of all voltage rises: _________________________________________________

Sum of all voltage drops: ________________________________________________

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 38

 Lab Experiment |4

Loop 4: V1->V2->V4->V5->V1

The voltage rise in the loop: _______________________________________________

The voltage drops in the loop: _________________________________________________

Sum of all voltage rises: _________________________________________________

Sum of all voltage drops: ________________________________________________

Loop 5: V2->V4->V6->V3->V2

The voltage rise in the loop: _______________________________________________

The voltage drops in the loop: _________________________________________________

Sum of all voltage rises: _________________________________________________

Sum of all voltage drops: ________________________________________________

Loop 6: V1->V2->V4->V6->V1

The voltage rise in the loop: _______________________________________________

The voltage drops in the loop: _________________________________________________

Sum of all voltage rises: _________________________________________________

Sum of all voltage drops: ________________________________________________

Task 2
𝑉𝑜𝑐 = ___________________

𝐼𝑠𝑐 = ___________________

𝑍𝑇𝐻 = __________________

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡) =

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑎𝑠𝑘 1) =

Post Lab Task

1. Verify all the experimental results with analytical method and attach the result with the experiment.

2. On the understanding of this lab, Why Thevenin theorem is significant in circuit analysis?

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 39

 Lab Experiment |4

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 40

 Lab Experiment | 5

LAB # 5
To analyse and measure the Power (Active, Reactive and Apparent Power)
and Power Factor Correction using software tool

Objectives

 To measure the parameters for A.C power analysis using LTspice

 To compute active, reactive and apparent power using standard circuit formulas.
 To measure the parameters for computing power factor and its correction using LTspice

Pre-Lab
Power:Electrical Power is the rate of doing electrical work by transferring the electrical charge from one point
to the other within the circuit.

dq
w=
dt

Real Power or Active Power: The power dissipated in the Resistor is the Active Power. It is also called Real
Power:This power is unidirectional (Source to Load). It does not flow back to the circuit. In AC, the time
averaging of instantaneous power is done over a complete cycle. It is usually denoted by .It is calculatedas

P = VI cos θ

It is measured In Watts.

Reactive Power:The Power dissipated in the Inductance or Capacitance is known as the Reactive Power.

This power is bidirectional (Source to Load to Source).It moves back and forth. It is usually denoted by .It is
calculated as

Q = VI sin θ

It is measured in VAR.

Complex Power:

The Phasor sum of the Active and Reactive Power is the Complex Power. Its magnitude is known as the apparent
power. It is usually denoted by .It is a Phasor quantity so we need to evaluate its magnitude and phase. It is
calculated as

[S] = √{Re(s)}2 + {Im(s)}2 , θ = tan−1 ([Im(S)⁄Re(S)])

It is measured in VA .

The Phasor diagram for the relation between the active and reactive power is shown below.Mathematical
relationship between the active and reactive power is given by:

S = P + jQ

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 Lab Experiment |5

As we can seefrom the Phasor relationship of𝑃 and 𝑄. Both are at 90 or at quadrature in reference to each other.

Figure1: Phasor Diagram Showing the relationship between P, and Q

Practical Power Factor Correction

When the need arises to correct for poor power factor in an AC power system, you probably won't have the
luxury of knowing the load's exact inductance in henrys to use for your calculations. You may be fortunate
enough to have an instrument called a power factor meter to tell you what the power factor is (a number between
0 and 1), and the apparent power (which can be figured by taking a voltmeter reading in volts and multiplying
by an ammeter reading in amps). In less favorable circumstances you may have to use an oscilloscope to
compare voltage and current waveforms, measuring phase shift in degrees and calculating power factor by the
cosine of that phase shift.

Most likely, you will have access to a wattmeter for measuring true power, whose reading you can compare
against a calculation of apparent power (from multiplying total voltage and total current measurements). From
the values of true and apparent power, you can determine reactive power and power factor. Let's do an example
problem to see how this works:

Wattmeter reads true power, product of voltmeter and ammeter readings yields apparent power. First, we need
to calculate the apparent power in KVA. We can do this by multiplying load voltage by load current:

S = IV

S = (9.615A). (240V) = 2.308kVA

As we can see, 2.308kVA is a much larger figure than1.5kW, which tells us that the power factor in this circuit
is rather poor (substantially less than 1). Now, we figure the power factor of this load by dividing the true power
by the apparent power:

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 Lab Experiment |5

P
Power factor =
S
1.5kW
Power factor = = 0.65
2.308kVA

Using this value of power factor, we can draw a power triangle and from that determine the reactive power of
this load.

Reactive power may be calculated from true power and apparent power. To determine the unknown (reactive
power) triangle quantity, we use the Pythagorean Theorem.

Pre Lab Exercise

1. A load draws 12𝑘𝑉𝐴at power factor of 0.856 from 120 rms sinusoidal source.

Determine:

i. Active and reactive power to the load

ii. Peak current and load impedance.

2. When connected to a 120𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠, 60𝐻𝑧 power line, a load absorbs 4kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8.
Compute the value of capacitance necessary to raise the power factor to 1.

In Lab Task
1. First of all we will construct the circuit on LTspice according to the circuit diagram in Figure2

2. Measure the current (I).

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 Lab Experiment |5

3. Measure the voltage (V).

4. Determine the apparent power ( S) by multiplying the voltage and current

P
5. Determine the Power Factor by the Formula cos θ = S .If its value is not near to unity 1.We will
then try to rectify it.

6. We can correct this power factor by inserting a Capacitor of appropriate value in Parallel by
doing the necessary calculations.

7. We will then calculate the value of Q by using the Pythagorean Theorem. We can determine
the value ofQ by measuring the length of the side of the Power Triangle.

Parameter Unit With C Without C

|𝑉| V

|𝐼| mA

𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 o

Pf -

P W

Q VAR

S VA

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram for Power Calculations

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 Lab Experiment |5

Post Lab Task

1. On the basic understanding of this lab, discuss various methods of power factor improvement.
2. After doing in lab tasks, elaborate the effect of adding a capacitor in parallel to inductive load.
3. In RL series circuit, 𝑉 = 480𝑉, 𝑅 = 1Ω, 𝐿 = 1𝑚𝐻. Determine leading reactive power that is required
to get unity power factor. Also compute current power factor.

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 45

 Lab Experiment |5

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 46

 Lab Experiment | 6

LAB # 6
To analyse and construct three phase circuits using software tool

Objectives

 To analyze and construct three phase circuits with wye and delta configuration using LTspice
 Display the output waveform for three phase circuits with wye and delta configuration using LTspice

Equipment Required
Three phase circuit board, Voltmeter, Resisters and oscilloscope, LT Spice

Pre-Lab
A poly phase system is basically an ac system composed of a certain number of single-phase ac systems having
the same frequency and operating in sequence. Each phase of a poly phase system (i.e., the phase of each
single-phase ac system) is displaced from the next by a certain angular interval. In any poly phase system, the
value of the angular interval between each phase depends on the number of phases in the system. We will
cover the most common type of poly phase system, the three-phase system. Three-phase systems, also referred
to as three-phase circuits, are poly phase systems that have three phases, as their name implies. In the majority
of cases, three phase circuits are symmetrical and have identical impedances in each of the circuit’s three
branches (phases). Each branch can be treated exactly as a single-phase circuit, because a balanced three-phase
circuit is simply a combination of three single-phase circuits. Therefore, voltage, current, and power
relationships for three-phase circuits can be determined using the same basic equations and methods developed
for single-phase circuits. Non-symmetrical, or unbalanced, three-phase circuits represent a special condition
and their analysis is more complex.
A three-phase ac circuit is powered by three voltage sine waves having the same frequency and magnitude and
which are displaced from each other by 120°. The phase shift between each voltage waveform of a three-phase
ac power source is therefore 120° (360°/3 phases). Figure 1 shows an example of a simplified three-phase
generator (alternator) producing three-phase ac power.

The phase sequence of the voltage waveforms of a three-phase ac power source indicates the order in which
they follow each other and attain the maximal voltage value. Figure 2 shows an example of the voltage
waveforms produced in a three-phase ac power source, as well as the phasor diagram related to the
voltagewaveforms. The voltage waveforms and voltage phasors in Figure 2 follow the phase

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 47

 Lab Experiment |6

sequence (EA , EB , EC )which, when written in shorthand form, is the sequence A-B-C. This phase sequence is
obtained when the magnet in the three-phase generator of Figure 1 rotates clockwise. The phase sequence of a
three-phase acpower source is important because it determines the direction of rotation of any three-phase motor
connected to the power source. If the phases are connected out of sequence, the motor will turn in the opposite
direction, and the consequences could be serious. For example, if a three-phase motor rotating in the clockwise
direction causes an elevator to go up, connecting the phase wires incorrectly to the motor would cause the
elevator to go down when it is supposed to go up, and vice-versa, which could result in a serious accident.

Wye and delta configurations

The windings of a three-phase ac power source (e.g., the generator in Figure 1) can be connected in either a
wye configuration, or a delta configuration. The configuration names are derived from the appearance of the
circuit drawings representing the configurations, i.e., the letter Y for the wye configuration and the Greek
letter delta (ǻ) for the delta configuration. The connections for each configuration are shown in Figure 3. Each
type of configuration has definite electrical characteristics. As Figure 3a shows, in a wye-connected circuit,
one end of each of the three windings (or phases) of the three-phase ac power source is connected to a common
point called the neutral. No current flows in the neutral because the currents flowing in the three windings
(i.e., the phase currents) cancel each other out when the system is balanced.
Figure 3b shows that, in a delta-connected circuit, the three windings of the three-phase ac power source are
connected one to another, forming a triangle. The three line wires are connected to the three junction points of
the circuit (points A, B, and C in Figure 3b). There is no point to which a neutral wire can be connected in a
three-phase delta-connected circuit. Thus, delta connected systems are typically three-wire systems.

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 Lab Experiment |6

Distinction between line and phase voltages, and line and phase currents
The voltage produced by a single winding of a three-phase circuit is called the line-to-neutral voltage, or
simply the phase voltage (EPhase ). In a wye - connected three-phase ac power source, the phase voltage is
measured between the neutral line and any one of points A, B, and C, as shown in Figure 3a. This result in the
following three distinct phase voltages: EA−N , EB−N , EC−N
The voltage between any two windings of a three-phase circuit is called the line to line voltage, or simply the
line voltage ELine. In a wye - connected three-phase ac power source, the line voltage is √3͵ (approximately
1.73) times greater than the phase voltage, EL = √3 × Phase voltage . In a delta connected three-phase ac
power source, the voltage between any two windings is the same as the voltage across the third winding of the
source (i.e. ELine = EPhase), as shows Figure 3b. In both cases, this results in the following three distinct line
voltages: EA−B , EB−C , EC−A
The three line wires (wires connected to points A, B, and C) and the neutral wire of a three-phase power system
are usually available for connection to the load, which can be connected in either a wye configuration or a
delta configuration. The two types of circuit connections are illustrated in Figure 4. Circuit analysis
demonstrates that the voltage (line voltage) between any two line wires, or lines, in a wye connected load is
√3 times greater than the voltage (phase voltage) across each load resistor. Furthermore, the line current
flowing in each line of the power source is equal to the phase current flowing in each load resistor. On the
other hand, in a delta-connected load, the voltage (phase voltage) across each load resistor is equal to the line
voltage of the source. Also, the line current is √3 times greater than the current (phase current) in each load
resistor. The phase current in a delta-connected load is therefore√3 times smaller than the line current.

Figure 4: Types of load connections.

The relationships between the line and phase voltages and the line and phase currents simplify the analysis
of balanced three-phase circuits. A shorthand way of writing these relationships is given below. In Y-
connection:
a) Line voltage (VL) = √3 × Phase voltage
b) Line voltages are 120o apart.
c) Line voltage are 30o ahead of respective voltages (for positive sequence)
d) Line current = Phase current
In a Delta connection:
a) Line voltage (VL) = Phase voltage
b) Line currents are 120o apart.
c) Line current are 30o behind of respective phase current (for positive sequence)
d) Line current = = √3 × Phase current

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 Lab Experiment |6

In Lab Task
The Procedure is divided into the following sections:

• Setup and connections

• Phase and line voltage measurements in the Power Supply
• Voltage and current measurements in a wye - connected circuit
• Voltage and current measurements in a delta - connected circuit

Task -1
You will set up the equipment to measure the line-to neutral (phase) and line-to-line (line)
voltages of the three-phase ac power source in the Power Supply.

1. Set up the circuit shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Line and phase voltage measurements.

Note: Do not turn the three-phase ac power source on until your instructor asks you to do so.

2. Measure and record below the phase voltages of the three-phase ac power source.

E1−N = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −V

E2−N = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −V

E3−N = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −V
3. Determine the average value of the phase voltages

E1−N +E2−N +E3−N

Average Ephase = 3
= −−−−−−V

4. Open the Oscilloscope and make the appropriate settings in order to observe the phase voltage
waveforms related to inputs E1, E2, and E3.
What is the phase shift between each voltage sine wave of the three-phase ac power source?

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 50

 Lab Experiment |6

Phase Shift: …………………………………………..

5. Draw the resulting waveforms and also draw the phasor diagram of these waveforms.
6. Turn the three-phase ac power source in the Power Supply off.
7. Modify the connections to the voltage inputs to measure the line voltages of the three-phase ac power
source, and then turn the three-phase ac power source in the Power Supply on. Measure and record
below the line voltages of the three-phase ac power source.

𝐸1−2 = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −𝑉

𝐸2−3 = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −𝑉

𝐸3−1 = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −𝑉

8. Determine the average value of the line voltages.

E1−2 + E2−3 + E3−1
Average ELine = = −−−−−−V
3

9. Calculate the ratio of the average line voltage𝐸𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 to the average phase voltage.

10. Calculate the ratio of the average line voltage ELineto the average phase voltage Ephase

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒
= −−−−−−−
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

Calculate the ratio of the average line voltage to the average phase voltage calculated in the previous step.

Ratio: ……………………………………………..

Task -2
Voltage and current measurement in a wye connected circuit

You will set up a wye - connected, three-phase circuit using three load resistors. You will measure the phase
voltages and currents in the circuit, as well as the circuit line voltage and neutral line current. You will confirm
that the load is balanced and that the ratio between the line voltage and the average phase voltage in the circuit
is equal to √3. You will verify that the current flowing in the neutral line is equal to zero and that removing
the neutral line does not affect the measured voltages and currents.
1. Set up the wye - connected, resistive, three-phase circuit shown in Figure 6.

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 51

 Lab Experiment |6

Figure 6: Wye-connected, three-phase circuit

2. Use the appropriate values of resistor given in Table. 1

3. Measure and record the below voltages and currents in the circuit of Figure 6, and then turn the three
phase ac power supply off

𝐸𝑅1 = − − − − − − 𝑉, 𝐸𝑅2 = − − − − − − − − 𝑉

𝐸𝑅3 = − − − − − − 𝑉, 𝐸𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = − − − − − − − − 𝑉

𝐼𝑅1 = − − − − − − 𝐴, 𝐼𝑅2 = − − − − − − − − 𝐴

𝐼𝑅3. = − − − − − − 𝑉, 𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = − − − − − − − − 𝑉

4. Compare the individual voltages 𝐸𝑅1 , 𝐸𝑅2 , 𝐸𝑅3 measured in the previous step. Are they approximately
equal?

5. Compare the individual voltages 𝐸𝑅1 , 𝐸𝑅2 , 𝐸𝑅3 measured in the previous step. Are they approximately
equal?

6. Is the current 𝐼𝑁 flowing in the neutral line is approximately equal to zero?

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 52
 Lab Experiment |6

7. Does this mean that load is balanced?

Post Lab Task

1. Verify the results of Task 2 through LT Spice and also attach the results.

2. What is the ratio between the line and phase voltages and the ratio between the line and phase currents
in a wye-connected, three-phase circuit?

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 53

 Lab Experiment |6

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 54

 Lab Experiment | 7

LAB # 7
To construct and analyze balanced three phase delta-connected circuit
using LTspice
Objectives

 To analyze the three phase delta connected circuit using Ltspice.

 To measure phase voltage and current of three phase delta connected circuit using Ltspice.
 To measure the line currents and active power dissipated in the delta connected circuit using Ltspice.
 Identify that load is balanced of three phase delta connected circuit using Ltspice.

Pre-Lab
The relationships between the line and phase voltages and the line and phase currents simplify the
analysis of balanced three-phase circuits. A shorthand way of writing these relationships is given below.
In a Delta connection:
a) Line voltage (VL) = Phase voltage
b) Line current are 120o apart
c) Line current are 30o behind of respective phase current (for positive sequence)
d) Line current = = √3 × Phase current

Pre-Lab Exercise
Task 1
A balanced abc-sequence Y-connected source with Van=100<10°Vis connected to a delta connected balanced
load (8+ 4)Ω per phase. Calculate the phase and line currents.

In Lab Task
Lab Task 1:
1. Set up the delta-connected, resistive, three-phase circuit shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Delta connected three phase resistive

2. Use the appropriate values of resistor given in Table. 1

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 Lab Experiment |7

Local ac power network R1 (Ω) R2 (Ω) R3 (Ω)

Voltage (V) Frequency (Hz)
120 60 300 300 300
220 50 1100 1100 1100
240 50 1200 1200 1200
220 60 1100 1100 1100
Table 2: Three Phase resistive load

Note: Do not turn the three-phase ac power source on until your instructor asks you to do so.
3. Turn the three-phase ac power source in the Power Supply on.
4. Measure and record below the voltages and currents in the circuit of Figure 1, then turn the three phase
ac power source in the Power Supply off.
Caution: Do not leave the three-phase ac power source on for a long time as the power the resistors dissipate
exceeds their nominal power rating.

ER1= _____________________V ER2 = _____________________V

ER3= _____________________V

IR1= _____________________A IR2 = _____________________A

IR1= _____________________A

5. Compare the individual load voltages ER1, ER2, ER3 , measured in the previous step. Are they
approximately equal?

□ Yes □ No
6. Compare the individual load currents IR1, IR2, IR3 measured in the previous step. Are they approximately
equal?
□ Yes □ No
7. Does this mean that the load is balanced?

□ Yes □ No

8. Calculate the average phase current using the phase current values recorded in step 3.

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = (𝐼𝑅1 + 𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝑅3)/3 = ____________𝐴

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 Lab Experiment |7

9. Reconnect the ammeter inputs I1, I2, and I3 as shown in Figure 2 to measure the line currents in the
delta-connected, three-phase circuit.

Figure 2: Line current measurements in the delta-connected three-phase circuit

10. Measure and record below the line currents in the circuit of Figure 2, then turn the three-phase ac power
source in the Power Supply off. Then determine the average value of the line currents.

𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒1 = _____________________𝐴

𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒2 = _____________________𝐴

𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒3 = _____________________𝐴

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = (𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒1 + 𝐼𝐿𝐼𝑛𝑒2 + 𝐼𝐿𝐼𝑛𝑒3)/3 = ____________𝐴

12. Calculate the active power dissipated in each phase of the circuit and the total active power
dissipated in the circuit using the voltages and currents recorded in step 3.

𝑃𝑅1 = 𝐸𝑅1𝑋𝐼𝑅1 = _____________________𝑊

𝑃𝑅1 = 𝐸𝑅1𝑋𝐼𝑅1 = _____________________𝑊

𝑃𝑅1 = 𝐸𝑅1𝑋𝐼𝑅1 = _____________________𝑊

𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅1 + 𝑃𝑅2 + 𝑃𝑅3 = _____________________𝑊

13. Calculate the average phase voltage using the phase voltages recorded in step 3.

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 Lab Experiment |7

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = (𝐸𝑅1 + 𝐸𝑅2 + 𝐸𝑅3)/3 = ____________𝑉

14. Calculate the total active power dissipated in the circuit using the average phase voltage
recorded in the previous step and average phase current recorded in step 9, and compare the result with
the total active power calculated in step 11. Are both values approximately equal?

𝑃𝑇 = 3 (𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑋𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) = _____________________𝑊

□ Yes □ No
Post Lab Task
1. Explain the difference between the phase voltage and the line voltage in a three-phase circuit.
2. Calculate the phase voltage, phase current, line voltage and line current for delta connected unbalanced
load. Attach the results with the experiment.

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 58

 Lab Experiment |7

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 59

 Lab Experiment | 8

LAB # 8
To design and constructRC Low and High pass Filter by selecting
appropriate components using Ltspice

Objectives

• To analyze and measure the cutoff frequency of series RC low pass and high pass filters using Ltspice.
• To design and construct a simple RC low and high pass filter for cut off frequency of 4.8kHz using
Ltspice. .
• To sketch the Bode plot for low and high pass RC filters using graphical techniques.

Pre-Lab
Filter: A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired frequencies and reject or attenuate others.
Passive Filters: Elements used in passive filters are resistors, capacitors and inductors. The gain of passive
filters is unity.
Low Pass Filter: A low pass filter passes low frequencies and rejects high frequencies.

Figure 1: Magnitude plot for First-Order Low Pass Filter

Figure 2: Phase plot for First-Order Low Pass Filter

High Pass Filter
A high pass filter passes high frequencies and rejects low frequencies.

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 Lab Experiment |8

Figure 3: Magnitude plot for First-Order High Pass Filter

Figure 4: Phase plot for First-Order High Pass Filter

Frequency Response: The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in its behaviour with change in signal
frequency.
Transfer Function: The transfer function 𝐻(𝜔) of a circuit is the frequency dependent ratio of a phasor output
y (𝜔) to a phasor input X (𝜔).
𝑌(𝜔)
𝐻(𝜔) =
𝑋(𝜔)
Bode Plots: Bode plots are semi-log plots of the magnitude (in decibels) and phase (in degrees)of a transfer
function versus frequency.
Cut off Frequency: The frequency at which gain becomes 0.707 times of the maximum input is called cut off
frequency. It is also called the half power frequency because at this frequency the average power delivered by
the circuit is one half the maximum average powers.

|𝐻(𝜔𝐶 )| = 0.707 |𝐻(𝜔)|𝑀𝐴𝑋

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃(𝜔𝑐 ) =
2
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 Lab Experiment |8

1
|𝐻(𝜔)| =
2
√(1)2 + ( 𝜔 )
𝜔𝑐
𝜔
𝜙 = −tan−1 ( )
𝜔𝑐
It can be seen from above equations that at𝜔 = 0, |𝐻(𝜔)| = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜙 = 0
It can be seen from equations that at𝜔 = ∞, |𝐻(𝜔)| = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜙 = −900

Pre-Lab Exercise
Read the pre-lab before coming to lab

In Lab Task
Lab Task 1: Design of RC Low Pass Filter

Figure 5

The cut off frequency for RC circuit is given below:

1 1
𝜔𝑐 = , 𝑓𝑐 =
𝑅𝐶 2𝜋𝑅𝐶

𝐿𝑒𝑡C = 10 nF , C = 9.08 nF
𝑓𝑐 = 5𝐾𝐻𝑧
1
𝑅= (2𝜋)(5∗103 )(9.08∗10−9 )
1
𝐻(𝜔) = 1+𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶
1
𝜔𝑐 =
𝑅𝐶
1
𝐻(𝜔) = 𝑗𝜔
1+𝜔
𝑐

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 Lab Experiment |8

1 𝐻(𝜔) 𝜔
|𝐻(𝜔)| =
Frequency(KHz) 𝜔 (𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) 𝜔 2 𝑉𝑜 𝜙 = −tan−1 ( )
√(1)2 + (𝜔 ) = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝐵) 𝜔𝑐
𝑐 𝑉𝑖𝑛
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Table 1: RC Low Pass Filter

Lab Task 2: Design of RC High Pass Filter

The transfer function of circuit

1
𝐻(𝜔) = 1+1
⁄𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶
1
𝜔𝑐 =
𝑅𝐶
1
𝑅𝐶 =
𝜔𝑐
1 1
𝐻(𝜔) = = 𝜔
1+1⁄𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶 1−𝑗 𝑐
𝜔
1
|𝐻(𝜔)| = Figure 6: High Pass filter
2
√(1)2 + (− 𝜔𝑐 )
𝜔
𝜔𝑐 𝜔𝑐
𝜙 = −tan−1 (− ) = tan−1 ( )
𝜔 𝜔
It can be seen from above equations that at𝜔 = 0, |𝐻(𝜔)| = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜙 = 900 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝜔 = ∞, |𝐻(𝜔)| = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜙 =
00

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 Lab Experiment |8

1 𝑉𝑜
|𝐻(𝜔)| = 𝐻(𝜔) = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝐵) 𝜔𝑐
Frequency(KHz) 𝜔 (𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) 2 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝜙 = tan−1 ( )
√(1)2 + (− 𝜔𝑐 ) 𝜔
𝜔

0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =

Table 2: RC High Pass Filter

Bode Plot for RC Low Pass Filter

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 Lab Experiment |8

Bode Plot for RC High Pass Filter:

Post Lab Task

1. On the bases of measured data, how cut off frequency is determined.
2. “It is preferred that filters are analyzed in frequency domain rather than time domain”, elaborate this
point.

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 Lab Experiment |8

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 66

 Lab Experiment | 9

LAB # 9
To design and constructRL Low and High pass Filter by selecting
appropriate components using LTspice

Objectives

• To analyze and measure the cutoff frequency of series RL low pass and high pass filters using Ltspice.
• To design and construct a simple RL low and high pass filter for cut off frequency of 4.8kHz using
Ltspice. .
• To sketch the Bode plot for low and high pass RL filters using graphical techniques.

Pre-Lab
Filter: A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass the certain range of frequency signals and reject or attenuate
others.
Passive Filters: Elements used in passive filters are resistors, capacitors and inductors. The gain of passive
filters is unity.
Low Pass Filter:A low pass filter passes low frequencies and rejects high frequencies. The simplest filters can
be implemented with RC and RL circuits. The key to analyzing them by inspection is to remember the behaviour
of inductors and capacitors. Remember that inductors pass low frequencies and block high frequencies, while
capacitors do the opposite.

Figure 1: Magnitude plot for First-Order Low Pass Filter

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 Lab Experiment |9

Figure 2: Phase plot for First-Order Low Pass Filter

High Pass Filter

A high pass filter passes high frequencies and rejects low frequencies. The Bode plots are shown below in
Figure 3 and 4. Notice that the effect is opposite to that of the low pass filter. High frequencies are largely
untouched, in both magnitude and phase, while low frequencies are increasingly attenuated and phase-shifted

Figure 3: Magnitude plot for First-Order High Pass Filter

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 Lab Experiment |9

Figure 4: Phase plot for First-Order High Pass Filter

Frequency Response: The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in its behaviour with change in signal
frequency.
Transfer Function: The transfer function 𝐻(𝜔) of a circuit is the frequency dependent ratio of a phasor output
y (𝜔) to a phasor input X (𝜔).
𝑌(𝜔)
𝐻(𝜔) =
𝑋(𝜔)
Bode Plots: Bode plots are semi-log plots of the magnitude (in decibels) and phase (in degrees)of a transfer
function versus frequency.
Cut off Frequency: The frequency at which gain becomes 0.707 times of the maximum input is called cut off
frequency. It is also called the half power frequency because at this frequency the average power delivered by
the circuit is one half the maximum average powers.

|𝐻(𝜔𝐶 )| = 0.707 |𝐻(𝜔)|𝑀𝐴𝑋

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃(𝜔𝑐 ) =
2
1
|𝐻(𝜔)| =
2
√(1)2 + ( 𝜔 )
𝜔 𝑐
𝜔−1
𝜙 = −tan ( )
𝜔𝑐
It can be seen from above equations that at𝜔 = 0, |𝐻(𝜔)| = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜙 = 0
It can be seen from equations that at𝜔 = ∞, |𝐻(𝜔)| = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜙 = −900

Pre-Lab Exercise
Read the prelab part before coming to lab

In Lab Tasks
Lab Task 1: Design a RL Low Pass filter

The cut off frequency for RL circuit is given below

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 Lab Experiment |9
𝐿 = 10𝑚𝐻

𝑅 = 314.1Ω

Figure 5: 𝑹𝑳 Low Pass Filter Circuit

𝑅 𝑅
𝜔𝑐 = , 𝑓𝑐 =
𝐿 2𝜋𝐿
𝐿𝑒𝑡𝐿 = 10 𝑚𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑓𝑐 = 5𝐾𝐻𝑧
𝑅 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝐿
𝑅 = 2𝜋 ∗ 5 ∗ 103 ∗ 10 ∗ 10−3
𝑅 = 314.1Ω
1
𝐻(𝜔) = 𝑗𝜔𝐿
1+ 𝑅
𝑅
𝜔𝑐 =
𝐿
𝐿 1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 =
𝑅 𝜔𝑐
1
𝐻(𝜔) = 𝑗𝜔
1+
𝜔𝑐
1
|𝐻(𝜔)| =
2
√(1)2 + ( 𝜔 )
𝜔𝑐
𝜔
𝜙 = −tan−1 ( )
𝜔𝑐
It can be seen above equations that at𝜔 = 0, |𝐻(𝜔)| = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜙 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝜔 = ∞, |𝐻(𝜔)| = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜙 = −900
1 𝐻(𝜔) 𝜔
|𝐻(𝜔)| = −1
Frequency(KHz) 𝜔 (𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) 𝜔 2 𝑉𝑜 𝜙 = −tan ( )
√(1)2 + ( ) = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝐵) 𝜔𝑐
𝜔𝑐 𝑉𝑖𝑛
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Table 1: 𝑹𝑳 Low Pass Filter

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 Lab Experiment |9

Lab Task 2: Design a RL High Pass filter

The values of R and L is same as found

in𝑅𝐿 low pass filter.
𝑅 = 314.1Ω

𝐿 = 10 𝑚𝐻

Figure.6 𝑹𝑳 High Pass Filter

Transfer function of the circuit shown in Figure. 6
1
𝐻(𝜔) =
𝑅
1 + ⁄𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑅
𝜔𝑐 = 𝐿
𝑅
𝑃𝑢𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐
𝐿
1 1
𝐻(𝜔) = = 𝜔
1 + 𝑅⁄𝑗𝜔𝐿 1 − 𝑗 𝜔𝑐
1
|𝐻(𝜔)| =
2
√(1)2 + (− 𝜔𝑐 )
𝜔
𝜔𝑐 𝜔𝑐
𝜙 = −tan−1 (− ) = tan−1 ( )
𝜔 𝜔
It can be seen above equations that at𝜔 = 0, |𝐻(𝜔)| = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜙 = 90 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝜔 = ∞, |𝐻(𝜔)| = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜙 = 00
|𝐻(𝜔)| 𝐻(𝜔)
1 𝑉𝑜 𝜔𝑐
Frequency(KHz) 𝜔 (𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) = = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝐵) 𝜙 = tan−1 ( )
2 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝜔
√(1)2 + (− 𝜔𝑐 )
𝜔

0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Table 3: 𝑹𝑳 High Pass Filter

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 Lab Experiment |9

Bode Plot for RC Low Pass Filter

Bode Plot for RL High Pass Filter:

Post Lab Task

 After designing RC and RL filters, how will you differentiate between RC and RL filters
 Give suggestions to improve the performance of low pass and high pass filters.

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 Lab Experiment |9

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 73

 Lab Experiment | 10

LAB # 10:
To design and construct Passive filters (Band pass, Band stop) and sketch
its frequency response using theoretical concepts, hardware and software
tools

Objective
 To design band-pass and band-stop filters forgiven specified center frequency using standard design
criteria
 To construct the designed circuit and measure the parameter for computing center frequency using
digital oscilloscope, function generator and LTspice
 To compare the measured center frequency with calculated and sketch its frequency response using
theoretical concepts

Pre-Lab
Band Pass Filter
The RLC series resonant circuit provides a bandpass filter when the output is taken off the resistor as shown
in Figure. 1. The transfer function is
𝑉𝑜 𝑅
𝐻(𝑤) = =
𝑉𝑖 𝑅 + 𝑗(𝑤𝐿 − 1⁄ )
𝑤𝐶

Figure 1
We observe 𝐻(0) = 0 and 𝐻(∞) = 0
Figure 2 shows the plot of |𝐻(𝑤)|. The band pass filter passes a band of frequencies (𝑤1 < 𝑤 < 𝑤2 ) centered
on𝑤𝑜 .The center frequency is given by
1
𝑤𝑜 =
√𝐿𝐶

Figure 2:Ideal and actual frequency response of a band pass filter

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 Lab Experiment |10

A bandpass filter can also be formed by cascading the low pass filter (𝑤2 = 𝑤𝑐 ) with the high pass filter (𝑤1 =
𝑤𝑐 ). However, the result would not be the same as just adding the output of the low pass filter to the input of
the high pass filter, because one circuit loads the other and alters the desired transfer function.

Band stop Filter

A filter that prevents a band of frequencies between two designated values(𝑤1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤2 )and passing all other
frequencies is known as a band stop, band reject, or notchfilter. Frequency response of band stop filter is
shown in Figure 3.Band stop filter is formed when the output is taken off the LC series combination of series
RLC resonant circuit as shown in Figure4. The transfer function is
𝑉𝑜 𝑗(𝑤𝐿 − 1⁄𝑤𝐶 )
𝐻(𝑤) = =
𝑉𝑖 𝑅 + 𝑗(𝑤𝐿 − 1⁄ )
𝑤𝐶
We observe 𝐻(0) = 1 and 𝐻(∞) = 1

Figure 3: Ideal and actual frequency response of a band stop filter Figure 4: A band stop filter

The center frequency is given by

1
𝑤𝑜 =
√𝐿𝐶
Pre lab Exercise

1. If the band stop filter in Figure 4 is to reject a 200-Hz sinusoid while passing all other frequencies,
calculate the values of L and C. Take R = 150Ω and the bandwidth as 100 Hz.
2. Design a series RLC type band pass filter with cutoff frequencies of 10 kHz and 11 kHz. Assuming C =
80 pF, find R, L, and Q.

In Lab Task
Task 1: RLC Band Pass Filter
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 1.Use the supply voltage of 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 10 𝑉𝑝𝑝 .
2. Use values of R, L, C which you have found in question 2 of pre lab section.
3. Connect channels 1 and 2 of the oscilloscope to measure 𝑉𝑖𝑛 and 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 simultaneously.
4. Vary the frequency from 10 𝐻𝑧𝑡𝑜 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧 and record the indicated value in Table 1. With each
frequency change, make sure that 𝑉𝑖𝑛 is still 10 𝑉𝑝𝑝 .
Note: Remember input voltage remains constant.
5. Using the data of Table 1, sketch a Bode plot of the filter’s output voltage.

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 Lab Experiment |10

𝑹
𝑯(𝝎) = 𝟏
Frequency(KHz) 𝝎 (𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔) 𝑹 + 𝒋(𝝎𝑳 − 𝝎𝑪)

0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =

Task 1 Band Pass Filter

Task 2: RLC Band Stop Filter

1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 4. Use the supply voltage of 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 10 𝑉𝑝𝑝 .
2. Use values of R, L, C which you have found in question 1 of pre lab section.
3. Connect channels 1 and 2 of the oscilloscope to measure 𝑉𝑖𝑛 and 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 simultaneously.
4. Vary the frequency from 10 𝐻𝑧𝑡𝑜 10 𝐾𝐻𝑧 and record the indicated value in Table 1.
With each frequency change, make sure that 𝑉𝑖𝑛 is still 10 𝑉𝑝𝑝 .
Note: Remember input voltage remains constant.
5. Using the data of Table 1, sketch a Bode plot of the filter’s output voltage.

𝒋(𝝎𝑳 − 𝟏⁄𝝎𝑪)
Frequency(KHz) 𝝎 (𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔) 𝑯(𝝎) = 𝟏
𝑹 + 𝒋(𝝎𝑳 − 𝝎𝑪)

0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =

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 Lab Experiment |10

Post Lab Task

1. Design a passive band stop filter with 𝑤𝑜 = 10 rad/sec and Q = 20.
2. Construct the Bode plot of above designed filter.

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 Lab Experiment |10

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 78

 Lab Experiment |11

LAB # 11
To design and construct series resonance RLC circuit using hardware and
software tool
Objectives
 To compute and measure the resonant frequency of series RLC circuit using standard circuit
technique,digitaloscilloscope, function generator andLTSpice
 To design and construct a series resonance circuit for desired resonant frequency using theoretical
concepts, digital oscilloscope, function generator andLTSpice
 To compare the measured resonant frequency with calculated and sketch its frequency response
using theoretical concepts

Pre Lab
Introduction
Resonance occurs in a circuit when the voltage and current are in phase and the input impedance of the circuit
is purely resistive. When plotted on a Bode plot, the response of course starts at zero, reaches a maximum
value in the vicinity of the natural resonant frequency, and then drops again to zero as 𝜔 becomes infinite.
So far we have analysed the behaviour of series 𝑅𝐿𝐶 circuit whose source voltage has fixed frequency. What
would happen to the characteristics of the circuit if a supply voltage of fixed amplitude but of different
frequencies was applied to the circuit? Also what would the circuits “frequency response” due to this varying
frequency.

In a series RLC circuit, there is frequency point where the inductive reactance becomes equal in value to the
capacitive reactance (𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝑐 ). The point at which this occurs is called the Resonant Frequency ( 𝑓𝑟 )of the
circuit, and as we are analysing a series 𝑅𝐿𝐶 circuit this resonance frequency produces a Series Resonance.
Series Resonance circuitisone of the important circuit used electrical and electronic circuits. They can be found
in various forms such as in AC mains filters, noise filters and also in radio and television tuning circuits
producing a very selective tuning circuit for the receiving of the different frequency channels. Consider the
series RLC circuit in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Series RLC circuit

Inductive reactance: 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 𝑤𝐿

1 1
Capacitive reactance: 𝑋𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 = 𝑤𝐶
When 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝑐 the circuit is Inductive
When 𝑋𝑐 > 𝑋𝐿 the circuit is Capacitive
Total circuit reactance= 𝑋𝑇 = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐
Total circuit impedance= 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋 2 𝑇 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋

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 Lab Experiment 11

From the above equations, we notice that inductive reactance increases if frequency or the inductance
increases. As the frequency approaches infinity the inductive reactance would also increase towards infinity
with the circuit element acting like an open circuit. However, as the frequency approaches zero or DC, the
inductive reactance would decrease to zero, causing the opposite effect acting like a short circuit. This means
then that inductive reactance is proportional to frequency and is small at low frequencies and high at higher
frequencies and this demonstrated in the following curve:

Figure 1

If “frequency or the capacitance is increased the overall capacitive reactance would decrease. As the
frequency approaches infinity the capacitors reactance would reduce to zero causing the circuit element to
act like a perfect conductor of 0Ω’s.
But as the frequency approaches zero or DC level, the capacitors reactance would rapidly increase up to infinity
causing it to act like very large resistance acting like an open circuit condition. This means then that capacitive
reactance is inversely proportional to frequency for any given value of capacitance and this shown below:

Figure 2

We have seen that the value of the reactance depends upon the frequency of the input supply. At a higher
frequency 𝑋𝐿 is high and at a low frequency 𝑋𝐶 is high. Then there must be a frequency point were the value
of 𝑋𝐿 is the same as the value of 𝑋𝑐 . If we now place the curve for inductive reactance on top of the curve for
capacitive reactance so that both curves are on the same axes, the point of intersection will give us the series
resonance frequency point, (ƒ𝑟 ) as shown below.

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 Lab Experiment 11

Figure 3: Resonance curve

Where ƒ𝑟 is in Hertz, 𝐿 is in Henry and 𝐶 is in Farad.

The resonant frequency, ƒ𝑟 point can be calculated as follows.

We can see then that at resonance, the reactance’s cancel each other out thereby making a series LC
combination act as a short circuit with the only opposition to current flow in a series resonance circuit being
the resistance, 𝑅. In complex form, the resonant frequency is the frequency at which the total impedance of
a series 𝑅𝐿𝐶 circuit becomes purely “real”, that is no imaginary impedance’s exist (Z = R).
The circuit impedance at resonance is called the “dynamic impedance” of the circuit and depending upon the
frequency.

Figure 4

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 Lab Experiment 11

Series RLC circuit, the voltage across a series combination of 𝑅𝐿𝐶 is the phasor sum of 𝑉𝑅 , 𝑉𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐶 . At
resonance the two reactance’s are equal and cancelling, the two voltages 𝑉𝐿 and 𝑉𝐶 must be opposite and
equal in value thereby cancelling each other. Thus in series resonance circuit as𝑉𝐿 =−𝑉𝐶 the resulting reactive
voltages are zero and supply voltage is drop across the resistor. Therefore𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 , so series resonance
circuits are known as voltage resonance circuits.

Series RLC Circuit at Resonance

Figure 5: RLC circuit at resonance

Series Circuit Current at Resonance

Figure 4: Series Resonance

You may also notice that as the maximum current through the circuit at resonance is limited only by the value
of the resistance (a pure and real value), the source voltage and circuit current must therefore be in phase
with each other at this frequency. Then the phase angle between the voltage and current of a series resonance
circuit is also a function of frequency for a fixed supply voltage and which is zero at the resonant frequency
point when: 𝑉, 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑅 are all in phase with each other. Consequently, if the phase angle is zero then the
power factor must therefore be unity.

Pre Lab Exercise

1. In the circuit of Figure 5, 𝑅 = 2Ω, 𝐿 = 1𝑚𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐶 = 0.4µ𝐹.Find the followings:
a. Resonant frequency and the half-power frequencies
b. Calculate the quality factor and bandwidth.
c. The amplitude of the current at 𝑤𝑜 , 𝑤1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤2

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 Lab Experiment 11

Figure 5
2. A series-connected circuit shown in Figure 1 has 𝑅 = 4Ω, 𝐿 = 25𝑚𝐻
a. Calculate the value of 𝐶that will produce a quality factor of 50.
b. Find 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐵
c. Determine the average power dissipated at 𝑤𝑜 , 𝑤1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤2. Now take 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 100𝑉

In Lab Task
Task1: Resonant Circuit
1. Implement the circuit of Figure 5 in LT spice and complete the given Table.
2. Create Bode plot of the magnitude transfer functions of current.

𝑰(𝒐𝒖𝒕)𝒑𝒑
Frequency(𝑲𝑯𝒛) 𝑽(𝒊𝒏)𝒑𝒑

Task 2:
1. Design a series resonant circuit in which resonant frequency of your own choice.

Post Lab Task

1. A 12Ωresistor, your registration number in (µ𝐹)capacitor and 8 𝑚𝐻 coil are connected in series
across an AC source. What is the resonant frequency and draw the magnitude Bode plot.

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 Lab Experiment 11

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 84

 Lab Experiment 12

LAB # 12
To design and construct parallel resonance RLC circuit using hardware and
software tool
Objectives
 To compute and measure the resonant frequency of parallel RLC circuit using standard circuit
techniques, digital oscilloscope, function generator and LTSpice
 To design and construct a parallel resonance circuit for desired resonant frequency using
theoretical concepts, digital oscilloscope, function generator and LTSpice
 To compare the measured resonant frequency with calculated and sketch its frequency response
using theoretical concepts

Pre Lab
Resonance occurs in a circuit when the voltage and current are in phase and the input impedance of the circuit
is purely resistive. When plotted on a Bode plot, the response of course starts at zero, reaches a maximum
value in the vicinity of the natural resonant frequency, and then drops again to zero as 𝜔 becomes infinite.
In a series RLC circuit, there is frequency point where the inductive reactance becomes equal in value to the
capacitive reactance (𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝑐 ). The point at which this occurs is called the Resonant Frequency ( 𝑓𝑟 )of the
circuit.
Parallel resonance also has importance in filter circuits, use in electrical and electronic instruments. They can
be found in various forms such as in AC mains filters, noise filters and also in radio and television tuning circuits
producing a very selective tuning circuit for the receiving of the different frequency channels. Consider
theparallel𝑅𝐿𝐶 circuit in Figure 1

Figure 1: Parallel Resonance Circuit

The steady-state admittance offered by the circuit is:
1 1
𝑌 = + 𝑗(𝜔𝐶 – )
𝑅 𝑤𝐿
Resonance occurs when the voltage and current at the input are in phase. This corresponds to a purely real
admittance, so that the necessary condition is given by
1
𝜔𝐶 – =0
𝑤𝐿
The resonant condition may be achieved by adjusting 𝐿, 𝐶, 𝑜𝑟 𝜔. Keeping L and C constant, the resonant
frequency 𝜔𝑜 is given by:
1
𝜔𝑜 =
√𝐿𝐶
1
ƒ𝑜 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

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 Lab Experiment 12

Frequency Response
It is a plot of output voltage of a resonance circuit as function of frequency. The response of course starts at
zero, reaches a maximum value in the vicinity of the natural resonant frequency, and then drops again to zero
as ω becomes infinite. The frequency response is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Frequency Response of parallel resonance circuit

The frequencies 𝜔1 and 𝜔2 are indicated as half-power frequencies. These frequencies locate those points on
the curve at which the voltage response is 1/√2 or 0.707 times the maximum value. They are used to measure
the band-width of the response curve. This is called the half-power bandwidth of the resonant circuit and is
defined as:
1
BW = ω2 − ω1 =
𝑅𝐶
Pre Lab Exercise
1. In the parallel RLC circuit of Figure 3, 𝑅 = 8𝐾Ω, 𝐿 = 0.2𝑚𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐶 = 8µ𝐹.Find the followings:
a. Resonant frequency and the half-power frequencies
b. Inductive and capacitive reactance at resonant frequencies
c. Current through all three parallel components
d. Determine power dissipated at𝑤𝑜 , 𝑤1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤2

Figure 3

In Lab Task
Task 1: Resonant Circuit
1. Set up the circuit shown in Figure 4. Use these component values 𝑅 = 1 𝐾𝛺, 𝐶 =
1 𝜇𝐹𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐿 = 33 𝑚𝐻

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 Lab Experiment 12

Figure 4: Parallel resonance circuit

2. Use𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑉𝑝𝑝 sinusoidal input to the circuit

3. Connect channels 1 and 2 of the oscilloscope to measure 𝑉𝑖𝑛 and 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 simultaneously
4. Vary the frequency from 500𝐻𝑧𝑡𝑜 2 𝐾𝐻𝑧 in small steps, until at a certain frequency is reached
the output of the circuit on Channel B, is maximum. This is the resonant frequency of the circuit
5. Repeat the task 1 in Figure 4 and use𝐿 = 33𝑚𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐶 = 0.01µ𝐹𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑅 = 1 𝐾𝛺. The 𝑉𝑜 across
the resistor is proportional to the series RLC circuit current.
6. Using the data of Table 1, draw the magnitude and phase plots of the of the circuit’s output voltage
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑝−𝑝)
Frequency (𝐾𝐻𝑧) 𝑣𝑖𝑛(𝑝−𝑝)

Post Lab Task

1. Design the parallel RLC resonant circuit in which resonant frequency is your registration number,
assume 𝑅 = 1𝐾Ω.
2. Draw the magnitude and phase plots for above designed circuit

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 Lab Experiment 12

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 88

 Lab Experiment 13

LAB # 13
To measure the impedance, admittance and hybrid parameter for
unknown two port network using software tool

Objectives
 To measure the impedance, admittance and hybrid parameter for unknown two port network using
LTspice

Pre Lab
The aim of this lab is to develop the set of parameters that may be used to relate the output variables of
voltage and current, typically designated as 𝑉2 and 𝐼2 , respectively, to the input variables of voltage and
current, typically designated as 𝑉1 and 𝐼1 , respectively. This approach is used to characterize a variety of
components and circuit element combinations from filters, through transistors, to microwave circuits.
A port consists of a pair of terminals; current enters through one of the terminals and the same current leaves
the other terminal. A resistor is a one-port network. In this lab we will study two-port networks with one input
port and one output port. Such networks are often treated as “black boxes” or modules that may be plugged
into a circuit to accomplish some task, such as filtering the signal or providing a controlled voltage. Engineers
need a way to characterize the behaviour of such a network and have developed several sets of parameters
to do that. Each of these parameter sets relates the input (side 1) and output (side 2) voltages and currents.
Impedance and admittance parameters are commonly used to characterize filters, and are often useful in
designing and characterizing impedance matching and power distribution networks.
The term admittance is often applied to the use of either impedance or admittance parameters.
Be aware that because the voltages and currents are phasors with magnitude and phase angle, the parameters
also have magnitude and phase angle. A simple RMS measurement will not suffice.
In Z parameters of a two port network, the input and output voltages V1 and V2 can be expressed in terms of
input and output currents I1 and I2. Out of four variables i.e. (𝑉1, 𝑉2 ,𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 are dependent variables
whereas𝐼1 and 𝐼2 are independent variables. The impedance parameters (z parameters) relate the input and
output voltagesto the input and output currentsby the following two equations:

𝑉1=𝑧11 𝐼1 + 𝑧12 𝐼2
𝑉2=𝑧21 𝐼1 + 𝑧22 𝐼2
or in matrix notation:
𝑉 𝑧11 𝑧12 𝐼1
[ 1 ] =[𝑧 𝑧22 ] [𝐼2 ]
𝑉2 21

The z parameters have units of ohms and are most easily found by applying a set of open-circuit testson the
circuit. When we apply a voltage to the input with the output open-circuited, we canmeasure the input current
and output voltage and find the first two z parameters as follows:

𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑧11 = ] 𝑧21 = ]
𝐼1 𝐼2=0 𝐼1 𝐼2=0

We can determine the other two z parameters by applying a similar test to the output with the input open-
circuited:
𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑧12 = ] 𝑧22 = ]
𝐼2 𝐼1=0 𝐼2 𝐼1=0

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 Lab Experiment 13

Sometimes the impedance parameters do not exist because the voltages cannot be described by equation 9.1.
Therefore, we need alternatives, such as the admittance parameters.

The admittance parameters (y parameters) relate the input and output currentsto the input and output
voltages by the following two equations:

𝐼1 =𝑦11 𝑉1 + 𝑦12 𝑉2

𝐼2 =𝑦21 𝑉1 + 𝑦22 𝑉2

or in matrix notation:
𝐼 𝑦11 𝑦12 𝑉1
[ 1 ] =[𝑦 𝑦22 ] [𝑉2 ]
𝐼2 21

The y parameters have units of Siemens (or mhos) and are most easily found by applying a set of
Short circuit testson the circuit. When we apply a voltage to the inputs with the output short circuited, we can
measure the input current and output current to find the first two y parameters:

𝐼1 𝐼2
𝑦11 = ] 𝑦21 = ]
𝑉1 𝑉2=0 𝑉1 𝑉2=0

We can determine the other two y parameters by applying a similar test to the output with the input short-
circuited:
𝐼1 𝐼2
𝑦12 = ] 𝑦22 = ]
𝑉2 𝑉1=0 𝑉2 𝑉1=0

There are occasions where neither the impedance nor the admittance parameters exist, so there is need for
still another set of parameters.
The hybrid parameters (h parameters) are based on making 𝑉1and 𝐼2 the dependent variables, and relating
them to cross-variables V2 and I1. The h parameters satisfy the equations

𝑉1=ℎ11 𝐼1 + ℎ12 𝑉2

𝐼2 =ℎ21 𝐼1 + ℎ22 𝑉2

or in matrix notation:
𝑉 ℎ ℎ12 I1
[ 1 ] =[ 11 ][ ]
𝐼2 ℎ21 ℎ22 𝑉2

The h parameters are found using a mix of short- and open-circuit tests as follows:
Short-circuit tests
𝑉1 𝐼2
ℎ11 = ] ℎ21 = ]
𝐼1 𝑉2=0 𝐼1 𝑉2=0

Open-circuit tests
𝑉1 𝐼2
ℎ12 = ] ℎ22 = ]
𝑉2 𝐼1=0 𝑉2 𝐼1=0

PROCEDURE
Warning: Unless you are careful in you’re planning, in carrying out the experiment, and in recording your data,
you are very likely to make errors. In this lab you must figure out how to do most steps on your own.

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 Lab Experiment 13

Hint:Performing this lab is actually very straightforward, if you take it a step at a time. Think about what you
have learned during this semester. If you need to measure the phase angle of a voltage or current, you will
need to use the oscilloscope. When necessary, insert a sense resistor of about 10 ohms and measure the
voltage across it, including its phase shift, then calculate the magnitude of the current flowing through the
sense resistor. Be sure that you have accurately measured the resistor value, though, and not just relied on
the nominal value. Use only one resistor decade box (it will make your life easier), and be careful where you
put the resistor, so you don’t make a grounding error on the oscilloscope.

Carefully record each of the measurements and calculations in table. Think about what you are doing, sketch
the circuit, work meticulously and methodically, and record your data carefully in tables.

Pre Lab Exercise

1. Find the hybrid parameters for the two-port network of Figure. 1

Figure 1

In Lab Task

Task 1:
1. Use the function generator to apply a 1 𝑘𝐻𝑧 sine wave of about 10 𝑉𝑝𝑝 to the input terminals of the
circuit in Figure. 2
2. Make the current and voltage measurements necessary to compute the parameters 𝑧11 and 𝑧21 for
the z-parameter set. Note that you must determine not only the magnitude but also the phase of the
voltages and currents involved.
3. Now apply the 10 𝑉𝑝𝑝 , 1 𝑘𝐻𝑧 sine wave to the output terminals.
4. Make the current and voltage measurements necessary to calculate the parameters 𝑧12 and 𝑧22 .
5. Describe your procedure in your laboratory notebook and record the data necessary to calculate the
values for these parameters, including magnitude and phase.

Task 2:
1. Repeat Part 1 to determine the two-port parameter values for the y-parameter set

Task 3:
1. Repeat Part 1, as needed, to determine the two-port parameter values for the h-parameter set.

Figure 2: Network to acquire impedance and admittance parameters

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 Lab Experiment 13

Figure 3:Network to acquire hybrid parameters

Z Parameters
When I/p is open circuited When O/p is open
circuited
S.NO 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏

𝒛𝟏𝟏 = _____________________
𝒛𝟐𝟏 = _____________________
𝒛𝟏𝟐 = _____________________
𝒛𝟐𝟐 = _____________________

Y Parameters
When I/p is short circuited When O/p is short circuited

𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
S.NO

𝒚𝟏𝟏 = _____________________
𝒚𝟏𝟐 = _____________________
𝒚𝟐𝟏 = _____________________
𝒚𝟐𝟏 = ____________________

h Parameters
S.NO When I/p is short circuited When O/p is open circuited

𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟐

𝒉𝟏𝟏 = _____________________

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 Lab Experiment 13

𝒉𝟏𝟐 = _____________________
𝒉𝟐𝟏 = _____________________
𝒉𝟐𝟐 = _____________________

Post Lab Task

1. Prove that the parameter values, which you have calculated for the various two-port network
representations (impedance, admittance and hybrid) in last exercise is valid for frequency, value of
frequency is your registration number.

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 93

 Lab Experiment 13

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 94

 LAB # 14
To design and construct second and third order RC low pass filter circuits
using software tool

Objectives
 To design second and third order low pass RC filters for desired cut-off frequency using standard
design criteria
 To construct the designed circuit and measure the parameters for computing cut-off frequency using
trainer board, digital oscilloscope, function generator and LTspice
 To compare the measured cut-off frequency with calculated and sketch its frequency response using
theoretical concepts

Pre Lab
As more stages are added, the filter becomes able to better reject high frequency noise. When plotted on a
Bode plot, the gain approaches two asymptotes: the low frequency gain approaches a constant gain of 0dB
while the high-frequency gain drops as 20N dB/decade where N is the number of stages.
The single stage RC filter is a low pass filter, low frequencies are passed (have a gain of one) while high
frequencies are rejected (the gain goes to zero). This is a useful filter to remove noise from an original signal.
Many types of signals are predominantly low-frequency in nature - meaning they change slowly. This includes
measurements of temperature, pressure, volume, position, speed, etc. Noise, however, tends to be at all
frequencies, and is seen as the “fuzzy” line on your oscilloscope when you amplify the signal.
The trick when designing a low-pass filter is to select the RC time constant so that the gain is one over the
frequency range of your signal (so it is passed unchanged) but zero outside this range (to reject the noise).

Second Order Low Pass Filter

Second order low-pass filter (LPF) is shown in Figure.1. It is called “second order" because it contains two
resistors, and two capacitors. A 2ndorder LPF consists of a chain of two 1st order LPFs.
One problem with adding stages to an RC filter is that each following stage 'loads' on the previous stage. This
loading bleeds some current from the previous capacitor, changing the circuit output voltage. If you make the
impedance of each stage 10 times the previous stage, this loading is less than 10%, meaning that the transfer
function will be close to that from lab 8. The value of R2 has purposely been chosen to be 10 times larger than
R1 and the value of C2 has purposely been chosen to be 10 times smaller than R1.
It also means that every RiCi is the same, which makes the situation computationally easy. Every time you add
on an RC into chain, you should continue the pattern of increasing R by a factor of10 and decreasing C by a
factor of 10. This rule of thumb is a very good one to keep in mind.

Figure1: Second Order RC Low Pass Filter

 Lab Experiment | 14

Third Order Low Pass Filter

Third order low-pass filter (LPF) is shown in Figure. 2. It is called “third order" because it contains three
resistors, and three capacitors. A third order LPF consists of a chain of three first order LPFs.

The gain of this filter is approximately the gain of each stage analyzed separately (i.e. the loading effects are
ignored).

1
Y1=( )X
jωR1C1+1

1
Y2=( )Y1
jωR2C2+1

1
Y3=( )
𝑗𝜔𝑅3𝐶3+1

Figure 3: Third order low pass filter graph

Pre Lab Exercise

1. Design a first order low pass filter for frequency of 4.8KHz

In Lab Task
Task 1: Second order RC Low Pass Filter
1. Construct the circuit of low pass filter in Figure 1. Use supply voltage of Vin=10 V

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 Lab Experiment | 14

2. Connect channels 1 and 2 of the oscilloscope to measure and simultaneously.

3. Vary the frequency from 100 Hz 100KHz and record the indicated values in Table 1. For each
frequency change, make sure that Vin is still 10Vpp .
4. Using Table 1, sketch a magnitude and phase response of the filter’s output voltage.

Task 2: Third Order RC Low Pass Filter

1. Construct the circuit of low pass filter in Figure 2. Use supply voltage of Vin=10 Vpp
2. Connect channels 1 and 2 of the oscilloscope to measure Vin and Vout simultaneously.
3. Vary the frequency from 100 Hz to 100KHz and record the indicated values in Table 2. For each
frequency change, make sure that Vin is still 10Vpp.
4. Using Table 2, sketch a magnitude and phase response of the filter’s output voltage.

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 97

 Lab Experiment | 14

Post Lab Task

1. From your understanding, explain why third order has the better efficiency than the other first order
and second order filters.
2. Simulate the second and third order RC low pass filter using LT Spice and compare the results with
hardware observations.

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 98

 Lab Experiment | 14

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

|EEE222 | Electric Circuit Analysis-II 99