6.
1 p1-p2 [125 marks]
1. The micrograph is of a longitudinal section through the small intestine. [1 mark]
Which letter represents the circular muscle layer?
[Source: Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body]
Markscheme
C
2. Which part of the body secretes amylase, lipase and endopeptidase for [1 mark]
use in the digestion of food?
A. Mouth
B. Pancreas
C. Stomach
D. Small intestine
Markscheme
B
3. Where in the human body is lipase produced? [1 mark]
A. Stomach
B. Pancreas
C. Gall bladder
D. Liver
Markscheme
B
4. What are these structures? [1 mark]
[Source: Burgstedt | Dreamstime.com]
A. Fatty acids in the small intestine
B. Bacteria in the large intestine
C. Villi in the small intestine
D. Feces egested from the large intestine
Markscheme
C
5a. Describe how detritivores obtain nutrition and the effects they have in [4 marks]
ecosystems.
Markscheme
a. «detritivores» obtain nutrition from detritus/waste/dead bodies ✔
b. are heterotrophic ✔
c. removes large waste/cleans up the ecosystem
OR
helps control spread of disease ✔
d. facilitates further decomposition ✔
e. contribute to the supply of «inorganic» nutrients for autotrophs/nutrient
cycling
OR
improve soil conditions/aeration ✔
5b. Outline the role of amylase in digestion in humans. [4 marks]
Markscheme
a. amylase is an enzyme ✔
b. secreted by salivary glands/pancreas ✔
c. active/released into the mouth/small intestine ✔
d. acts on starch/polysaccharides ✔
e. breaks «glycosidic» bond by hydrolysis/adding water ✔
f. converts insoluble/large molecule to soluble/small molecules ✔
g. product is maltose/disaccharide/sugar molecule ✔
5c. Explain how plants capture and use light in photosynthesis. [7 marks]
Markscheme
a. plants convert light energy into chemical energy by photosynthesis ✔
b. photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts ✔
c. chloroplasts «are organelles that» contain the pigment chlorophyll ✔
d. chloroplasts/chlorophyll «in plants» absorb sunlight ✔
e. «chlorophyll» absorbs red AND blue light most effectively ✔
f. light causes photolysis/splits water molecule ✔
g. carbon dioxide AND water are reactants «in photosynthesis» ✔
h. glucose AND oxygen are products «of photosynthesis» ✔
i. light intensity is a limiting factor for the rate of photosynthesis ✔
j. organic/carbon compounds/glucose provide food/stored energy «for plant
itself, animals,food chains» ✔
k. up to one additional mark for an accurate detail from AHL ✔
6a. Outline four types of membrane transport, including their use of energy. [4 marks]
Markscheme
a. simple diffusion is passive movement of molecules/ions along a
concentration gradient ✔
b. facilitated diffusion is passive movement of molecules/ions along a
concentration gradient through a protein channel «without use of energy» ✔
c. osmosis is the passage of water through a membrane from lower solute
concentration to higher ✔ OWTTE
d. active transport is movement of molecules/ions against the concentration
gradient«through membrane pumps» with the use of ATP/energy ✔ Active transport
requires mention of the use of energy.
e. endocytosis is the infolding of membrane/formation of vesicles to bring
molecules into cell with use of energy
OR
exocytosis is the infolding of membrane/formation of vesicles to release
molecules from cell with use of energy ✔
f. chemiosmosis occurs when protons diffuse through ATP synthase «in
membrane» to produce ATP ✔
The description of each type of transport should include the name and brief
description.
mpa, mpb and mpc require reference to concentration.
6b. Draw the structure of a dipeptide. [3 marks]
Markscheme
a. two amino acids, one with NH 2/NH3+end and one with COOH/COO– end ✔
b. peptide bond between C=0 and N—H correctly drawn ✔
c. «chiral» C with H and R group on each amino acid ✔
d. peptide bond labelled/clearly indicated between C terminal of one amino
acid and N terminal of the second amino acid ✔
Labels not required for amino group and carboxyl group.
6c. Explain the action of enzymes in digestion and the different roles of at [8 marks]
least two named enzymes that are produced in the pancreas.
Markscheme
a. enzymes catalyse/speed up chemical reactions/lower the energy needed ✔
OWTTE
b. have specific active sites to which specific substrates bind ✔
c. enzyme catalysis involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates
with the active site ✔ OWTTE
d. enzymes break macromolecules into monomers/smaller molecules
indigestion ✔
e. smaller molecules/monomers more readily absorbed ✔
f. <<pancreas>> secretes enzymes into the «lumen of» small intestine ✔
g. the small intestine has an alkaline pH ✔
h. enzymes have maximum action at specific pHs
OR
enzymes can be denatured at other pHs ✔
i. amylase breaks down starch into sugars/disaccharides ✔
j. lipase breaks lipids/triglycerides into monoglycerides/fatty acids and glycerol
✔
k. endopeptidase/protease breaks «peptide» bonds in proteins/polypeptides ✔
l. accept any other valid pancreatic enzyme, substrate and product ✔
Award [6 max] if there is no mention of two specific groups of enzymes.
7. Which products are formed by the action of the enzymes protease and [1 mark]
amylase?
Markscheme
D
8. The photomicrograph drawing shows a longitudinal section of the small [1 mark]
intestine.
[Source: Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body]
What is the function of the tissue layers labelled X and Y?
A. Secretion of digestive enzymes
B. Absorption of digested food
C. Transport of absorbed foods
D. Movement of food in the intestine
Markscheme
D
9. The diagram shows the human digestive system. Which organ is [1 mark]
responsible for the majority of the absorption of digested food?
[Source: BruceBlaus/Wikimedia. File licensed under CC BY 3.0
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)]
Markscheme
C
10a. Distinguish between the structure of amylose and the structure of [1 mark]
amylopectin.
Markscheme
amylose unbranched/helical while amylopectin branched / vice versa
10b. Suggest the reason for cellulose passing undigested through the human [1 mark]
gut.
Markscheme
enzymes required to digest cellulose not present in the human gut OWTTE
OR
undigested cellulose provides bulk/fibre
10c. Draw an annotated diagram to show how a peptide bond is formed. [3 marks]
Markscheme
a. correct structure of two amino acids
b. H2O lost
c. C from COOH of one links to N of NH2/NH3+ from the other
d. correct labelling of the peptide bond
e.g.
10d. State two structural features that differ between RNA and DNA. [2 marks]
Markscheme
a. number of strands
OR
(usually) only one strand in RNA/two strands in DNA
b. base composition
OR
uracil only in RNA / thymine only in DNA
c. type of pentose
OR
ribose only in RNA / deoxyribose only in DNA
Edible insects have been a part of traditional human diets in many countries. For
example, crickets are insects commonly eaten in Asia and Africa. Many studies
have looked at the prospects of raising insects on a commercial scale for direct
human consumption as food or indirectly by feeding insects to farm animals.
One factor to consider is which organisms are most efficient at converting the
feed they eat into animal protein that can be consumed. A study compared the
percentage of mass that was edible in two common farm animals and in crickets.
11a. Identify which organism has the highest percentage of edible mass. [1 mark]
Markscheme
cricket
11b. Calculate how much more feed is required by cattle than chickens to [1 mark]
produce 1 kg of live mass.
Markscheme
25 − 4 = 21kg «more required for cattle»
Must state unit kg.
11c. Identify which organism requires the least feed to produce 1 kg of edible [1 mark]
mass.
Markscheme
cricket
The yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor ) is native to temperate regions of the
world and has been studied as a possible means of producing food in countries
with that type of climate. The amino acid content of yellow mealworms and cattle
was analysed. The table shows the results for seven amino acids that are required
in the human diet.
11d. Distinguish between the amino acid contents of yellow mealworms and [1 mark]
cattle.
Markscheme
a. mealworms have more isoleucine/leucine/valine than cattle
b. cattle have more lysine/methionine/phenylalanine/threonine
c. the total proportion of these amino acids is «slightly» greater in cattle (188
to 176)
11e. Predict, with a reason, whether the amino acid composition of yellow [1 mark]
mealworms or cattle is more suitable for a human diet.
Markscheme
a. cattle as they are more closely related to humans
b. cattle as they are more likely to have proteins with a similar amino acid
composition to humans OWTTE.
c. cattle as they contain a «slightly» higher proportion of «essential» amino
acids required in human diet (188 to 176)
OWTTE
The environmental impact of producing protein from mealworms was compared
with the impact of producing traditional protein sources. The graphs show the
greenhouse gas production (global warming potential) and land use due to the
production of 1 kg of protein from mealworms, chickens and cattle.
11f. Outline the differences between the environmental impact of using [2 marks]
mealworms and traditional farm livestock for protein production.
Markscheme
a. mealworms contribute much less to global warming than other traditional
farm livestock for protein production
b. mealworms require less land use than other traditional farm livestock for
protein production
Accept converse or OWTTE.
11g. Birds and mammals maintain constant body temperature despite [2 marks]
considerable losses of body heat to the environment. In insects such as
mealworms, body temperature is variable and is often the same as the
temperature of the environment or only slightly above it. Analyse the data in the
bar charts, using this information.
Markscheme
a. cell respiration required to generate heat (lost to environment) to maintain
body temperature
b. birds/chickens and mammals/cattle carry out cell respiration at higher rate
than insects
c. «chickens/cattle therefore» generate more CO2 per kg protein produced
d. «chickens/cattle» need more food/land area to produce body mass
e. feed conversion ratios are lower in mealworms/insects/cold blooded animals
as they do not need to maintain a constant body temperature (accept
converse)
11h. Using all the relevant data in this question, discuss the use of insects as [3 marks]
a major food source for humans.
Markscheme
a. insects/crickets have the highest edible percentage
b. insects have the lowest feed conversion ratio/produce the most edible mass
per kg of food they eat
c. insects supply amino acids required in the human diet
d. insects cause less global warming/use less land area per kg of protein
produced
e. in western countries, there is a disgust factor/cultural factors about eating
insects which would need to be overcome before they could be used as a
significant food source
f. insects may supply less proportions/content of amino acids required in
human diets
Every cell is surrounded by a cell surface membrane which regulates the
movement of materials into and out of the cell.
12a. Draw an annotated diagram of the fluid mosaic model of membrane [4 marks]
structure.
Markscheme
a. phospholipid bilayer – with head and tails
b. hydrophilic/phosphate/polar heads AND
hydrophobic/hydrocarbon/fattyacid/non-polar tails labelled. Both needed.
c. integral/intrinsic protein – embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
d. protein channel – integral protein showing clear channel/pore
e. peripheral/extrinsic protein – on the surface
f. glycoprotein with carbohydrate attached
g. cholesterol – shown embedded in bilayer
Award [1] for each structure clearly drawn and correctly labelled.
12b. Describe the processes involved in absorbing different nutrients across [4 marks]
the cell membrane of villus epithelium cells lining the small intestine.
Markscheme
a. «simple» diffusion of nutrients along/down a concentration gradient
b. example of simple diffusion, eg: fatty acids
c. facilitated diffusion of nutrients involves movement through channel
proteins
d. example of nutrient for facilitated diffusion eg: fructose
e. active transport of nutrients against a concentration gradient / involving
protein pumps
f. example of active transport, eg: (iron) ions/glucose/amino acids
g. endocytosis / by means of vesicles
h. example of nutrient for endocytosis, eg: cholesterol in lipoprotein particles
12c. Explain the events that occur during a nerve impulse and how the [7 marks]
impulse is propagated along an axon.
Markscheme
a. nerve impulses are action potentials propagated along axons of neurons
b. resting potential is −70 mV
OR
relatively negative inside in comparison to the outside
c. Na+/K+ pumps maintain/re-establish «the resting potential»
d. more sodium ions outside than inside «when at the resting potential»
OR
more potassium ions inside than outside «when at the resting potential»
e. action potential stimulates «wave of» depolarization along the
membrane/axon
f. «when neuron is stimulated» if threshold potential is reached Na + channels
open
g. sodium ions diffuse/move in
h. «Na+ move in» causing depolarization / inside of the neuron becomes more
positively charged than the outside of the neuron
i. potassium ion channels open
OR
potassium ions diffuse/move out
j. «K+ move out» causing repolarization
k. local currents
OR
description of Na+ ion diffusion between depolarized region and next region of
axon to depolarize
l. myelination increases propagation speed/allows saltatory conduction
Accept any of the points clearly explained in an annotated diagram.
13a. State one disaccharide and the two monomers from which it can be [2 marks]
synthesized.
Disaccharide:
1:
Monomers:
1:
and 2:
Markscheme
a. disaccharide name
eg: lactose, glucose and galactose
b. both monomers that make up mpa
eg: maltose, glucose and glucose
eg: sucrose, glucose and fructose
13b. Discuss the roles of the enzymes secreted by the pancreas during [3 marks]
digestion.
Markscheme
a. amylase breaks down/catalyzes/hydrolyses starch to maltose
b. lipase breaks down/catalyzes/hydrolyses fats to fatty acids and glycerol
c. proteases/peptidases break down/catalyze/hydrolyze proteins into smaller
polypeptides/dipeptides/amino acids
Award [2] if all three enzymes and substrates named correctly and one further
mark for all three products named
correctly.
Allow specific enzymes
13c. Compare and contrast cis-fatty acids and trans-fatty acids. [2 marks]
Markscheme
a. both are unsaturated fatty acids
OR
both have two carbon atoms joined by a double bond
b. in cis-fatty acids the two H atoms are on the same side while in trans-fatty
acids they are on opposite sides
OR
cis-fatty acids are healthier than trans-fatty acids
OR
cis-fatty acids have a lower boiling/melting point than trans
OR
cis-fatty acids have a kink «in the chain» but trans do not
Accept answer in an annotated diagram
14. Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The [1 mark]
cladogram on the left is based on DNA sequences and the cladogram on
the right is based on comparing protein sequences.
What is the reason that cladograms based on DNA sequences are more reliable
predictors of the phylogenetic relationship of species than cladograms based on
protein sequences?
A. Amino acids are not as chemically stable as DNA nucleotides.
B. DNA mutates but amino acids do not.
C. Several different triplets of bases can code for the same amino acid.
D. There are 20 different amino acids but only 4 nucleotides.
Markscheme
C
15. Which is a process occurring in the small intestine? [1 mark]
Markscheme
D
16. The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the [1 mark]
human reproductive system. The graph shows the percentage of samples
in which this bacterium showed resistance to six antibiotics over a period of ten
years.
What is a possible explanation for the total percentage resistance being larger
than 100% in 2010?
A. People do not take the antibiotics as prescribed.
B. More people have been sampled in that year.
C. There was an epidemic of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in that year.
D. Some bacteria are resistant to more than one antibiotic.
Markscheme
D
Native oyster populations are decreasing where rivers meet the ocean along the
northwest coast of North America. These oyster populations are being attacked by
a gastropod.
It is known that oysters and gastropods have hard parts composed of calcium
carbonate and that ocean acidification is increasing. Studies were carried out
using juvenile oysters and gastropods to investigate the effects of acidification on
the decrease in the population of oysters.
The first step was to raise oysters in two different mesocosms. One had seawater
at a normal concentration of CO 2 and the other had sea water with a high
concentration of CO2. Gastropods were raised in two further mesocosms with
normal and high CO2 concentrations respectively.
17a. Outline how acidified sea water could affect the shells of the oyster. [1 mark]
Markscheme
Shells might dissolve/deteriorate / become smaller/thinner/weaker / OWTTE
OR
shell formation reduced / more difficult
A juvenile gastropod will attack a juvenile oyster by using its tongue-like structure
(radula) to drill a hole through the oyster shell. Once the hole has been drilled, the
gastropod sucks out the soft flesh. Researchers investigated the shell thickness at
the site of the drill hole in relation to the size of the oyster. The results are seen in
this graph.
17b. Outline the trends shown in the data in the graph. [2 marks]
Markscheme
a. positive correlation between shell thickness and shell size
OR
as shell thickness increases, shell size «also» increases
b. (positive correlation) occurs at two different CO2 concentrations / both high
and normal concentrations
c. trend for thickness is «slightly» lower with high CO 2
Equal numbers of oysters raised in seawater with a normal CO 2 concentration and
in seawater with a high CO2 concentration were then presented together to the
gastropod predators in seawater with a normal CO2 concentration. The same
numbers of oysters from the two groups were also presented together to the
gastropods in seawater with a high CO2 concentration. The bar charts show how
many of the oysters were drilled by the gastropods and the mean size of drilled
oysters.
17c. Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high [1 mark]
CO2 concentration were than drilled oysters raised in seawater at a
normal CO2 concentration.
Markscheme
«approximately» 0.2 mm2
OR
«approximately» 40 % «smaller»
unit required
17d. Deduce from the data in the bar charts which factors were and were not[2 marks]
correlated significantly with the number of oysters drilled by the
gastropods.
Markscheme
a. significant factor: concentration of CO2 in which oysters were raised
b. insignificant factor: concentration of CO2 at which oysters were presented to
gastropods
17e. Suggest reasons for the differences in the numbers of oysters drilled, as [2 marks]
shown in the bar charts.
Markscheme
a. (because) shells are thinner/smaller when the oyster is raised in high
CO2/lower pH
OR
«because» lower pH/higher acidity prevents/reduces deposition of calcium
carbonate
b. gastropods target smaller/thinner-shelled oysters more
c. gastropods can eat/drill thin-shelled/smaller oysters at a faster rate (and
move onto another)
d. eating smaller oysters «from high CO2 environments» means given
population of gastropods require more oysters for same food intake
17f. The radula in a gastropod is hard but not made of calcium carbonate. [2 marks]
Outline how this statement is supported by the drilling success of the
gastropods in seawater with normal or high CO2 concentrations.
Markscheme
a. data shows that similar numbers are drilled regardless of conditions
b. since radulas are not affected by acidification
OR
radulas not made of calcium carbonate so (remain) strong/successful at drilling
17g. Using all the data, evaluate how CO 2 concentrations affect the [2 marks]
development of oysters and their predation by gastropods.
Markscheme
a. the data/trend lines indicate that a higher CO2 concentration diminishes the
shell thickness, making gastropod predation more successful
OR
the bar graphs suggest that oysters raised in a higher CO2 concentration are
smaller, making gastropod predation more successful
b. CO2 concentrations «during feeding» do not change the occurrence of
drilling/predation «by gastropods»
c. «limitation» no information about how exaggerated the CO2 concentrations
were
OR
«limitation» no information about numbers of gastropods used «in each
setting»
James Beard, a famous chef, once said “Food is our common ground, a universal
experience.”
18a. Explain how the small intestine moves, digests and absorbs food. [8 marks]
Markscheme
a. contraction of muscle «layers»/peristalsis helps move food
OR
circular muscle contraction prevents backward movement of food
OR
longitudinal muscle contraction moves food along gut
b. peristalsis/muscle contractions mix food with intestinal enzymes
c. enzymes digest macromolecules into monomers
Accept an example for mp c
d. pancreatic enzymes/amylase/lipase/endopeptidase «chemically» digest food
in«lumen of» small intestine
e. «pancreatic» amylase digests starch
OR
lipases digest lipids/fats/triglycerides
OR
endopeptidases/dipeptidases digest proteins/polypeptides
f. bile/bicarbonate secreted into the small intestine creates favorable pH for
enzymes
OR
bile emulsifies fat
g. some final digestion into monomers is associated with epithelial
cells/epithelium «of small intestine»
h. mucosa layer/inside surface/lining of small intestine contains villi/finger-like
projections
i. villi/microvilli increase surface area for better absorption
j. villi absorb products of digestion/monomers/mineral «ions»/vitamins
k. glucose/amino acids enter blood «capillaries»
OR
lipids enter lymph vessels/lacteals
l. absorption involves active transport/diffusion/facilitated diffusion
m. different nutrients are absorbed by different transport mechanisms
18b. Distinguish between the structures of the different types of fatty acids [4 marks]
in food.
Markscheme
a. fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated
b. unsaturated can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated
c. saturated fats have no double bonds/have maximum number of hydrogen
atoms
OR
unsaturated fatty acids have «at least one» double C=C bond
OR
polyunsaturated fatty acids have more than one double bond / OWTTE
d. cis-form has hydrogen atoms on same side of carbon double bond
OR
cis-form has bend at carbon double bond
e. trans-form has hydrogens on opposite sides of carbon double bond
OR
trans-form makes a straight carbon chain
f. length of hydrocarbon chain can vary
OR
position/number of carbon double bonds can vary
Accept labeled diagrams that illustrate these marking points
18c. Outline how leptin controls appetite. [3 marks]
Markscheme
a. leptin suppresses/inhibits appetite
b. is secreted by adipose tissue/fat «storage» tissue
c. level is controlled by amount of adipose tissue/«ongoing» food intake
d. leptin targets cells in hypothalamus/appetite control centre in brain
e. causes hypothalamus/control centre in brain to inhibit appetite
f. if amount of adipose tissue increases, blood leptin concentration rises
19. What is the main method of transport of monosaccharides such as [1 mark]
fructose across the intestinal epithelium?
A. Osmosis
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Endocytosis
D. Active transport
Markscheme
B
20. The diagram shows the layers of the tissues in a transverse section of the [1 mark]
human small intestine.
Which is the layer labelled with the letter X?
A. Mucosa
B. Circular muscle
C. Epithelium
D. Longitudinal muscle
Markscheme
B
21. What structures in the small intestine transport most fats? [1 mark]
A. Collecting ducts
B. Capillaries
C. Veins
D. Lacteals
Markscheme
D
22a. Draw a labelled diagram showing the interconnections between the [2 marks]
liver, gall bladder, pancreas and small intestine.
Markscheme
a. pancreas linked to small intestine by (pancreatic) duct (pancreas and small
intestine both must be labelled);
b. gall bladder shown associated with liver and linked to small intestine by
(bile) duct, (gall bladder and small intestine must be labelled);
c. showing (bile and pancreatic) ducts joined together before discharging in
small intestine;
Ducts are to be drawn as double line structures.
22b. Outline the role of glucagon in homeostasis of glucose. [2 marks]
Markscheme
a. (glucagon) released in response to low blood glucose levels;
b. (glucagon) increases blood glucose levels;
c. glucagon leads to conversion of polysaccharides/glycogen (in the liver) to
glucose;
Do not accept implication that glucagon directly converts glycogen to glucose.
22c. List two examples of polysaccharides. [1 mark]
Markscheme
starch / glycogen / cellulose
Award [1] for any two polysaccharides.
23. What are functions of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine? [1 mark]
Markscheme
A
24. The graph shows a correlation between the number of new cases of [1 mark]
stomach cancer and vegetable consumption for women in Poland.
What can be stated from the graph?
A. Vegetable consumption causes stomach cancer
B. 68 % of the data are gathered around the trend line
C. Causality cannot be stated from the graph alone
D. Only that the correlation is positive
Markscheme
C
25. Colonic irrigation involves regularly flushing the large intestine with [1 mark]
water. Why should this practice be avoided?
A. The large intestine absorbs water.
B. Vitamin-producing bacteria are eliminated.
C. It will stimulate the production of toxins.
D. Undigested remains of food are removed.
Markscheme
B
26. Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs? [1 mark]
A. Vena cava
B. Coronary vein
C. Pulmonary artery
D. Pulmonary vein
Markscheme
C
27. What role does the medulla of the brain have in controlling heart rate? [1 mark]
A. To secrete adrenaline to speed up the heart.
B. To stimulate myogenic heart muscle contraction.
C. To block pacemaker activity.
D. To adjust heart rate to changing blood pressure.
Markscheme
D
28. Which is a long-term effect of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on [1 mark]
the immune system?
A. Fewer bacterial infections
B. Fewer active lymphocytes
C. More antibody production
D. More antigen recognition
Markscheme
B
29. During expiration, how does air pressure in the lungs compare with [1 mark]
atmospheric pressure?
A. Lung air pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
B. Lung air pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
C. Lung air pressure starts below atmospheric pressure and rises above it.
D. Lung air pressure starts above atmospheric pressure and falls below it.
Markscheme
A
30. Where do motor neurons conduct impulses from and to? [1 mark]
A. From effectors to the central nervous system.
B. From receptors to the central nervous system.
C. From neurons to other neurons.
D. From the central nervous system to effectors.
Markscheme
D
31. What are increasing levels of progesterone responsible for during the [1 mark]
female menstrual cycle?
A. Stimulating ovulation
B. Development of the follicle
C. Thickening of the endometrium
D. Menstruation
Markscheme
C
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