Crystal Structure and Crystal System

1. Introduction
2. Symmetry and Lattices
      Bravais Lattices
      Point Symmetry Operations
3. Crystal Systems
      Isometric
      Hexagonal
      Tetragonal
      Orthorhombic
      Monoclinic
      Triclinic
4. Crystal Forms
      Monohedron
      Parallelohedron
      Dihedron
      Disphenoid
      Prism
      Pyramid
      Dipyramid
      Trapezohedron
      Scalenohedron
      Rhombohedron
      Tetrahedron
5. Crystal Classes
      Table of Crystal Classes
1. Introduction
      The discipline of crystallography has developed a descriptive terminology
which is applied to crystals and crystal features in order to describe their
structure, symmetry, and shape. This terminology defines the crystal lattice
which provides a mineral with its ordered internal structure. It also describes
various types of symmetry. By considering what type of symmetry a mineral
species possesses, the species may be categorized as a member of one of six
crystal systems and one of thirty-two crystal classes.

      The concept of symmetry describes the periodic repetition of structural

features. Two general types of symmetry exist. These include translational
symmetry and point symmetry. Translational symmetry describes the periodic
repetition of a motif across a length or through an area or volume. Point
symmetry, on the other hand, describes the periodic repetition of a motif around
a point.

      Reflection, rotation, inversion, and rotoinversion are all point symmetry
operations. A reflection occurs when a motif on one side of a plane passing
through the center of a crystal is the mirror image of a motif which appears on
the other side of the plane. The motif is said to be reflected across the mirror
plane which divides the crystal. Rotational symmetry arises when a structural
element is rotated a fixed number of degrees about a central point before it is
repeated. If a crystal possesses inversion symmetry, then every line drawn
through the center of the crystal will connect two identical features on opposite
sides of the crystal. Rotoinversion is a compound symmetry operation which is
produced by performing a rotation followed by an inversion.
      A specified motif which is translated linearly and repeated many times will
produce a lattice. A lattice is an array of points which define a repeated spatial
entity called a unit cell. The unit cell of a lattice is the smallest unit which can
be repeated in three dimensions in order to construct the lattice. The corners of
the unit cell serve as points which are repeated to form the lattice array; these
points are termed lattice points.

      The number of possible lattices is limited. In the plane only five different
lattices may be produced by translation. The French crystallographer Auguste
Bravais (1811-1863) established that in three-dimensional space only fourteen
different lattices may be constructed. These fourteen different lattice structures
are thus termed the Bravais lattices.
      The reflection, rotation, inversion, and rotoinversion symmetry operations
may be combined in a variety of different ways. There are thirty-two possible
unique combinations of symmetry operations. Minerals possessing the different
combinations are therefore categorized as members of thirty-two crystal
classes; each crystal class corresponds to a unique set of symmetry operations.
Each of the crystal classes is named according to the variant of a crystal form
which it displays. Each crystal class is grouped as one of the six different
crystal systems according to which characteristic symmetry operation it
possesses.
      A crystal form is a set of planar faces which are geometrically equivalent
and whose spatial positions are related to one another by a specified set of
symmetry operations. If one face of a crystal form is defined, the specified set
of point symmetry operations will determine all of the other faces of the crystal
form.
      A simple crystal may consist of only a single crystal form. A more
complicated crystal may be a combination of several different forms. The
crystal forms of the five non-isometric crystal systems are the monohedron or
pedion, parallelohedron or pinacoid, dihedron, or dome and sphenoid,
disphenoid, prism, pyramid, dipyramid, trapezohedron, scalenohedron,
rhombohedron and tetrahedron. Fifteen different forms are possible within the
isometric system.

      Each crystal class is a member of one of six crystal systems. These systems
include the isometric, hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and
triclinic systems. The hexagonal crystal system is further broken down into the
hexagonal and rhombohedral divisions. Every crystal of a certain crystal
system will share a characteristic symmetry element with the other members of
its system. The crystal system of a mineral species may sometimes be
determined visually by examining a particularly well-formed crystal of the
species.

2. Symmetry and Lattices

Symmetry

      Crystals possess a regular, repetitive internal structure. The concept of

symmetry describes the repetition of structural features. Crystals therefore
possess symmetry, and much of the discipline of crystallography is concerned
with describing and cataloging different types of symmetry.
      Two general types of symmetry exist. These consist of translational
symmetry and point symmetry. Translational symmetry describes the periodic
repetition of a structural feature across a length or through an area or volume.
Point symmetry, on the other hand, describes the periodic repetition of a
structural feature around a point. Reflection, rotation, and inversion are all
point symmetries.

Lattices

      The concept of a lattice is directly related to the idea of translational

symmetry. A lattice is a network or array composed of single motif which has
been translated and repeated at fixed intervals throughout space. For example, a
square which is translated and repeated many times across the plane will
produce a planar square lattice.

      The unit cell of a lattice is the smallest unit which can be repeated in three
dimensions in order to construct the lattice. In a crystal, the unit cell consists of
a specific group of atoms which are bonded to one another in a set geometrical
arrangement. This unit and its constituent atoms are then repeated over and
over in order to construct the crystal lattice. The surroundings in any given
direction of one corner of a unit cell must be identical to the surroundings in the
same direction of all the other corners. The corners of the unit cell therefore
serve as points which are repeated to form a lattice array; these points are
termed lattice points. The vectors which connect a straight line of equivalent
lattice points and delineate the edges of the unit cell are known as the
crystallographic axes.

      The number of possible lattices is limited. In the plane only five different
lattices may be produced by translation. One of these lattices possesses a square
unit cell while another possesses a rectangular unit cell. The third possible
planar lattice possesses a centered rectangular unit cell, which contains a lattice
point in the center as well as lattice points on the corners. The unit cell of the
fourth possible planar lattice is a parallelogram, and that of the final planar
lattice is a hexagonal unit cell which may alternately be considered a rhombus.

Bravais Lattices

      The French crystallographer Auguste Bravais (1811-1863) established that

in three-dimensional space only fourteen different lattices may be constructed.
The fourteen Bravais lattices may be divided among six crystal systems. These
are the isometric or cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic, and
hexagonal systems. The Bravais lattices are furthermore of three different
types. A primitive lattice has only a lattice point at each corner of the three-
dimensional unit cell. A body-centered lattice contains not only lattice points
at each corner of the unit cell but also contains a lattice point at the center of
the three-dimensional unit cell. A face-centered lattice possesses not only
lattice points at the corners of the unit cell but also at either the centers of just
one pair of faces or else at the centers of all three pairs of faces. The fourteen
Bravais lattices are therefore the primitive cubic, body-centered cubic, face-
centered cubic, primitive tetragonal, body-centered tetragonal, primitive
orthorhombic, body-centered orthorhombic, single face-centered orthorhombic,
multiple face-centered orthorhombic, primitive monoclinic, single face-
centered monoclinic, primitive triclinic, single face-centered hexagonal, and
rhombohedral lattices. (The rhombohedral lattice is a subset of the hexagonal
crystal system.)

Point Symmetry Operations

      Point symmetry describes the repetition of a motif or structural feature

around a single reference point, commonly the center of a unit cell or a crystal.
The different point-symmetry operations are reflection, rotation, inversion, and
the combined operation rotoinversion.

      A reflection occurs when the structure features on one side of a plane
passing through the center of a crystal are the mirror image of the structural
features on the other side. The plane across which the reflection occurs is then
termed a mirror plane.

      Rotational symmetry arises when a structural element is rotated a fixed

number of degrees about a central point and then repeated. A square, for
example, possesses 4-fold rotational symmetry because it may be rotated four
times by 90° about its central point before it is returned to its original position.
Each time it is rotated by 90° the resultant square will be identical in
appearance to the original square.

      If a crystal possesses inversion symmetry, then any line which is drawn
through the origin at the center of the crystal will connect two identical features
on opposite sides of the crystal.

      Rotoinversion is a compound symmetry operation which is produced by

performing a rotation followed by an inversion. 1-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold,
and 6-fold rotoinversion operations exist. Most of these rotoinversions may
alternately be described by a specified set of rotation, reflection and inversion
operations. A 1-fold rotoinversion is equivalent to rotation by 360° followed by
inversion. This procedure is ultimately equivalent to a single inversion. A 2-
fold rotoinversion axis is equivalent to reflection through a mirror plane
perpendicular to the rotoinversion axis. A crystal which possesses a 3-fold
rotoinversion axis is equivalent to one which possesses both 3-fold rotational
symmetry and inversion symmetry. A 6-fold rotoinversion is equivalent to 3-
fold rotation and reflection across a mirror plane which lies at right angles to
the rotation axis. The only rotoinversion operation which cannot be replaced by
a combination of rotations, reflections and inversions is 4-fold rotoinversion.

      The reflection, rotation, inversion, and rotoinversion symmetry operations

may be combined in a variety of different ways. There are thirty-two different
possible combinations of these symmetry elements. Minerals possessing the
different combinations are therefore categorized as members of 32 possible
crystal classes. According to this schema, each crystal class corresponds to a
unique set of symmetry operations. Each crystal class is then placed into one of
the six different crystal systems so that several different classes are members of
each system.

3. Crystal Systems
      Every crystal class is a member of one of the six crystal systems. These
systems include the isometric, hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic,
monoclinic, and triclinic crystal systems. The hexagonal crystal system is
further broken down into hexagonal and rhombohedral divisions.
      Every crystal class which belongs to a certain crystal system will share a
characteristic symmetry element with the other members of its system. For
example, all crystals of the isometric system possess four 3-fold axes of
symmetry which proceed diagonally from corner to corner through the center
of the cubic unit cell. In contrast, all crystals of the hexagonal division of the
hexagonal system possess a single six-fold axis of rotation.

      In addition to the characteristic symmetry element, a crystal class may

possess other symmetry elements which are not necessarily present in all
members of the same system. The crystal class which possesses the highest
possible symmetry or the highest number of symmetry elements within each
system is termed the holomorphic class of the system. For example, crystals of
the holomorphic class of the isometric system possess inversion symmetry,
three 4-fold axes of rotational symmetry, the characteristic set of four 3-fold
axes of rotational symmetry which is indicative of the isometric crystal system,
six 2-fold axes of rotational symmetry, and nine different mirror planes. In
contrast, a crystal which is not a member of the holomorphic class yet still
belongs to the isometric system may possess only three 2-fold axes of rotational
symmetry and the characteristic four 3-fold axes of rotational symmetry.

      The crystal system of a mineral species may sometimes be determined in

the field by visually examining a particularly well-formed crystal of the
species.

Isometric
The isometric crystal system is also known as the cubic system. The
crystallographic axes used in this system are of equal length and are mutually
perpendicular, occurring at right angles to one another.
      All crystals of the isometric system possess four 3-fold axes of symmetry,
each of which proceeds diagonally from corner to corner through the center of
the cubic unit cell. Crystals of the isometric system may also demonstrate up to
three separate 4-fold axes of rotational symmetry. These axes, if present,
proceed from the center of each face through the origin to the center of the
opposite face and correspond to the crystallographic axes. Furthermore crystals
of the isometric system may possess six 2-fold axes of symmetry which extend
from the center of each edge of the crystal through the origin to the center of
the opposite edge. Minerals of this system may demonstrate up to nine different
mirror planes.

      Examples of minerals which crystallize in the isometric system are halite,
magnetite, and garnet. Minerals of this system tend to produce crystals of
equidimensional or equant habit. (Please refer to Section 2 for more
information on crystal habit.)

Hexagonal
      Minerals of the hexagonal crystal system are referred to three
crystallographic axes which intersect at 120° and a fourth which is
perpendicular to the other three. This fourth axis is usually depicted vertically.
      The hexagonal crystal system is divided into the hexagonal and
rhombohedral or trigonal divisions. All crystals of the hexagonal division
possess a single 6-fold axis of rotation. In addition to the single 6-fold axis of
rotation, crystals of the hexagonal division may possess up to six 2-fold axes of
rotation. They may demonstrate a center of inversion symmetry and up to seven
mirror planes. Crystals of the trigonal division all possess a single 3-fold axis of
rotation rather than the 6-fold axis of the hexagonal division. Crystals of this
division may possess up to three 2-fold axes of rotation and may demonstrate a
center of inversion and up to three mirror planes.
      Minerals species which crystallize in the hexagonal division are apatite,
beryl, and high quartz. Minerals of this division tend to produce hexagonal
prisms and pyramids. Example species which crystallize in the rhombohedral
division are calcite, dolomite, low quartz, and tourmaline. Such minerals tend
to produce rhombohedra and triangular prisms.

Tetragonal
Minerals of the tetragonal crystal system are referred to three mutually
perpendicular axes. The two horizontal axes are of equal length, while the
vertical axis is of different length and may be either shorter or longer than the
other two. Minerals of this system all possess a single 4-fold symmetry axis.
They may possess up to four 2-fold axes of rotation, a center of inversion, and
up to five mirror planes.

      Mineral species which crystallize in the tetragonal crystal system are zircon
and cassiterite. These minerals tend to produce short crystals of prismatic habit.

Orthorhombic
Minerals of the orthorhombic crystal system are referred to three mutually
perpendicular axes, each of which is of a different length than the others.
      Crystals of this system uniformly possess three 2-fold rotation axes and/or
three mirror planes. The holomorphic class demonstrates three 2-fold symmetry
axes and three mirror planes as well as a center of inversion. Other classes may
demonstrate three 2-fold axes of rotation or one 2-fold rotation axis and two
mirror planes.
      Species which belong to the orthorhombic system are olivine and barite.
Crystals of this system tend to be of prismatic, tabular, or acicular habit.

Monoclinic
Crystals of the monoclinic system are referred to three unequal axes.
Two of these axes are inclined toward each other at an oblique angle; these are
usually depicted vertically. The third axis is perpendicular to the other two. The
two vertical axes therefore do not intersect one another at right angles, although
both are perpendicular to the horizontal axis.

      Monoclinic crystals demonstrate a single 2-fold rotation axis and/or a single
mirror plane. The holomorphic class possesses the single 2-fold rotation axis, a
mirror plane, and a center of symmetry. Other classes display just the 2-fold
rotation axis or just the mirror plane.
      Mineral species which adhere to the monoclinic crystal system include
pyroxene, amphibole, orthoclase, azurite, and malachite, among many others.
The minerals of the monoclinic system tend to produce long prisms.

Triclinic
Crystals of the triclinic system are referred to three unequal axes, all of
which intersect at oblique angles. None of the axes are perpendicular to any
other axis.

      Crystals of the triclinic system may be said to possess only a 1-fold
symmetry axis, which is equivalent to possessing no symmetry at all. Crystals
of this system possess no mirror planes. The holomorphic class demonstrates a
center of inversion symmetry.

      Mineral species of the triclinic class include plagioclase and axinite; these
species tend to be of tabular habit.

4. Crystal Forms
     A crystal form is a set of faces which are geometrically equivalent and
whose spatial positions are related to one another according to the symmetry of
the crystal. If one face of a crystal form is defined, the point symmetry
operations which specify the class to which the crystal belongs also determine
the other faces of the crystal form.

      Fifteen different forms are possible within the isometric or cubic system.
These include the hexoctahedron, gyroid, hextetrahedron, diploid, and tetartoid,
among others. The crystal forms of the remaining five crystal systems are the
monohedron or pedion, parallelohedron or pinacoid, dihedron, or dome and
sphenoid, disphenoid, prism, pyramid, dipyramid, trapezohedron,
scalenohedron, rhombohedron, and tetrahedron.

      The crystal forms which occur in each crystal class and system must
possess a symmetry complementary to that of the associated crystal class and
system. For example, a monohedron, which possesses only one face, will never
occur in a crystal with inversion symmetry because the inversion operation
requires that an equivalent face be present on the opposite side of the crystal.

      A simple crystal may consist of only a single crystal form. A more
complicated crystal may be a combination of several different forms. All forms
which occur in a crystal of a particular system must be compatible with that
crystal system.

Monohedron
The monohedral crystal form is also called a pedion. It consists of a
single face which is geometrically unique for the crystal and is not
repeated by any set of symmetry operations. Members of the triclinic
crystal system produce monohedral crystal forms.
Parallelohedron
The parallelohedral crystal form is also called a pinacoid. It consists of
two and only two geometrically equivalent faces which occupy opposite
sides of a crystal. The two faces are parallel and are related to one
another only by a reflection or an inversion. Members of the triclinic
crystal system produce parallelohedral crystal forms.
Dihedron
The dihedron consists of two and only two nonparallel geometrically
equivalent faces. The two faces may be related by a reflection or by a
rotation. The dihedron is termed a dome if the two faces are related only
by reflection across a mirror plane. If the two faces are related instead by
a 2-fold rotation axis then the dihedron is termed a sphenoid. Members
of the monoclinic crystal system produce dihedral crystal forms.
Disphenoid
Members of the orthorhombic and tetragonal crystal systems produce
rhombic and tetragonal disphenoids, which possess two sets of
nonparallel geometrically equivalent faces, each of which is related by a
2-fold rotation. The faces of the upper sphenoid alternate with the faces
of the lower sphenoid in such forms.
Prism
A prism is composed of a set of 3, 4, 6, 8, or 12 geometrically
equivalent faces which are all parallel to the same axis. Each of these
faces intersects with the two faces adjacent to it to produce a set of
parallel edges. The mutually parallel edges of all intersections of the
prism sides then form a tube. Prisms are given names based on the shape
of their cross section. Variants of the prism form include the rhombic
prism, tetragonal prism, trigonal prism, and hexagonal prism. A prism in
which the large faces are divided into two mirror-image faces which
intersect with one another at an oblique angle is called a ditetragonal
prism, a ditrigonal prism, or a dihexagonal prism. Prisms are associated
with the members of the monoclinic crystal system.
Pyramid
A pyramid is composed of a set of 3, 4, 6, 8, or 12 faces which are not
parallel but instead intersect at a point. The orthorhombic, tetragonal and
hexagonal crystal systems all produce pyramids. These pyramids are
named according to the shape of their cross-section in the same way that
prisms are. Thus are produced the rhombic pyramid, tetragonal pyramid,
trigonal pyramid, and hexagonal pyramid. Each large face of the
ditetragonal pyramid, ditrigonal pyramid, and dihexagonal pyramids is
divided into two mirror-image faces which occupy an oblique angle with
respect to one another.
Dipyramid
The dipyramidal crystal form is composed of two pyramids placed
base-to-base and related by reflection across a mirror plane which runs
parallel to and adjacent to the pyramid bases. The upper and lower
pyramids may each have 3, 4, 6, 8, or 12 faces; the dipyramidal form
therefore possesses a total of 6, 8, 12, 16, or 24 faces. The orthorhombic,
tetragonal and hexagonal crystal systems all produce dipyramids. These
dipyramids are named for the shape of their cross-section just as prisms
and pyramids are, resulting in the rhombic dipyramid, trigonal
dipyramid, tetragonal dipyramid, and hexagonal dipyramid. The large
faces of the ditetragonal, ditrigonal and dihexagonal dipyramids are
divided into two mirror-image faces which intersect one another at an
oblique angle.
Trapezohedron
A trapezohedron is a crystal form possessing 6, 8, or 12 trapezoidal
faces. The tetragonal crystal system and both the trigonal and hexagonal
divisions of the hexagonal crystal system produce trapezohedral crystal
forms. Trigonal trapezohedra possess three trapezoidal faces on the top
and three on the bottom for a total of six faces; tetragonal trapezohedra
have four faces on top and four on the bottom for a total of eight faces;
and hexagonal trapezohedra have six faces on top and six on the bottom,
resulting in twelve faces total.
Scalenohedron
A scalenohedron consists of 8 or 12 faces, each of which is a scalene
triangle. The faces appear to be grouped into symmetric pairs. The
tetragonal and hexagonal crystal systems produce the scalenohedral
crystal form, of which examples may be further described as trigonal,
tetragonal and hexagonal scalenohedra.
Rhombohedron
The rhombohedral crystal form possesses six rhombus-shaped faces. A
rhombohedron resembles in appearance a cube which is poised upright
upon one corner and has been either flattened or elongated along an axis
which runs diagonally from corner to corner through the center. The
rhombohedral crystal form is produced only by members of the trigonal
and rhombohedral divisions of the hexagonal crystal system.
Tetrahedron
A tetrahedron is composed of four triangular faces. In crystals of the
isometric system each face is an identical equilateral triangle. In crystals
of the tetragonal system each face is an identical isoceles triangle; this
variant of the tetrahedron is called a tetragonal tetrahedron. In crystals of
the orthorhombic system the faces consist of two pairs of different
isoceles triangles; the crystal is then termed a rhombic tetrahedron.

5. Crystal Classes
      The reflection, rotation, inversion, and rotoinversion symmetry operations
may be combined in thirty-two different ways. Thirty-two different crystal
classes are therefore defined so that each crystal class corresponds to a unique
set of symmetry operations. Each of the crystal classes is named according to
the variant of a crystal form which it displays. For example, the isometric
hexoctahedral class belongs to the isometric crystal system and demonstrates
the hexoctahedral crystal form. The rhombic pyramidal, tetragonal pyramidal,
trigonal pyramidal and hexagonal pyramidal classes each display a variant of
the crystal form which is called a pyramid.

      Each crystal class is a member of one of the six different crystal systems
according to which characteristic symmetry operation it possesses. For
example, all crystals of the isometric system possess four 3-fold axes of
symmetry, while minerals of the tetragonal system possess a single 4-fold
symmetry axis and crystals of the triclinic class show no symmetry at all. The
rhombic pyramidal crystal class is thus a member of the orthorhombic crystal
system, the tetragonal pyramidal class is a member of the tetragonal crystal
system, and the trigonal and hexagonal pyramidal classes are members of the
rhombohedral (trigonal) and hexagonal divisions of the hexagonal crystal
system respectively.
Table of the 32 Crystal Classes

      The following table lists in bold type the six crystal systems. Included are
the isometric, hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic
systems. The tetragonal crystal system is further separated into the hexagonal
and trigonal or rhombohedral divisions. Under each crystal system the table
lists by name the crystal classes which occur within that system. For example,
the crystal classes which occur within the trigonal crystal system are the
trigonal monohedral and trigonal parallelohedral crystal classes. Adjacent to the
listing of each crystal class is the symmetry of the class.

      When listing the symmetry of each crystal class an axis of rotational
symmetry is represented by the capital letter A. Whether this axis is a 2-fold, 3-
fold, or 4-fold axis is indicated by a subscript following the letter A. The
number of such axes present is indicated by a numeral preceding the capital A.
1A2, 2A3, and 3A4 thus represent one 2-fold axis of rotation, two 3-fold axes, and
three 4-fold axes respectively. A center of inversion is noted by the lowercase
letter 'i' while a mirror plane is denoted by 'm'. The numeral preceding the m
indicates how many mirror planes are present. Axes of rotary inversion are
usually replaced by the equivalent rotations and reflections. For example, a 2-
fold rotoinversion axis is equivalent to reflection through a mirror plane
perpendicular to the rotoinversion axis. A crystal which possesses a 3-fold
rotoinversion axis is equivalent to one which possesses both 3-fold rotational
symmetry and inversion symmetry. A 6-fold rotoinversion is equivalent to 3-
fold rotation and reflection across a mirror plane at right angles to the rotation
axis. The only rotoinversion operation which cannot be thus replaced is 4-fold
rotoinversion, which is indicated by R4.

      The class which possesses the highest possible symmetry within each
crystal system is termed the holomorphic class of that system. The holomorphic
class of each crystal system is indicated in the table by bold type. For example,
the triclinic parallelohedron is the holomorphic class of the triclinic crystal
system while the isometric hexoctahedron is the holomorphic class of the
isomorphic or cubic crystal system. The characteristic symmetry element of
each crystal system is listed in bold type. It is thus apparent that the
characteristic symmetry element of the isometric crystal system is the
possession of four 3-fold axes of rotational symmetry, while the characteristic
symmetry element of the rhombohedral division of the hexagonal crystal
system is the possession of a single 3-fold axis of rotational symmetry.
 Crystal Class / Crystal Symmetry of
Crystal System Division
Form Class
Hexoctahedron i, 3A4, 4A3, 6A2, 9m
Gyroid 3A4, 4A3, 6A2
Isometric System Hextetrahedron 3A2, 4A3, 6m
Diploid i, 3A2, 4A3, 3m
Tetartoid 3A2, 4A3
Dihexagonal Dipyramid i, 1A6, 6A2, 7m
Hexagonal Trapezohedron 1A6, 6A2
Dihexagonal Pyramid 1A6, 6m
Hexagonal
Hexagonal System Ditrigonal Dipyramid 1R6, 3A2, 3m
Division i, 1A6, 1m
Hexagonal Dipyramid
Hexagonal Pyramid 1A6
Trigonal Dipyramid 1R6
Hexagonal Scalenohedron i, 1A3, 3A2, 3m
Trigonal or / Trigonal Trapezohedron 1A3, 3A2
Hexagonal System Rhombohedral Ditrigonal Pyramid 1A3, 3m
Division      Rhombohedron i, 1A3
Trigonal Pyramid 1A3
Ditetragonal Dipyramid i, 1A4, 4A2, 5m
Tetragonal Trapezohedron 1A4, 4A2
Ditetragonal Pyramid 1A4, 4m
Tetragonal System Tetragonal Scalenohedron 1R4, 2A2, 2m
Tetragonal Dipyramid i, 1A4, 1m
Tetragonal Pyramid 1A4
Tetragonal Disphenoid 1R4
Rhombic Dipyramid i, 3A2, 3m
Orthorhombic System Rhombic Disphenoid 3A2
Rhombic Pyramid 1A2, 2m
Prism i, 1A2, 1m
Monoclinic System Sphenoid 1A2
Dome 1m
Parallellohedron i
Triclinic System no symmetry
Monohedron