Microprocessor Systems and

Interfacing
EEE 342

Moazzam Ali sahi

[email protected]
Course Description File (CDF)

Friday, September 18, 2020 2

Lectures

◼ Lecture notes posted on the site

◼ Please be courteous in class

❑ Arrive on time
❑ Turn off cell phones / sound on laptop
❑ Keep quiet …
❑ Drinking or eating is strictly prohibited

◼ Attendance is important
❑ There are just things that you cannot learn from reading notes
❑ 80% is must to appear in final exam and pass the course

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Few Recommendations
◼ “Eighty percent of success is showing up.”
❑ Come to lectures, discussions, lab

◼ If you are not sure: ask!

❑ Talk to us after class, send email, come to office hours
❑ Early communication solves problems easiest
❑ Don’t wait until it’s too late

◼ Email protocol
❑ Write your full name and registration ID.
◼ We need to know who you are.
❑ Do not forget to write subject of email
❑ Be professional

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Course Contents
◼ Introduction to Programmers model of 8086
◼ Addressing Modes & Assembly Language
Programming for 8086 Architecture.
◼ Memory types and Memory system
requirements
◼ Interfacing RAM/ROM with 8088 CPU
◼ I/O Devices and their interfacing
◼ Stack and Stack Programming
◼ Interfacing RAM/ROM with 8086 CPU
◼ I/Os & PPIs interfacing
◼ Introduction to Microcontrollers PIC, STM
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Number System and Conversions

◼ Outline
❑ Binary numbers
❑ Number-Base conversions
❑ Octal and hexadecimal numbers
❑ Complements and signed binary numbers
❑ Binary codes
❑ Storage and registers
❑ Binary logic

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Digital Computer Systems
◼ Digital systems consider discrete amounts of data.

◼ Examples
❑ 26 letters in the alphabet
❑ 10 decimal digits

◼ Larger quantities can be built from discrete values

❑ Words made of letters
❑ Numbers made of decimal digits (e.g. 239875.32)

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Digital Computer Systems

◼ Questions to ask
❑ How the numbers are represented in digital systems?
❑ How computer performs basic arithmetic operations?

◼ Computers operate on binary values (0 and 1)

◼ Easy to represent binary values electrically

❑ Voltages and currents
❑ Advantages
◼ Can be implemented using circuits
◼ Create the building blocks of modern computers

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Understanding Decimal Numbers
◼ Decimal numbers are made of decimal digits:
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
◼ But how many items does a decimal number represent?
❑ 8653 = 8x103 + 6x102 + 5x101 + 3x100
◼ What about fractions?
❑ 97654.35 = 9x104 + 7x103 + 6x102 + 5x101 + 4x100 + 3x10-1 + 5x10-2
❑ In formal notation -> (97654.35)10
◼ Why do we use 10 digits, anyway?

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Understanding Binary Numbers
◼ Binary numbers are made of binary digits (bits)
❑ 0 and 1

◼ How many items does a binary number represent?

❑ (1011)2 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 = (11)10

◼ What about fractions?

❑ (110.10)2 = 1x22 + 1x21 + 0x20 + 1x2-1 + 0x2-2

◼ Groups of eight bits are called a byte

❑ (11001001) 2

◼ Groups of four bits are called a nibble

❑ (1101) 2

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Understanding Octal Numbers
◼ Octal numbers are made of octal digits
❑ 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

◼ How many items does an octal number represent?

❑ (4536)8 = 4x83 + 5x82 + 3x81 + 6x80 = (1362)10

◼ What about fractions?

❑ (465.27)8 = 4x82 + 6x81 + 5x80 + 2x8-1 + 7x8-2

◼ Octal numbers don’t use digits 8 or 9

◼ Why would someone use octal number, anyway?

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Understanding Hexadecimal Numbers
◼ Hexadecimal numbers are made of 16 digits
❑ (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A, B, C, D, E, F)

◼ How many items does an hex number represent?

❑ (3A9F)16 = 3x163 + 10x162 + 9x161 + 15x160 = 1499910

◼ What about fractions?

❑ (2D3.5)16 = 2x162 + 13x161 + 3x160 + 5x16-1 = 723.312510

◼ Note that each hexadecimal digit can be represented with

four bits.
❑ (1110) 2 = (E)16

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Exercise (Convert to decimal)
◼ (1011.101)2
◼ Answer = 11.625

◼ (24.6)8
◼ Answer = 20.75

◼ (IBC2)16
◼ Answer = 7106
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 Putting It All Together

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Convert an Integer from Decimal to
Another Base
◼ For each digit position
❑ Divide decimal number by the base (e.g. 2)
❑ The remainder is the lowest-order digit
❑ Repeat first two steps until no divisor remains

Example for (13)10

Integer Remainder Coefficient
Quotient
13/2 = 6 + ½ a0 = 1
6/2 = 3 + 0 a1 = 0
3/2 = 1 + ½ a2 = 1
1/2 = 0 + ½ a3 = 1

Answer (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 = (1101)2

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Exercise (Convert decimal to other bases)
◼ 291 to binary
◼ Answer = (100100011)2

◼ 291 to octal
◼ Answer = (443)8

◼ 291 to hexadecimal
◼ Answer = (123)16

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Convert a Fraction from Decimal to
Another Base
◼ For each digit position
❑ Multiply decimal number by the base (e.g. 2)
❑ The integer is the highest-order digit
❑ Repeat first two steps until fraction becomes zero

Example for (0.625)10

Integer Fraction Coefficient

0.625 x 2 = 1 + 0.25 a-1 = 1

0.250 x 2 = 0 + 0.50 a-2 = 0
0.500 x 2 = 1 + 0 a-3 = 1

Answer (0.625)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3 )2 = (0.101)2

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Exercise (Convert fraction to decimal)
◼ (0.513)10 to octal
◼ Answer = (0.406517…)8

◼ 0.513 x 8 = 4.104
◼ 0.104 x 8 = 0.832
◼ 0.832 x 8 = 6.656
◼ 0.656 x 8 = 5.248
◼ 0.248 x 8 = 1.984
◼ 0.984 x 8 = 7.872
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Binary Addition

◼ Binary addition is very simple.

◼ An example of adding two binary numbers

11 1 1 1
1 carries
1
1 1 1 0 1
+ 1 0 1 1 1
---------------------
1 0 1 0 1 0 0

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Binary Subtraction
▪ We can also perform subtraction (with borrows in
place of carries)
▪ Example: subtract (10111)2 from (1001101)2
1 10 borrows
0 10 10 0 0 10

1
0 1 1 0 10
- 1 0 1 1 1
------------------------
1 1 0 1 1 0

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Binary Multiplication
◼ Binary multiplication is much the same as decimal
multiplication
❑ The multiplication operations are much simpler

10 1 1 1
X 1 0 1 0
-----------------------
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
-----------------------
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
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Converting Between Base 16 and Base 2

3A9F16 = 0011 1010 1001 11112

3 A 9 F

▪ Conversion is easy
❑ Determine 4-bit value for each hex digit
▪ Note that there are 24 = 16 different values of four
bits
▪ Easier to read and write in hexadecimal
▪ Representations are equivalent

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Converting Between Base 16 and Base 8
3A9F16 = 0011 1010 1001 11112
3 A 9 F

352378 = 011 101 010 011 1112

3 5 2 3 7

1. Convert from Base 16 to Base 2

2. Regroup bits into groups of three starting from right
3. Ignore leading zeros
4. Each group of three bits forms an octal digit

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Exercise
◼ Convert base 16 to base 8 without
intermediate stage of base 10

◼ (B98D)16

◼ Answer = (134615)8

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Converting Between Base 8 and Base 16

◼ (673.124)8 = (110 111 011 . 001 010 100 )2

= (1 1011 1011 . 0010 1010 0 )

= (1 B B . 2 A)

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Complements
◼ Used in computers to simplify the subtraction
operation
◼ For each base-r system
❑ Diminished radix complement or r-1’s complement
❑ Radix complement or r’s complement
◼ For example for base-2 system
❑ 1’s complement
❑ 2’s complement
◼ For base-10 system
❑ 9’s complement
❑ 10’s complement
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Diminished Radix Complement (r-1’s
complement)
◼ Given a number ‘N’ in base ‘r’ with ‘n’ digits, r-1’s
complement is defined as (rn-1) – N
◼ For example if N = (546700)10 then r = 10 and
n=6
❑ (rn-1) = 106 – 1 = 999999
❑ 9’s complement of N = (rn-1) – N = 999999 – 546700 =
453299
❑ Similarly for N = (012398)10, 9’s complement of N is
999999 – 012398 = 987601

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Diminished Radix Complement (r-1’s
complement)
◼ For a binary number, r = 2 and r-1 or 1’s
complement can be found just like base-10 numbers
◼ For example if N = (1010)2 then r = 2 and n = 4
❑ (rn-1) = 24 – 1 = (15)10 = (1111)2
❑ 1’s complement of N = (rn-1) – N = 1111 – 1010 =
(0101)2
◼ Shortcut: Invert all the bits of N in order to take its
1’s complement
❑ 1’s complement of 1011000 → 0100111

❑ 1’s complement of 0101101 → 1010010

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Radix Complement (r’s complement)

◼ Given a number ‘N’ in base ‘r’ with ‘n’ digits, r’s

complement is defined as rn – N for N ≠ 0 and 0
for N = 0
❑ r’s complement can also be obtained by adding 1 to
r-1’s complement
◼ For example if N = (546700)10
❑ 9’s complement of N = (rn-1) – N = 999999 – 546700 =
453299
❑ 10’s complement of N = 9’s complement + 1 = rn– N =
453300

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Radix Complement (r’s complement)

◼ For a binary number, r = 2 and r or 2’s complement

can be found just like base-10 numbers
◼ For example if N = (1010)2 then r = 2 and n = 4
❑ 1’s complement of N = (rn-1) – N = 1111 – 1010 =
(0101)2
❑ 2’s complement of N = 1’s complement of N + 1 =
0110

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2’s Complement Shortcuts
◼ Algorithm 1
❑ Complement each bit and then add 1 to the result
❑ Example: Find the 2’s complement of (01100101)2
and of its 2’s complement

N = 01100101 [N] = 10011011

10011010 01100100
+ 1 + 1
--------------- ---------------
10011011 01100101

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2’s Complement Shortcuts

◼ Algorithm 2
❑ Starting with the least significant bit, copy all of the bits
up to and including the first 1 bit and then
complementing the remaining bits
❑ Example: Find the 2’s complement of (01100101)2

N =01100101
[N] = 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

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Signed Numbers and their representation
▪ Plus and minus sign used for decimal numbers: 25 (or
+25), -16, etc.
▪ For computers, desirable to represent everything as
bits
▪ Three types of signed binary number representations
▪ signed magnitude, 1’s complement, 2’s complement
▪ In each case: left-most bit indicates sign: positive (0) or
negative (1)
signed magnitude
000011002 = 1210 100011002 = -1210

Sign bit Magnitude Sign bit Magnitude

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1’s Complement Representation
▪ Invert all bits
❑ 00110011 → 11001100
❑ 10101010 → 01010101
▪ For an n bit number N, the 1’s complement is (2n-
1) – N
▪ To find negative of 1’s complement number take
the 1’s complement

000011002 = 1210 111100112 = -1210

Sign bit Magnitude Sign bit Magnitude

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2’s Complement Representation
▪ Invert all bits and add 1
❑ 00110011 → 11001101
❑ 10101010 → 01010110
▪ For an n bit number N the 2’s complement is (2n-1)
–N+1
▪ To find negative of 2’s complement number take
the 2’s complement

000011002 = 1210 111101002 = -1210

Sign bit Magnitude Sign bit Magnitude

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1’s Complement Addition

◼ Add +(1100)2 and +(0001)2

❑ (12)10 = +(1100)2 = 011002
❑ (1)10 = +(0001)2 = 000012

0 1 1 0 0
Add + 0 0 0 0 1
--------------
0 0 1 1 0 1
Step 1: Add binary numbers Add carry 0
Step 2: Add carry to low-order bit
--------------
Final 0 1 1 0 1
Result

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1’s Complement Subtraction

◼ Subtract +(0001)2 from +(1100)2

❑ (12)10 = +(1100)2 = 011002 0 1 1 0 0
❑ (-1)10 = -(0001)2 = 111102 - 0 0 0 0 1
--------------
1’s comp
0 1 1 0 0
Add + 1 1 1 1 0
--------------
1 0 1 0 1 0
Step 1: Take 1’s complement of 2nd operand Add carry 1
Step 2: Add binary numbers --------------
Step 3: Add carry to low order bit Final
Result 0 1 0 1 1
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2’s Complement Addition

◼ Add +(1100)2 and +(0001)2.

❑ (12)10 = +(1100)2 = 011002
❑ (1)10 = +(0001)2 = 000012

0 1 1 0 0
Add + 0 0 0 0 1
--------------
Step 1: Add binary numbers Final 0 0 1 1 0 1
Step 2: Ignore carry bit Result

Ignore

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2’s Complement Subtraction

◼ Subtract +(0001)2 from +(1100)2

❑ (12)10 = +(1100)2 = 011002 0 1 1 0 0
❑ (-1)10 = -(0001)2 = 111112 - 0 0 0 0 1
--------------
2’s comp
0 1 1 0 0
Add + 1 1 1 1 1
--------------
Step 1: Take 2’s complement of 2nd operand Final
Step 2: Add binary numbers Result 1 0 1 0 1 1
Step 3: Ignore carry bit

Ignore
Carry
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2’s Complement Subtraction: Example 2
◼ Let’s compute (13)10 – (5)10
❑ (13)10 = +(1101)2 = (01101)2
❑ (-5)10 = -(0101)2 = (11011)2
◼ Adding these two 5-bit codes
0 1 1 0 1
carry + 1 1 0 1 1
--------------
1 0 1 0 0 0

◼ Discarding the carry bit, the sign bit is seen to be

zero, indicating a correct result. Indeed,
(01000)2 = +(1000)2 = +(8)10

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2’s Complement Subtraction: Example 3
◼ Let’s compute (5)10 – (12)10
❑ (-12)10 = -(1100)2 = (10100)2
❑ (5)10 = +(0101)2 = (00101)2
◼ Adding these two 5-bit codes
0 0 1 0 1
+ 1 0 1 0 0
--------------
1 1 0 0 1
◼ Here, there is no carry bit and the sign bit is 1
❑ This indicates a negative result, which is what we
expect. (11001)2 = -(7)10

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Subtraction using r’s complements

◼ Subtraction of two n-digit unsigned numbers

M-N in base r is performed as follows
❑ Add M to r’s complement of N
❑ If M ≥ N sum will produce an end carry which can
be discarded
❑ If M < N sum does not produce end carry. Take r’s
complement of the result to know exact result

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Subtraction using r’s complements

◼ Let M = (52532)10, N = (3250)10, M – N = ?

M= 52532
N= 03250
10’s complement of N = 96750
M–N= 52532
+96750
__________
149282
Discard end carry and the result is
Answer = (49282)10

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Subtraction using r’s complements

◼ Let M = (3250)10, N = (72532)10, M – N = ?

M= 03250
N= 72532
10’s complement of N = 27468
M–N= 03250
+27468
__________
30718
No end carry in this case
Answer = - (10’s complement of M - N) = - 69282
Same rules can be applied to base-2 numbers

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Subtraction using r-1’s complements

◼ Subtraction of two n-digit unsigned numbers

M-N in base r is performed as follows
❑ Add M to r-1’s complement of N
❑ If M ≥ N sum will produce an end carry which will
be added to least significant digit of the sum
❑ If M < N sum does not produce end carry. Take r-
1’s complement of the result to know exact
answer

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Subtraction using r-1’s complements

◼ Let M = (1010100)2, N = (1000011)2, M – N = ?

M= 1010100
N= 1000011
1’s complement of N = 0111100
M–N= 1010100
+0111100
__________
10010000
Add end carry around
Answer = (0010001)2

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Subtraction using r-1’s complements

◼ Let M = (1000011)2, N = (1010100)2, M – N = ?

M= 1000011
N= 1010100
1’s complement of N = 0101011
M–N= 1000011
+0101011
__________
1101110
No end carry in this case
Answer = - (1’s complement of M - N) = -(0010001)

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