BDwbU

g~j¨‡eva, AvBb, ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨

(Values, Law, Liberty & Equality)
3

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡b g~j¨‡eva, AvBb, ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Kiv hvq| AvaywbK mgv‡R
bvMwiK wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡`i `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ myPviæiƒ‡c cvjb Kivi Rb¨ G welq¸‡jvi aviYv _vKv DwPZ| mgv‡R
emevm Ki‡Z †M‡j A‡bK ai‡bi wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wKQz wbqg-Kvbyb gvbyl we‡eK‡eva
†_‡K †g‡b P‡j| Avevi KZ¸‡jv wbqg-Kvbyb gvbyl mvgvwRK I ivóªxqfv‡e gvb¨ K‡i| A_©vr gvbyl wb‡Ri hv Lywk
Zv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Ggb cwiw¯’wZ ˆZwi n‡j mgv‡R I iv‡óª kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv eRvq _v‡K| mKj bvMwiKMY hvi-hvi
†hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx my‡hvM-myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡`i gv‡S GKwU mv‡g¨i fve envj _v‡K| hw` †KDB
wbqgKvbyb bv gv‡b, hvi hv Lywk ZvB K‡i, Zvn‡j mK‡jiB Amyweav nq Ges mgvR I ivóª emev‡mi Abyc‡hvMx
n‡q hvq| g~j¨‡eva, AvBb, ¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i g‡Zv welq¸‡jv Abykxjb K‡i gvbyl Zvi gvbweK ¸bvewj weKvk
NUv‡bvi m‡e©vËg my‡hvM cvq| G BD‡b‡U G welq¸‡jvi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n-
cvV-3.1: g~j¨‡ev‡ai aviYv I ˆewkó¨ cvV-3.7: ¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP
cvV-3.2: MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai aviYv I ¸iæZ¡ cvV-3.8: AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK©
cvV-3.3: mykvmb cÖwZôvq MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva cvV-3.9: ˆbwZKZvi aviYv, AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi m¤úK©
cvV-3.4: AvB‡bi aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM cvV-3.10: mv‡g¨i aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM
cvV-3.5: AvB‡bi kvmb cvV-3.11: mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK©
cvV-3.6: ¯^vaxbZvi aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM

BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq

cvV-3.1 g~j¨‡ev‡ai aviYv I ˆewkó¨ (Concept and Nature of Values)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• g~j¨‡ev‡ai aviYv cv‡eb|
• g~j¨‡eva wK? Zv msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• g~j¨‡ev‡ai g~j ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~j¨‡eva, ˆbwZKZv, we‡eK, AvPvi-AvPiY, PP©v|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)
g~j¨‡ev‡ai aviYv I ˆewkó¨
g~j¨‡eva GKwU gvbweK ¸bvejx| GwU GKRb gvby‡li bxwZ-ˆbwZKZv I we‡e‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj|
g~j¨‡eva mvgvwRK AvPvi-e¨envi, ms¯‹…wZ PPv© I mvgvwRKxKiY cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q m„wó nq| GwU AR©‡bi
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

welq, Av‡ivwcZ bq| g~j¨‡eva Gi wbw`©ó †Kvb gvcKvwV ev †hŠw³KZv cÖgv‡Yi my‡hvM †bB| †Kbbv GKR‡bi Kv‡Q
hv Av`©k, Zv Ab¨ R‡bi Kv‡Q weiw³i KviYI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e A‡b‡Ki g‡Z gvbweK ¸bvejx Ges mwVK we‡eK-
eyw×i ewn:cÖKvkB g~j¨‡eva| wewfbœ cwÛZ g~j¨‡eva‡K bvbvfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|
mgvRweÁvbx GBP Gg Rbmb (H.M. Johnson) Gi g‡Z ÒmvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva nj GKwU gvb`ÛÓ|
K¬vBW K¬‡z Lvb (Clyde Kluokhon) e‡jb ÒmvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva n‡”Q †mme cÖKvk¨ I Aby‡gq AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi aviv hv
e¨w³ I mgv‡Ri †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨ e‡j ¯^xK…ZÓ|
mgvRweÁvbx Gd B †gwij (F. E. Meril) e‡jb ÒmvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva n‡”Q wek¦v‡mi GK cÖK…wZ ev aiY, hv †MvôxMZ
Kj¨v‡Y msiÿY Kiv‡K gvbyl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b K‡i|
AZGe, mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva n‡”Q †mme aviYvi P~ovšÍ e¨vwß hv gvbyl wn‡m‡e GKRb e¨w³i Rxe‡b GKvšÍ Kvg¨|
mgv‡Ri Gme g~j¨‡eva gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Rb¨ jÿ¨ I cÖvwß w¯’i Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

g~j¨‡ev‡ai ˆewkó¨
1| ˆbwZK cÖvavb¨: g~j¨‡eva welqwU ˆbwZKZvi Dci wbf©ikxj| bxwZ-‰bwZKZvnxb e¨w³ mvaviYZ g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ
nq bv|
2| wbw`©óZv : †hgb, gv‡qi cÖwZ Kv‡iv m¤§vb| Avevi Zv mvaviYI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, †h cÖwZ‡ekx‡K fvjev‡m
Avm‡j †m wb‡R‡KB fvjev‡m|
3| wewfbœZv: ms¯‹…wZ †f‡` g~j¨‡eva wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Lv`¨vf¨vm, †cvkvK †_‡K ïiæ K‡i bvbv w`K
†_‡K cwðgv ms¯‹…wZi g~j¨‡ev‡ai mv‡_ evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi g~j¨‡ev‡ai cv_©K¨ Av‡Q|
4| Av‡cwÿKZv: g~j¨‡eva GKwU Av‡cwÿK welq| GKB g~j¨‡eva wfbœ-wfbœ †`‡k ev ms¯‹…wZ‡Z bvbviKg n‡Z
cv‡i| A_©vr ¯’vb, Kvj, cv·f‡` g~j¨‡ev‡ai gvÎv Kg ev †ewk †`Lv hvq|
4| mvgvwRK gvb`Û: we`¨gvb g~j¨‡eva w`‡q GKwU mgv‡Ri ev iv‡óªi cwi‡ek, ms¯‹…wZ, wPšÍv-fvebvi g~j¨vqb Kiv
hvq| †hgb, K…wl cÖavb mgv‡Ri g~j¨‡eva GKiKg, Avevi wkímg„× mgv‡Ri g~j¨‡eva Ab¨iKg|
5| cwieZ©bkxjZv: g~j¨‡eva †h‡nZz PP©vi welq Ges Af¨v‡mi Øviv M‡o D‡V, ZvB wfbœ ms¯‹…wZ‡Z `xN©w`b
emev‡mi d‡j GKRb e¨w³i cyi‡bv g~j¨‡ev‡a cwieZ©b Avm‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, GKRb evOvwj `xN© w`b cwðgv †Kvb
ms¯‹…wZ‡Z emevm Ki‡j Zvi AvPviY-AvPi‡Y wPšÍvq bvbvb cwieZ©b NU‡Z cv‡i|
6| m¤ú‡K©i †mZz: AcwiwPZ e¨w³iv A‡bK mgq GKB g~j¨‡ev‡ai n‡j, Zv‡`i gv‡SI GKwU AvwZœK m¤úK© M‡o
D‡V| †hgb †Kvb evsjv‡`wk bvMwiK jÛ‡b Av‡iKRb AcwiwPZ evsjv‡`kx bvMwiK‡Ki mv‡_ †`Lv n‡j mn‡RB
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mL¨Zv M‡o D‡V|

g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dcv`vb
g~j¨‡eva GKwU AwR©Z welq, hv †Kvb mgv‡R `xN© mgq emev‡mi ga¨ w`‡q GKRb e¨w³i gv‡S M‡o I‡V| GK Rb
e¨w³i g~j¨‡eva †Kgb n‡e Zv mgv‡Ri cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v ev mgv‡Ri wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| GB
Ae¯’v¸‡jvB nj g~j¨‡ev‡ai wfwË ev Dcv`vb| wb‡¤œ GiKg K‡qKwU Dcv`vb Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
K. bxwZ‡eva: ˆbwZKZv g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖavbZg ˆewkó¨ hv bxwZ‡eva †_‡K m„wó nq| †Kvb KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j wb‡Ri
we‡eK, bxwZ I hyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zv Kiv DwPZ| ‡hŠw³KZv mvaviYZ bxwZ‡ev‡ai Dci wbf©ikxj| †Kbbv ˆbwZK
KvR hyw³ weiæ× n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB †h hZ †ewk bxwZevb n‡e Zvi g~j¨‡eva ZZ cwikxwjZ n‡e|
L. k„•Ljv: k„•Ljv g~j¨‡ev‡ai Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| k„•Ljv AbymiY Ki‡j D”P g~j¨‡ev‡ai m„wó nq|
M. mngwg©Zv: g~j¨‡eva I mngwg©Zv wbweofv‡e RwoZ| mngwg©Zv bv _vK‡j †KD mvgvwRK g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ n‡Z
cv‡i bv|
N. †mŠRb¨‡eva: e¨w³i AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡qB Zvi g~j¨‡ev‡ai ewntcÖKvk N‡U| †mŠRb¨‡eva Zvi GKwU
Ask| AvPvi-e¨envi †mŠRb¨, kvjxbZv g~j¨‡eva †_‡K m„wó nq|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 38

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

P. gvbweKZv: gvbweKZv gvby‡li †kÖô ¸Y| gvbweKZv bv _vK‡j Zv‡K gvbyl ejv hvq bv; g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ ejvi †Zv
cÖkœB Av‡m bv| A_©vr g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ e¨w³ Aek¨B gvbweK ¸bvewji AwaKvix n‡e|
Q. kÖ‡gi gh©v`v: kÖ‡gi gh©v`v †`Iqv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki KZ©e¨| GwU Abykxj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q GKRb e¨w³i `„wófw½‡Z
cwieZ©b Av‡m| Gi ga¨ w`‡q GKRb e¨w³ Ab¨ GKRb e¨w³‡K m¤§vb Ki‡Z wk‡L|

Avcbvi `„wó‡Z g~j¨‡eva wK?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
g~j¨‡eva GKwU gvbweK ¸bvejx| GwU GKRb gvby‡li bxwZ-ˆbwZKZv I we‡e‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj, hv mvgvwRK
AvPvi-e¨envi, ms¯‹…wZ PPv© I cwigÛ‡j emev‡mi ga¨ w`‡q m„wó nq| g~j¨‡eva welqwU Av‡cwÿK| GwU m¤ú‡K©i
wfwˇZ wba©vwiZ, cwiewZ©Z I wbw`©ó n‡q _v‡K| bxwZ‡eva, k„•Ljv, gvbweKZv, mngwg©Zv, †mŠRb¨‡eva, AvB‡bi
cÖwZ kÖ×vmn Gi A‡bK¸‡jv Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| my›`i I Av`©k mgvR cÖwZôvi Rb¨ g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ bvMwiK Acwinvh©|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| ÒmvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva nj GKwU gvb`ÛÓ-Dw³wU Kvi?
K) cj muv‡Î L) Rb jK
M) GBP Gg Rbmb N) Gd B †gwij
2| mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dcv`vb
(i) bxwZ‡eva (ii) AgvbweKZv (iii) kÖ‡gi gh©v`v
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
(K) i (L) i I ii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 39

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-3.2 MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai aviYv I ¸iæZ¡ (Concepts and Importance of

Democratic Values)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva wK Zv wkL‡Z cvi‡eb|
• MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva Gi ¸iæZ¡ ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

MYZš¿, g~j¨‡eva, gvbweK, RvZxq ¯^v_©, RvZxq HK¨gZ|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai aviYv

wewfbœ ai‡bi g~j¨‡ev‡ai gv‡S MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva Ab¨Zg| ˆbwZKZv, mngwg©Zv, AvZœmshg, cigZ
mwnòzZv Gi g‡Zv ¸bvewj¸‡jv gvbyl‡K MYZvwš¿K AvPiY Ki‡Z †kLvq| GKwU ivóª †Kej MYZš¿ †NvlYv Ki‡jB
n‡e bv, Zv cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi gv‡S MYZvwš¿K †PZbv, msKí I D‡Ïk¨ Z_v MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva _vK‡Z
n‡e| mgv‡Ri K_v, cÖwZ‡ekxi myweav-Amyweav, A‡b¨i AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kiv g~j¨‡ev‡ai Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask hv
Avevi MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡aiB cÖwZdjb| g~jZ D`viZvev` bvgK gZev` †_‡KB Gi DrcwË| Aa¨vcK RR© GBP
†mevBb D`viZvev‡`i msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb Òe¨w³¯^vaxbZv, AvBwb myiÿv Ges mvsweavwbK ivóªxq e¨e¯’vi ZË¡ I
Abykxjb n‡”Q D`viZvev`| gvby‡li gvbweK e¨w³Z¡, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv, mnRvZ hyw³‡eva I ¸Y, Ges cvi¯úwiK
m¤§wZmn Ggb Av‡iv K‡qKwU ¸‡Yi PPv©B nj D`viZvev`, hvi meKwUB MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva| MYZš¿ e¨_© nevi
†cQ‡b MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai Afve‡KB `vqx Kiv nq|Ó

MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai ¸iæZ¡

mgv‡R emev‡mi Rb¨ g~j¨‡eva Acwinvh©| G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ AvšÍ:m¤ú‡K©i g~j wfwËB nj GB g~j¨‡eva|
g~j¨‡evanxb e¨w³ mgv‡Ri Rb¨ wec`¯^iƒc| Ab¨w`‡K MYZ‡š¿i g~j KvR nj e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv I AwaKvi wbwðZ
Kiv| GKR‡bi AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv A‡b¨i Dci wbf©ikxj, hv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ cvi¯úwiK g~j¨‡eva cÖ‡qvRb|
Ac‡ii e³e¨ I AwaKvi‡K m¤§vb †`Lv‡bvi A_©B nj MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva| GKwU mgv‡R g~j¨‡eva cÖwZwôZ n‡j
e¨w³i AwaKvi, gh©v`v, mgv‡Ri kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv wbwðZ nq| e¨w³ A‡b¨i cÖwZ KZ©e¨civqY, mngg©x I mshZ nq|
RvwZ, ag©, e‡Y©i †f`v‡f` fz‡j wM‡q GKwU myôz I MYZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri m„wó nq| eZ©gvb mgv‡R g~j¨‡ev‡ai
Aeÿ‡qi d‡j nvbvnvwb, cÖwZwnsmv I msNvZ †j‡MB _v‡K| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôvq HK¨e× cÖ‡Póv cÖ‡qvRb|
`xN© mg‡qi mvgwóK D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡gB MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva cÖwZwôZ nq| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai ¸iæZ¡ wb‡P
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
g~j¨‡eva gvbyl‡K mnbkxjZvi wkÿv w`‡q _v‡K, MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ hv Acwinvh©| A‡b¨i gZvgZ we‡kl K‡i
weiæ× gZ mn¨ Kiv I we‡ePbv Kiv MYZš¿ cªwZôv Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| G‡nb g~j¨‡eva m¤úbœ bvMwiK m„wó n‡j cÖK…Z
MYZš¿ cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e|
MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva bvMwiK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv ˆZwi K‡i| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva PP©vi gva¨‡g bvMwi‡Kiv
wbR-wbR AwaKvi †fvM I KZ©e¨ m¤úv`‡b Zrci nq|
mgv‡R mvg¨ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| G g~j¨‡eva m¤úbœ e¨w³ RvwZ, ag©, eY©, †MvÎ
wbwe©‡k‡l mevi cÖwZ mgvb `„wó w`‡q _v‡K| Gi d‡j mgv‡R mvg¨ cÖwZwôZ nq|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 40

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

RvZxq ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Y MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| RvZxq ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Y Ø›Ø fy‡j HK¨g‡Z †cuŠQv‡bv
Riæwi, hv †Kej MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva PP©vi ga¨ w`‡qB m¤¢e|
miKv‡ii Kvh©µ‡g ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Kvh©m¤úv`bKvix e¨w³e‡M©i MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ nIqv
DwPZ| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡a DÏxß e¨w³ `vwqZ¡Ávbnxb AvPiY †_‡K weiZ _v‡K|

MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva GZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
MYZvwš¿K ivóª e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ bvMwi‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| MYZš¿ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡j bvMwiK‡`i gv‡S
Aek¨B MYZvwš¿K †PZbvi weKvk NU‡Z n‡e| evK-¯^vaxbZv, AvB‡bi kvmb, mngwg©Zv, ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZvi
g‡Zv ¸bvewjI bvMwiK‡`i Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB MYZš¿ ¯’vqx nIqv m¤¢e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai wfwË †KvbwU?
K) Dc‡hvMev` L) ˆbwZKZv
M) D`viZvev` N) e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev`
2| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva cÖ‡qvRb
i) eY©‰elg¨ m„wó‡Z ii) AvZœmshgx n‡Z iii) m‡PZb n‡Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
K) i I iii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 41

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-3.3 mykvmb cÖwZôvq MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva (Democratic Values for Good

Governance)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• mykvmb cÖwZôvq MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva wK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

mykvmb, MYZš¿, g~j¨‡eva, mgvR|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

mykvmb cÖwZôvq MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva

mykvmb I MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva Gi wbweo m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| GKwU mgv‡R hLb ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv,
AvB‡bi kvmb, gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv, KZ©e¨civqYZvi g‡Zv MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv wbwðZ nq ZLbB mykvmb
cÖwZwôZ nq| cigZ mwnòzZv, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv, A‡b¨i g‡Zi cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©‡bi g‡Zv MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva¸‡jvI
mykvm‡bi Rb¨ Avek¨K| mykvmb cÖwZôvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:-
cigZ mwnòzZv: MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai GKwU wfwË nj cigZ mwnòzZv| bvbv gZ, bvbv wPšÍvq wef³ ivR‰bwZK
`j, mvgvwRK kw³¸‡jv hw` ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b K‡i Ges Aci c‡ÿi gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZvq m¤§Z
_v‡K, Zvn‡j GKwU iv‡óª mykvmb cÖwZôvi c_ myMg nq|
¯^”QZv: ivóªxq, miKvwi wKsev cÖkvmwbK Kg©Kv‡Ûi ¯^”QZv MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai Ab¨Zg ewn:cÖKvk| GB
g~j¨‡ev‡ai PP©v mvaviY RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ kvmbKvix KZ©„c‡ÿi e¨vcv‡i Av¯’vi Rb¥ †`q, hv mykvmb cÖwZôvi Rb¨
Riæwi|
AvB‡bi kvmb: mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡bB AvB‡bi m„wó| AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj _vK‡jB my›`i mgvR cÖwZôv m¤¢e hv
†KejgvÎ MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai gva¨‡gB ˆZwi nq| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva bv _vK‡j AvB‡bi †Kvb g~j¨vqb _v‡K bv|
†m‡ÿ‡Î AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o|
b¨vqcivqYZv: MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡evamm¤úbœ e¨w³ mvaviYZ b¨vqcivqY nq| mgv‡R Ggb bvMwi‡Ki msL¨v †ewk n‡j
mykvmb cÖwZôv Z¡ivwš^Z nq| ZvB GKwU mgv‡R ev iv‡óª b¨vqcivqYZvi †eva m„wó Kiv AZ¨šÍ Riæwi|
m‡PZbv‡eva m„wó: mykvmb cÖwZôvq m‡PZb bvMwiK GKvšÍ Kvg¨| gvbweK ¸bvejx I g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ e¨w³ivB
m‡PZb n‡q _v‡K| d‡j miKvi I cÖkvmb KZ©„K M„nxZ wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY I Zv ev¯Íevq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI †KejgvÎ m‡PZb e¨w³ivB mykvmb we‡ivax Kg©Kv‡Ûi we‡ivaxZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva memgq wbR¯^ mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZ‡K aviY K‡i| d‡j G ai‡bi bvMwiK‡`i gv‡S mn‡RB †`k
†cÖ‡gi m„wó nq|
`vqe×Zv: bvMwi‡Ki cÖwZ iv‡óªi †hgb `vqe×Zv Av‡Q, †Zgwb iv‡óªi cÖwZ bvMwi‡KiI `vqe×Zv Av‡Q| MYZvwš¿K
g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ e¨w³ †KejgvÎ AwaKvi †fvM K‡i bv eis iv‡óªi cÖwZ Zvi †h `vwqZ¡ †m¸‡jvI fv‡jvfv‡e cvjb
K‡i| mykvmb cÖwZôvi Rb¨ ivóª I bvMwiK Dfq c‡ÿi `vqe×Zv Kvg¨|

mykvm‡bi mv‡_ MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai m¤úK© wbiæcY Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 42

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvi-ms‡ÿc
mykvmb I MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai g‡a¨ wbweo m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| mykvmb nj Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK-mvs¯‹…wZK I
cÖkvmwbK welq¸‡jv‡K ivóªxq cwim‡i GKwU mwVK mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g cwiPvjbv Kiv| mykvmb cÖwZôv GKwU RwUj I
`xN©‡gqv`x cÖwµqv| GwU cÖwZôvi Rb¨ MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva Acwinvh©| †Kbbv MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva cigZ mwnòzZv,
AvB‡bi kvmb, ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv, b¨vqcivqYZv I m‡PZbZv RvwM‡q †Zv‡j| Gfv‡eB mykvmb cÖwZôv cvq I
¯’vqx nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| ÒKÓ iv‡óª ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, AvB‡bi kvmb, evK-¯^vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| miKviI mykvmb cÖwZôvq e×cwiKi
wKš‘ RbMY gvbweKZv I b¨vqcivqYZvi wel‡q GLbI wbwðZ bq| GgZve¯’vq ÒKÓ iv‡óª A‡bKUv mykvmb
_vK‡jI wK‡mi Afve i‡q‡Q?
(K) MYZš¿ (L) mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva
(M) †¯^”QvPvwiZv
2| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva m„wó K‡i
i) `vqe×Zv ii) ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv iii) b¨vqcivqYZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii
(M) i I ii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 43

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-3.4 AvB‡bi aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM (Concept and Classification of Law)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• AvBb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|
• AvBb Gi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
• AvBb Gi wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
AvBb, wewa-weavb, miKvwi, †emiKvwi, RvZxq, AvšÍRv© wZK, AvB‡bi ˆewkó¨|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)
AvBb
m„wói Avw` Kvj †_‡KB gvbyl ‡Kvb bv †Kvb wbqg-Kvbyb ev cÖ_v †g‡b Avm‡Q| GB wbqgKvbyb hLb
mywbw`©ó cÖwµqvq msL¨vMwiô gvby‡li ¯^xK…wZ cvq Zv AvBb wn‡m‡e Mb¨ nq| AvBb gvbe mgv‡Ri `c©Y¯^iƒc| gvbyl
mvgvwRK Rxe| mgv‡R GKmv‡_ emevm Kivi Rb¨ wbqg-k„•Ljv †g‡b Pjv Acwinvh©| gvbe Kj¨v‡Yi ¯^v‡_©B wbqg-
Kvbyb cÖ‡qvRb| ¯^xK…Z GB wbqg-KvbybB nj AvBb| AvBb nj dvm©x kã hvi A_© mywbw`©ó bxwZ ev wbqg| AvBb Gi
Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã "Law"| Law k‡ãi A_© w¯’i ev AcwieZ©bxq Ges mK‡ji †ÿ‡Î mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| we‡klÁMY
wewfbœfv‡e AvB‡bi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| Gwi÷Uj e‡jb, Òmgv‡Ri hyw³wm× B”Qvi Awfe¨w³B n‡”Q AvBbÓ|
The Dictionary of the History of Ideas (1973) G AvBb‡K Gfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, ÒAvBb n‡”Q
gvby‡li AvPiY‡K cwiPvwjZ Kivi me‡P‡q ¯úó, cÖvwZôvwbK Ges RwUj gva¨gÓ|
Aa¨vcK nj¨vÛ Gi g‡Z AvBb n‡”Q, Ò†mB mvaviY wbqg hv gvby‡li AvPiY‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges mve©‡fŠg
ivR‰bwZK KZ©„cÿ hv cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|Ó
Rb Aw÷b e‡jb, ÒAvBb nj mve©‡fŠg kvm‡Ki Av‡`kÓ|
ms‡ÿ‡c ej‡Z †M‡j, AvBb nj gvbeRvwZi e„nËi Kj¨v‡Y gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ ivóª ‡h mKj
wewawb‡la cÖYqb K‡i mvaviYfv‡e †m¸‡jv‡KB AvBb ejv nq|
AvB‡bi ˆewkó¨ ev cÖK…wZ
AvBb m¤ú‡K© we‡klÁM‡Yi gZvgZ †_‡K AvB‡bi wKQz ˆewkó¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †hgb-
(1) mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z
(2) me©Rbxb
(3) wewae× wbqgvewj
(4) evwn¨K AvPi‡Yi wbqš¿K
(5) e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi iÿK
(6) my¯úó
(7) MwZkxj
(8) †`kKvj †f‡` cwieZ©bkxj
AvB‡bi cÖKvi‡f`
AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM I Aby‡gv`bKvix KZ…c
© ‡ÿi Dci wfwË K‡i AvBb‡K cÖavbZ wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvqt (1) miKvwi
AvBb (2) †emiKvwi AvBb (3) AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb
(1) miKvwi AvBb
miKvi KZ©„K cÖYxZ I ejerK…Z wbqgKvbybB nj miKvwi AvBb| ivóª cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z bvbv ai‡bi AvBb cªYqb I
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| miKvwi AvBb mvaviYZ RvZxq msm` ev cvj©v‡g‡›U cÖYxZ n‡q _v‡K| cvjv©‡g‡›U AvBb cÖYxZ

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 44

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

nevi K‡qKwU ch©vq _v‡K| mKj ch©v‡qB mvaviYZ msL¨v Mwiô m`m¨M‡Yi m¤§wZi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| miKvwi AvBb
Avevi K‡qK cÖKvi| †hgb-
†dŠR`vwi AvBb: e¨w³i evwn¨K AvPiY wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ ivóª g~jZ G AvBb cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| mgv‡R
AvBb-k„•Ljv iÿv, kvwšÍ eRvq ivLv Ges e¨w³i AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv Ges Acivax‡K `Û †`qvi Rb¨ †dŠR`vwi
AvBb cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
cÖkvmwbK AvBb: ivóªxq cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv Ges Gme cÖwZôvb †_‡K RbMY‡K †mev cÖ`vb wbwðZ Ki‡Z cÖkvmwbK
AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| AvB‡bi gv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i cÖwZôv‡bi fwel¨r|
mvsweavwbK AvBb: iv‡óªi wfwË nj msweavb| GwU iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P AvBb| Ab¨ †h‡Kvb AvBb G AvB‡bi mv‡_
mvsNwl©K n‡j Zv evwZj n‡q hvq| G AvBb Øviv ivóªxq ÿgZvi mxgv, e›Ub I cÖ‡qvMKvix wba©viY Kiv nq|
2. †emiKvwi AvBb
G AvBb ivóªxqfv‡e cÖYxZ bq Z‡e mvgvwRKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z nq| G AvBb Øviv e¨w³i mv‡_ e¨w³i m¤úK© iÿv Ges
mgv‡R kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv eRvq ivLv nq| †hgb, †Kvb ms‡Ni AvBb, Pzw³ I `wjj msµvšÍ AvBb|
3. AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb
AvšÍR©vwZK cwigÛ‡j wewfbœ iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úK© wba©viY I eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ ‡h AvBb cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq
Zv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb e‡j| AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb‡K †gvUvgywU wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| †hgb- kvwšÍKvjxb AvBb,
hy×msµvšÍ AvBb Ges wbi‡cÿZvi AvBb| GK iv‡óªi mv‡_ Ab¨ iv‡óªi m¤úK©, ivóª¸wji cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©,
AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨v mgvavb, AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e hy×vciv‡ai wePv‡ii gZ welq¸wj AvšÍRv©wZK AvB‡bi AšÍf~³
© |

AvB‡bi cÖKvi‡f`¸‡jv wK wK?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
AvBb gvbe mgv‡Ri `c©Y¯^iƒc| gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| mgv‡R GKmv‡_ emevm Kivi Rb¨ wbqg-k„•Ljv †g‡b Pjv
Acwinvh©| AvBb mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z, me©Rbxb, wewae×, evwn¨K AvPi‡Yi wbqš¿K, e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi
iÿK, my¯úó, MwZkxj Ges ‡`kKvj †f‡` cwieZ©bkxj| miKvwi AvBb, cÖkvmwbK, mvsweavwbK, †`Iqvwb I
†dŠR`vwi, †emiKvwi AvBb, RvZxq I AvšÍRv© wZK AvBbmn wewfbœ ai‡bi AvBb i‡q‡Q| ivóª wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b
wewfbœ ai‡bi AvBb cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.4
1| AvBb cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi?
(K) 2 cÖKvi (L) 3 cÖKvi
(M) 4 cÖKvi (N) 5 cÖKvi
2| evsjv‡`k-fviZ -Gi Awfbœ GKwU Bm~¨ nj cvwb| `yB †`‡ki gv‡S Av‡jvPbvq welqwU myivnv bv n‡j †`k `ywU
†Kvb AvB‡bi Øvi¯’ n‡Z cv‡i?
(K) e¨w³MZ AvBb (L) miKvwi AvBb
(M) †emiKvwi AvBb (N) AvšÍRv© wZK AvBb

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 45

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-3.5 AvB‡bi kvmb (Rule of Law)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• AvB‡bi kvmb wK Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
• AvB‡bi kvmb wKfv‡e wbwðZ Kiv hvq eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
• AvBb gvb¨ Kivi KviY Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

Abykvmb, hyw³msMZ, Aciva, mvg¨, `„wófw½|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

bvMwiK Rxe‡b AvB‡bi kvmb

AvB‡bi kvm‡bi g~j K_v nj AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mK‡j mgvb| A_©vr iv‡óªi m‡ev©”P e¨w³ †_‡K mvaviY
bvMwiK ch©šÍ mK‡ji Rb¨ AvBb GKBfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| GKwU MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ AvB‡bi
kvmb Acwinvh©| mykvmb cÖwZôvq AvB‡bi kvmb GKwU Acwinvh© Abyl‡½ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| ivóª mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv
Kivi Rb¨ AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv Acwinvh©| AvB‡bi kvm‡bi GKwU A_© n‡”Q bvMwiK wn‡m‡e cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
b¨vqwePvi cvIqvi AwaKvi| AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡j mgvR †_‡K Ab¨vq, wek„•Ljv I ˆbivR¨ `~i nq| d‡j
mgv‡R w¯’wZkxjZv Av‡m| AvB‡bi kvmb bv _vK‡j mej-`yej © , abx-`wi‡`ªi e¨eavb cÖKU n‡Z _v‡K| AvB‡bi
kvm‡bi Afv‡e ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y wePvi e¨e¯’vI cÖfvweZ nq|
AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv Kivi Dcvqmg~n wb¤œiƒc:

AvBb gvb¨ Kiv: iv‡óªi we`¨gvb AvBb †g‡b Pjv cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨| c„w_exi cÖ‡Z¨K mf¨ RvwZB AvBb †g‡b
P‡j| AvBb †g‡b Pjv, AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v cÖ`k©b DbœZ RvwZiB ewn:cÖKvk|

h_vh_fv‡e AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM: AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvi Rb¨ AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Acivaxi
mvwe©K Aciva we‡ePbvq wb‡q †h AvBbwU Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ ZvB cÖ‡qvM Kiv DwPZ| AvBb cÖ‡qv‡M Av‡e‡Mi †Kvb
¯’vb †`qv DwPZ bq|
hyw³msMZ I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx AvBb cÖYqb: ‡m‡K‡j AvBb ms¯‹vi Kiv Ges ev¯Íem¤§Z I my`~icÖmvix AvBb AvB‡bi
kvmb cÖwZôvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Ebwesk kZvãxi mKj AvBb GKwesk kZvãx‡Z cÖ‡hvR¨ bvI n‡Z
cv‡i| ZvB wbqwgZfv‡e AvB‡bi ms¯‹vi Riæwi|

we`¨gvb AvBb m¤ú‡K© bvMwiK‡`i m‡PZb Kiv: m‡PZb bvMwiK mykvmb cÖwZôvi cÖ_g kZ©| AvBb m¤ú‡K©
bvMwiKMY hw` m‡PZb nq Zvn‡j Aciva cÖeYZv K‡g Av‡m Ges iv‡óª kvwšÍ k„•Ljv cÖwZôv mnR nq| ZvB iv‡óª
we`¨gvb AvBb Ges bZzb cÖwYZe¨ AvBb m¤ú‡K© bvMwiK‡`i‡K m‡PZb Kiv iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡|

h_vmg‡q AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM wbwðZ Kiv: Bs‡iwR‡Z ejv nq Justice delayed, justice denied. A_v©r, wePvi
wejw¤^Z nIqv gv‡b wePvi bv nIqv| hLb †h Aciva msNwUZ ZLbB Zvi wePvi KivB DËg| KL‡bv-KL‡bv †`Lv
hvq †h, ivR‰bwZK cU cwieZ©‡bi myev‡` AcivaKvix e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM© wePv‡ii KvVMovq `uvov‡bv †_‡K †invB
†c‡q hvq| ZvB AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ h_vmg‡q wePviKvh© m¤úv`b Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 46

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwiK KZ©e¨

AvBb ivóª KZ©„K cÖYxZ I ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡jI, AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwiK‡`iI `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| ZvB bvMwiKMY
hw` we`¨gvb AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v †i‡L wb‡Ri we‡eK-eyw× w`‡q KvR K‡i Z‡eB AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb, iv¯Ívq ‡Kvb Pzwi-wQbZvB n‡Z †`L‡j AvBb-k„•Ljv evwnbx hw` Zvi Kv‡Q †Kvb Z_¨ Rvb‡Z Pvq Z‡e Zv
Rvwb‡q ‡`qvUv bvMwiK KZ©e¨| cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki gv‡S G †eva Avm‡Z n‡e †h, AvB‡bi kvm‡bi gva¨‡gB Zviv
me‡P‡q †ewk jvfevb n‡Z cv‡i|

AvBb gvb¨ Kivi KviY

AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU kZ© nj AvBb gvb¨ Kiv| AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM †hgb Riæwi
†Zgwb AvBb gvb¨ KivUvI ¸iæZ¡c~Y|© cÖ‡Z¨K AvB‡bB wKQz wb‡`©kbv Ges Zv Agvb¨ Ki‡j kvw¯Íi e¨e¯’v _v‡K|
ZviciI †`Lv hvq wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î AvBb f½ nq| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z AwaKvsk RbMYB AvBb †g‡b P‡j Ges
AvBb‡K kÖ×v K‡i| AvBb gvb¨ Kivi A‡bK¸‡jv KviY Av‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU nj AvB‡bi Dc‡hvwMZv| RbMY
GwU eyS‡Z cv‡i †h, AvBb AwaKvi iÿv K‡i, `yej © ‡K me‡ji AZ¨vPvi †_‡K iÿv K‡i Ges mgv‡R k„•Ljv iÿv
K‡i| jW© eªvBm AvBb gvb¨ Kivi KviY¸‡jv‡K cuvP fv‡M fvM K‡ibt (K) ‡hŠw³KZvi Dcjwä (L) Ac‡ii cÖwZ
kÖ×v (M) wbwj©ßZv (N) mnvbyf~wZ (O) kvw¯Íi fq

AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvi K‡qKwU `„óvšÍ w`b|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
ivóª mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv Acwinvh©| AvB‡bi kvm‡bi A_© n‡”Q AvB‡bi
`„wó‡Z mKj bvMwi‡Ki mgZv A_©vr mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e AvBb cÖ‡qvM| AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwiK
I ivóª Df‡qiB `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q| bvMwiK AvB‡bi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| ivóª h_vh_ AvBb cÖYqb I
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e, mgqg‡Zv wePvi Ki‡e Ges mg‡q-mg‡q AvBb ms¯‹vi Ki‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| †KvbwU AvB‡bi kvmb †evSvq bv?
K) AvBb e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK L) AvBb w`‡q kvmb
M) AvBb‡K kÖ×v N) AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mvg¨
2| jW© eªvBm Gi g‡Z AvBb gvb¨ Kivi KviY nj-
i) `vqe×Zv ii) Ac‡ii cÖwZ kÖ×v iii) kvw¯Íi fq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 47

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-3.6 ¯^vaxbZvi aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM (Concepts and Classification of Liberty)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• ¯^vaxbZv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|
• ¯^vaxbZv‡K msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• wewfbœ cÖKvi ¯^vaxbZv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

¯^vaxbZv, AwaKvi, †hŠw³K, Acwinvh©, msweavb|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)
¯^vaxbZv I ¯^vaxbZvi wewfbœ iƒc
Õ¯^vaxbZvÕ bvgK cÖZ¨qwU †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Gi Av‡jvPbvq LyeB ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Kiv nq| iv‡óª
GKRb bvMwi‡Ki Aw¯ÍZ¡ wewfbœ wel‡q cÖvß ¯^vaxbZv †_‡KB cÖKvk cvq| ¯^vaxbZv k‡ãi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã nj
‘Liberty’| ¯^vaxbZv‡K kvwãK A‡_© ejv hvq wb‡Ri B‡”Q g‡Zv KvR Kiv| wKš‘ GKR‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi mv‡_ A‡b¨i
¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi welq †h‡nZz RwoZ ZvB †cŠibxwZ‡Z ¯^vaxbZv gv‡b hv Lywk ZvB Kiv bq| ¯^vaxbZv gv‡b †hŠw³K
I AvBbwm×fv‡e †Kvb wKQz Kiv‡KB eySvq| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª bvMwiKMY bvbv ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i _v‡K|
†hgb- Pjv‡divi ¯^vaxbZv, gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv, ag© msµvšÍ ¯^vaxbZv| RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv Avevi GKUz wfbœ| GwU
AR©b Kiv KwVb| mvaviYZ ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡›`vjb ev ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ hy‡×i gva¨‡g GKwU RvwZ ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i|
bvMwiK ev RvwZ †m hv-B †nvK bv †Kb, G‡`i ¯^vfvweK Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv Acwinvh©| ZvB ‡`Lv hvq c„w_exi
AwaKvsk †`‡ki msweav‡bB bvMwiK‡`i ¯^vaxbZv ‡fv‡Mi wel‡q bvbvb ai‡bi aviv mshy³ _v‡K|
ivóªweÁvbx Aa¨vcK GBP †R jvw¯‹ (H.J.Laski) e‡j‡Qb Ò¯^vaxbZv nj AwaKv‡ii djÓ|
ivóªweÁvbx wU GBP wMÖb (T.H. Green)e‡jb, Òhv Dc‡fvM Kivi Ges m¤úbœ Kivi †hvM¨ Zv Dc‡fvM I m¤úv`b
Kivi ÿgZv‡K ¯^vaxbZv e‡jÓ|
cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z Pvq| ¯^vaxbZv n‡”Q e¨w³i AwaKvi| Rxe‡bi myKzgvi e„w˸‡jvi weKv‡ki Rb¨
GwU Acwinvh©| Av`k© bvMwiK m„wó‡Z ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi weKí †bB| ¯^vaxbZvi wecixZ nj civaxbZv ev
¯^vaxbZvnxbZv| ¯^vaxbZvnxbZvq †KD euvP‡Z Pvq bv| civaxbZvi Møvwb †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ A‡bK RvwZ hy‡Mi ci hyM
msMÖvg K‡i hv‡”Q| Avevi AvZœcwiP‡qi Ges e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Rb¨ bvMwiK‡`i ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb Kiv iv‡óªi KZ©e¨|
¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:
¯^vaxbZvnxbZvq gvbyl `v‡m cwiYZ nq| mKj †gŠwjK AwaKvi †hgb cÖ‡qvRb ¯^vaxbZvI †Zgwb ¸iæZ¡c~Y|©
bvMwiKMY ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡Z cvi‡j iv‡óªi gh©v`v e„w× cvq| civaxbZvq e¨w³ wb‡R‡K †g‡j aivi
my‡hvM cvq bv, d‡j Zvi ¯^vfvweKZv wewNœZ nq| ¯^vaxbZv PP©vi ga¨ w`‡q GKRb e¨w³ ev GKwU RvwZ Zvi
m¤¢vebvi m‡e©v”P weKvk NUv‡bvi my‡hvM cvq|
¯^vaxbZvi wewfbœ iƒc
GKwU iv‡óª bvMwiKMY wewfbœ ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i| ¯’vb, Kvj, cv·f‡` GwU Avevi wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
(1) e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv (2) mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv (3) ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv (4) A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv (5) RvZxq
¯^vaxbZv I (6) †cŠi ¯^vaxbZv
1. e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv
GB ¯^vaxbZv GKvšÍB e¨w³MZ| e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡M A‡b¨i Dci †Kvb cÖfve c‡o bv| †hgb, ag© msµvšÍ
¯^vaxbZv wKsev gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 48

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

2. mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv
gvbyl wn‡m‡e †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv Acwinvh©| †hgb, Rxeb aviY, m¤úwË †fvM wKsev mvgvwRK
Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖn‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv| mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv gvbyl‡K my›`i Rxe‡bi c_ †`Lvq| Zvi g‡bi myKzgvi e„wËi
weKvk NUvq|
3. ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv
‡fvUvi nevi ¯^vaxbZv, †fvU`v‡bi ¯^vaxbZv, ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi g‡Zv welq¸‡jv ivR‰bwZK
¯^vaxbZvi AšÍM©Z| b¨vqm½Zfv‡e GKRb bvMwiK me ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi AwaKvi iv‡L| †bZ…‡Z¡i weKv‡ki
Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv _vKv DwPZ| GKbvqKZvwš¿K, mvgwiK I ˆ¯^ivPvix kvmb e¨e¯’vq bvMwiKMY ivR‰bwZK
¯^vaxbZv †_‡K ewÂZ nq|
4. A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv
G ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi g‡a¨ †ckv evQvB I RxweKvi ¯^vaxbZv Ab¨Zg| †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK
¯^vaxbZvi weKí †bB| ZvQvov A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv bv _vK‡j †kÖwY-‰elg¨ †e‡o wM‡q †h‡Kvb †kÖwY †kvlY-eÂbvi
cwiw¯’wZ ˆZwi nq| A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZvi AvBbMZ wfwË i‡q‡Q| A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv bv _vK‡j Ab¨vb¨ ¯^vaxbZvI
Le© nq|
5. RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv
eZ©gv‡b iv󪸇jv n‡”Q RvwZ ivóª| A_©vr Zviv ¯^vaxb RvwZ wn‡m‡e ivóª MVb K‡i‡Q| GKwU RvwZi wbR¯^ cwiPq
cÖwZôvi mÿgZvB nj RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv| RvwZ wn‡m‡e ¯^vaxb _vKv †hgb M‡e©i, †Zgwb Zv AR©b KivI Kómva¨|
¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi c‡_ A‡bK RvwZ‡K wecyj AvZœ`vb Ki‡Z nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k 30 jÿ
knx‡`i wewbg‡q ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i|
6. †cŠi ¯^vaxbZv
Rxe‡bi AwaKvi, m¤úwËi AwaKvi, ag© msµvšÍ AwaKvi¸‡jv †cŠi ¯^vaxbZvi AšÍMZ
© | e¨w³Rxe‡bi cwic~Y© weKvk
I mgv‡R myL-kvwšÍ wbwðZKi‡Y GB me ¯^vaxbZv Acwinvh©|
¯^vaxbZv bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi¯^iƒc| d‡j GB ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi Rb¨ wKQz `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb Kiv Riæwi| ivóª
hv‡Z bvMwi‡Ki GB me ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i †m e¨vcv‡i bvMwiK‡`i memgq m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e|
¯^vaxbZv I †¯^”QvPvwiZvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK?
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
¯^vaxbZv gv‡b †hŠw³K I AvBbwm×fv‡e †Kvb wKQz Kiv‡KB eySvq| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª bvMwiKMY bvbv ai‡bi
¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i _v‡K| ¯^vaxbZv wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv, RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv,
A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv, ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv I ag© msµvšÍ ¯^vaxbZv| AMYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wKsev Dcwb‡ewkK iv‡óª
bvMwi‡Kiv ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| Ò¯^vaxbZv nj AwaKv‡ii djÓ Dw³wU Kvi?
K) iæ‡kv L) g¨vwKqv‡fwj
M) jK N) jvw¯‹
2| ÔKÕ †`kwUi wbw`©ó f~LÛ, RbmsL¨v I GKwU miKvi i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Zey †`kwU c„w_exi ey‡K GKwU ivóª wn‡m‡e
wb‡R‡K cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| †`kwU‡Z †Kvb ¯^vaxbZvi Afvi i‡q‡Q?
K) A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv L) AvBbMZ ¯^vaxbZv
M) RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv N) ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-3.7 ¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP (Safeguards to Liberty)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• ¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP¸‡jv wK Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
• ¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|

¯^vaxbZv iÿv, MYZvwš¿K, AwaKvi, msweavb, AvB‡bi kvmb, RbgZ, msweavb

gvb¨Zv, ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP
cªev` Av‡Q Ò¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi †P‡q ¯^vaxbZv iÿv Kiv ‡ewk KwVbÓ| e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv, me ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi Rb¨B hyM hyM a‡i msMÖvg Ki‡Z nq| RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci
†`Lv hvq Ab¨vb¨ ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg we`¨gvb| iv‡óªi cÖvY †hgb RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv, †Zgwb MYZ‡š¿i †mŠ›`h© nj e¨w³
¯^vaxbZv| MYZš¿B e¨w³‡K me©vwaK ¯^vaxbZv w`‡q _v‡K|
¯^vaxbZv iÿv Kivi K‡qKwU Dcvq wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
1| MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v: cÖK…Z MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ Ask MÖnY _v‡K| GLv‡b
RbM‡Yi BPQvi GKwU cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq| d‡j miKvi ev kvmK‡kÖYx RbM‡Yi AwaKvi, evK-¯^vaxbZv, Pjv‡divi
¯^vaxbZv, mfv-mgv‡ek Kivmn Ab¨vb¨ mKj AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡K| cÖvß ¯^vaxbZv‡K †¯^”QvPvwiZvq
cwiYZ bv Kiv n‡”Q bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡| MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq Ab¨ †h‡Kvb e¨e¯’vi †P‡q ¯^vaxbZv †ewk wbwðZ
nq|
2| msweavb gvb¨Zv: msweavb ivóª cwiPvjbv I RbM‡Yi AwaKv‡ii `wjj| msweavb Abyhvqx ivóª cwiPvjbv n‡j
RbM‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv mn‡RB wbwðZ nq| †hgb, evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi wØZxq Aa¨v‡q RbM‡Yi A‡bK AwaKvi I
¯^vaxbZvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| miKvi hw` msweavb gvb¨ K‡i Zvn‡j ¯^vaxbZv Le© nevi †Kvb m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|
3| AvB‡bi kvmb: AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mevB mgvb| GKRb Aciva Ki‡j Zv‡K kvw¯Í †c‡Z n‡e| Avevi Awfhy³
e¨w³iI wb‡R‡K wb‡`©vl cÖgv‡Yi c~Y© AwaKvi Av‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î wePvi wefvM mKj c‡ÿi E‡aŸ© †_‡K wePviKvh©
cwiPvjbv Ki‡e|
4| ÿgZvi ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ: ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wZbwU wefvM Av‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q AvBb wefvM, kvmb wefvM I
wePvi wefvM| GB wZbwU wefvM hw` ¯^-¯^ Ae¯’v‡b †_‡K wbR-wbR `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b mÿg nq Zvn‡j Avkv Kiv hvq †h
iv‡óªi bvMwi‡Kiv Zv‡`i cªvc¨ ¯^vaxbZv¸‡jv †fv‡M mÿg n‡e| D`vniY¯^iƒc kvmb wefvM hw` wePvi wefv‡Mi
Kv‡Ri Dci n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i Z‡e GKRb bvMwiK b¨vqwePvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvi ¯^vaxbZv Le© n‡Z
cv‡i| ZvB iv‡óªi wZb wefvM ÿgZvi fvimvg¨ iÿv K‡i c„_Kfv‡e mwµq _vKv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
5| wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv: wePvi wefvM GKwU iv‡óªiª cÖvY¯^iƒc| bvMwi‡Ki †kl fimvi AvkÖq¯’j nj wePvi
wefvM| Avkv Kiv nq †h Ab¨ †Kvb wefvM †_‡K ‡KD hw` b¨vq ewÂZ nqI wePvi wefvM Aek¨B b¨vq wePvi
Ki‡e| wKš‘ wePvi wefvM hw` ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR bv Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡e GB wefvMwU `yej © n‡q hvq|
6| ÿgZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY: Pig ÿgZv Pigfv‡e bó nq| A_©vr mKj ÿgZv GK ¯’v‡b †K›`ªxf~Z _vK‡j bvMwi‡Ki
¯^vaxbZv webó nevi Avk¼v _v‡K| ZvB DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z ÿgZv †K›`ªxf~Z bv K‡i ¯’vbxqfv‡e e›Ub K‡i †`qv nq|
Gi d‡j bvMwiKMY AwaKZi †mev †c‡q _v‡K Ges miKvix Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡i|

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7| mykvmb: mykvmb ¯^vaxbZv iÿvi Ab¨Zg KeP| mykvmb nj bvMwiK AwaKvi wbwðZKi‡Y ivóªh‡š¿i myôz
cwiPvjbv| iv‡óª mykvmb _vK‡j ¯^vaxbZv iÿv Kivq bvMwiK‡K Lye †ewk wePwjZ n‡Z nq bv|
8| RbgZ: RbgZ ¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP| †hŠw³K I myôy RbgZ iv‡óªi weiæ×vPiY K‡i bv Ges bvMwi‡Ki ÿwZI
Kvgbv K‡i bv| d‡j ¯^vaxbZv iÿv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, msL¨vMwi‡ôi mg_©b _vK‡jB Zv me mgq
RbgZ nq bv| Rbg‡Zi mv‡_ Aek¨B RbKj¨vY hy³ _vK‡Z n‡e|

¯^vaxbZv wKfv‡e iÿv Kiv hvq?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
¯^vaxbZv jvf Kiv †M‡jI A‡bK mgq †m ¯^vaxbZv iÿv Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o| †Kbbv GKRb e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv
A‡bK¸‡jv wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i| AvBbwm× ¯^vaxbZv AwaKv‡ii ch©v‡q c‡o| ¯^vaxbZv iÿvi Rb¨ A‡bK¸‡jv
Dcv`vb KvR K‡i| †hgb- MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v, msweavb gvb¨Zv, AvB‡bi kvmb, wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv,
ÿgZvi c„_KxKiY, ÿgZvi we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi g‡Zv welq¸‡jv wbwðZ Kiv ¯^vaxbZv msiÿ‡Yi cÖv_wgK `vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨
c‡o|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| †Kvb ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ hyM hyM a‡i msMÖvg Ki‡Z nq?
i) e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv ii) AvBbMZ ¯^vaxbZv iii) RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii
(M) ii I iii (N) iii
2| wb‡Pi †KvbwU ¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP wn‡m‡e me‡P‡q †ewk f~wgKv cvjb K‡i?
K) msweavb cÖwZcvjb L) MYgva¨g
M) ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv N) b¨vqcivqYZv

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-3.8 AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© (Relations between Law and Liberty)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© †Kgb ai‡bi Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
• AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© wel‡q aviYv cv‡eb|

AvBb, ¯^vaxbZv, MYZš¿

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv
AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ wbweo Ges ci¯úi wbf©ikxj| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZvi myiÿvi Rb¨
AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î †Kvb †Kvb AvBb‡K ¯^vaxbZvi cwicš’xI g‡b nq| AvBb I
¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© msµvšÍ `ywU ci¯úi we‡ivax gZev` cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g `jwU g‡b K‡ib, AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv
Mfxifv‡e m¤úK©hy³| Gwi÷Uj, g‡›U¯‹z, DB‡jvwe, evK©vi, jK cÖgyL gbxlx GB g‡Zi mg_©K| Avevi †KD †KD
g‡b K‡ib †h, AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯úi we‡ivax| nve©vU©, G wf WvBwm cÖgyL ivóªweÁvbx GB `‡ji AšÍMZ
© |
AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-

AvBb ¯^vaxbZvi wfwË

¯^vaxbZvi †Kvb cwigvc †bB| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib, wbwe©Pvi ¯^vaxbZv bvMwi‡Ki Kj¨v‡Yi †P‡q ÿwZi KviY n‡q
_v‡K| †Kvb ¯^vaxbZv KZUzKz Dc‡fvM Kiv hv‡e Zv AvB‡bi gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ nq| AvBb e¨ZxZ ¯^vaxbZv
†¯^”QvPvwiZvq cwiYZ nevi Avk¼v †_‡K GgbwU Kiv nq| Rb j‡Ki g‡Z, Ò‡hLv‡b AvBb †bB †mLv‡b ¯^vaxbZvI
†bB|Ó

AvBb ¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP

GKR‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †hb A‡b¨i AwaKvi Le© bv K‡i †mRb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi AvBb i‡q‡Q| ¯^vaxbZv ewÂZiv AvB‡bi
AvkÖq wb‡Z cv‡i| iv‡óªi m‡ev©”P AvBb msweav‡b bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ A‡bK ¯^vaxbZvi wbðqZv †`qv nq| Rb j‡Ki
g‡Z, †hLv‡b AvBb _v‡K bv †mLv‡b †Kvb ¯^vaxbZvI _v‡K bv|

AvBb ¯^vaxbZvi cwic~iK

AvBb †hgb †Kej wbqš¿Y bq †Zgwb ¯^vaxbZv gv‡b hv B‡”Q Zv Kiv bq| DfqwUi mv‡_B †hŠw³KZv welqwU
i‡q‡Q| AvBb ¯^vaxbZv‡K c~Y© K‡i| ¯^vaxbZv †Kvbfv‡e evavMÖ¯Í n‡j AvB‡bi gva¨‡g Zv ejer Kiv nq| A_v©r
AvBb Qvov ¯^vaxbZv c~Y©Zv cvq bv|

AvBb ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivax

AvBb memgq ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kej RbM‡Yi Rb¨, RbM‡Yi Øviv cÖYxZ AvBbB ¯^vaxbZv iÿv
Ki‡Z cv‡i| ‡¯^”QvPvix I ˆ¯^ivPvi KZ…©K cÖYxZ AvBb A‡bK mgqB ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax| `„óvšÍ wn‡m‡e `wÿY
Avwd«Kvi eY©‰elg¨g~jK AvB‡bi K_v ejv hvq, hv H †`‡ki K…òv½ bvMwiK‡`i AwaKvi Le© KiZ| ZvQvov
gvK©mev`xMY g‡b K‡ib, cuywRev`x MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq AvBb ˆZwi nq g~jZ mgv‡Ri cÖfvekvjx †kÖwYi kvmb-‡kvlY
wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨| A_©vr cuywRev`x MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq AvBb nj †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 52

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤ú‡K© A‡bK weiæ× hyw&³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| Zvic‡iI GUvB ev¯ÍeZv †h, AvaywbK ivóª e¨e¯’vq
wecyj msL¨K bvMwi‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv b~b¨Zg ch©v‡q n‡jI iÿv Kivi Rb¨ AvB‡bi weKí †bB| ZvB Dcmsnv‡i
Av‡b©÷ evK©v‡ii fvlvq ejv hvq Ò¯^vaxbZv I AvB‡bi g‡a¨ we‡iva †bBÓ|

AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯úi we‡ivax- GB gZwU we‡kølY Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ wbweo| AvBb bv _vK‡j ¯^vaxbZv ejer Kiv m¤¢e bq| Avevi AvB‡bi Rb¨
¯^vaxbZv Le© n‡j Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv| †Kvb †Kvb wPšÍvwe` AvBb‡K e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivax g‡b Ki‡jI,
†ewkifvMB AvBb‡K ¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, GKwU MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª
¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvi weKí †bB|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.8
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| ÒAvBb nj ¯^vaxbZvi Ó| k~b¨¯’v‡b ‡KvbwU em‡e?
K) dmj L) Ab¨ iƒc
M) m¤ú~iK N) kZ©
2| Ò¯^vaxbZv I AvB‡bi we‡iva †bBÓ Dw³wU Kvi?
K) Gwi÷Uj L) m‡µwUm
M) †cø‡Uv N) Av‡b©÷ evK©vi

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 53

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-3.9 ˆbwZKZvi aviYv, AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi m¤úK© (Concepts of Morality,

Relation between Law and Morality)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• ˆbwZKZv wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
• ˆbwZKZvi msÁv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
• AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi gv‡S mv`„k¨-ˆemv`„k¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

AvBb, ˆbwZKZv, gvb`Û|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

ˆbwZKZvi aviYv
ˆbwZKZv e¨w³MZ GKwU welq| c„w_ex‡Z fv‡jv-g›` hvPvB Kivi †Kvb k¦vkZ gvb`Û bv _vKvi d‡j
GKR‡bi `„wó‡Z †h welqwU fv‡jv Ab¨ R‡bi `„wó‡Z Zv Lvivc n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e fv‡jv-g‡›`i GKwU MocoZv
gvb`Û me mgv‡R cÖvq GKB iKg| mZZv, m`vPvix, †mŠRb¨g~jK AvPiYKvix, cÖwZkÖæwZ iÿvKvwi e¨w³‡K me
mgvRB ˆbwZK ¸bm¤úbœ e¨w³ wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i| G iKg e¨w³ †Kvb welqwU mgvR ev iv‡óªi Rb¨ fv‡jv ev g›` Zv
wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB fv‡jv I g‡›`i gv‡S cv_©K¨ m„wó Ki‡Z cvivUvB nj e¨w³i ˆbwZKZv| ˆbwZKZv‡K wewfbœ
mgvRweÁvbx I ivóªweÁvbx wewfbœfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| D`vniY¯^iƒc-
wW Gb wmWwjÕi g‡Z ÒmwVK I †ewVK Gi gv‡S cv_©K¨B nj ˆbwZKZvÓ|
AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi m¤úK©
AvBb I ˆbwZKvi ˆewkó¨ jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq G `ywU cÖZ¨‡qi gv‡S `yB ai‡bi m¤úK© _vK‡Z cv‡i| GKwU nj
wgj ev mym¤úK©; Ab¨wU Awgj ev cv_©K¨|
AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi mym¤úK©
D‡Ïk¨MZ: AvBb I ˆbwZKZv Df‡qiB D‡Ïk¨ nj mr, myôz I kvwšÍc~Y© mgvR I †`k MVb| AvB‡bi jÿ¨ n‡”Q
gvbyl‡K mr, hyw³msMZ, wbq‡gi gv‡S ivLv| Ab¨w`‡K, ‰bwZKZviI GKB jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨| bxwZevb e¨w³ Zvi
K‡g© I K_vq memgq mr, m`vPvix, †mŠRb¨g~jK I mrwPšÍvkxj n‡q _v‡K| Gme ¸Y mgvRRxe‡b kvwšÍc~Y©
mnve¯’v‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| mvaviYZ mgv‡R †hme welq¸‡jv AvBb we‡ivax, †m¸‡jv mvaviYZ bxwZwe‡ivaxI nq|
†hgb, cÖZviYv welqwU bxwZwe‡ivax Avevi Zv AvBb we‡ivaxI| evsjv‡`‡k †KD cÖZviYv Ki‡j †dŠR`vix Kvh©wewai
420 avivq Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv hvq| G ai‡bi we‡ePbv †_‡K Aa¨vcK Avi wR †M‡Uj e‡jb, ÒAvBb I
ˆbwZKZvi gv‡S wbweo m¤úK© weivRgvb|Ó
cÖfveMZ: mZ¨ I b¨v‡qi c‡ÿ Ae¯’vbKvix e¨w³‡K bxwZ-wbô AvL¨v †`Iqv nq| bxwZ-wbôZv gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K
¯^vfvweK cÖZ¨vkv| wKš‘ ¯^v‡_©i Ø›Ø, mxgvnxb Pvwn`v, wnsmvZœK g‡bvfv‡ei Ke‡j c‡o A‡bK mgq gvbyl bxwZ‡eva
wemR©b †`q| AvB‡bi n¯Í‡ÿ‡c gvbyl A‡bK mgq bxwZ‡eva wemwR©Z nIqvUv eyS‡Z wk‡L|
AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi cv_©K¨
AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU cv_©K¨ bx‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj:
K) Kvh©‡ÿÎMZ cv_©K¨: AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î A‡bK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| AvBb †Kej gvby‡li evwn¨K AvPvi-
AvPiY wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges NUbv N‡U hvevi ci e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, ˆbwZKZv gvby‡li AšÍRx© eb I

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 54

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ewn:Rxeb Dfq‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| †hgb, gv`K MÖnY Kiv AvBbZ `Ûbxq, ZviciI A‡b‡K gv`K MÖnY K‡i| wKš‘
†h e¨w³i g‡b GB wPšÍvwU _v‡K †h, gv`K Zvi wb‡Ri cwiev‡ii, mgv‡Ri I iv‡óªi Rb¨ ÿwZKi †m e¨w³
mvaviYZ †bkv K‡i bv| AvBb gvby‡li Ab¨vq KvR‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ Ab¨vq wPšÍv‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv|
L) Aby‡gv`bMZ cv_©K¨: AvBb wbw`©ó cÖwZôvb ev e¨w³e‡M©i gva¨‡g Aby‡gvw`Z n‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j AvBb Kvh©Ki
Kiv m¤¢e bq| Ab¨w`‡K, ˆbwZKZv welqwU e¨w³MZ| Gi Rb¨ KviI Aby‡gv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi
Rb¨ wbw`©ó ms¯’v ev e¨w³eM© cÖ‡qvRb nq| wKš‘ bxwZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Ggb wKQzi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
M) Ae¯’vb I Kvj‡f‡` cv_©K¨: GKB wel‡q wewfbœ †`‡k wewfbœ iKg AvBb n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, g`¨cvb evsjv‡`‡k
AvBbZ `Ûbxq| GLv‡b g`¨cvb‡K ˆbwZKZv cwicš’x wnmv‡eI we‡Pbv Kiv nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, cwðgv we‡k¦ g`¨cvb
mvaviY mvgvwRKZvi Ask Ges GB Af¨v‡mi mv‡_ ˆbwZKZv j•N‡bi cÖkœ †h mgv‡R AevšÍi|
N) cÖK„wZMZ cv_©K¨: cÖK…wZMZ w`K †_‡KI AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi g‡a¨ A‡bK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| bxwZkv¯¿ mKj KvR‡K
fv‡jv-g›`, b¨vq-Ab¨vq, DwPZ-AbywPZ, kvjxb-Akvjxb BZ¨vw` gvb`‡Û wef³ K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ AvBb cwi‡ek
cwiw¯’wZ Abyhvqx cÖYxZ I cÖ‡hvR¨ nq|
O) my¯úó I mywbw`©óZvi gvb`Û: AvBb my¯úó I mywbw`©ó| †ewkifvM AvBbB wjwce× _v‡K| †Kvb wel‡qi Rb¨
†Kvb AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e Zv wbw`©ó _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, ‰bwZKZvi wbw`©ó †Kvb gvb`Û †bB| GKB welq GKR‡bi
wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡jI Ab¨ R‡bi wbKU Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| `yBwU wfbœ mgv‡R ˆbwZKZvi wfbœ gvb`Û
_vK‡Z cv‡i|
P) ˆbwZKZv e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK: ˆbwZKZv e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK wKš‘ AvBb e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK bq| mKj e¨w³i Rb¨ GKB AvBb
mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| A_©vr AvBb me©Rbxb|

†Kvb gvb`‡Û gvbyl Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx n‡Z †kÖô?

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
gvbe mgv‡R Ggb A‡bK welq Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi fv‡jv-g›` wePvi Kivi k¦vkZ †Kvb gvb`Û †bB| †KvbwU fv‡jv,
†KvbwU g›` wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e, Zv e¨w³i gvbwmK MV‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| GwU wePvi Ki‡Z cvivUvB
ˆbwZKZv| ˆbwZKZv Av‡cwÿK I cwieZ©bkxj| ¯’vb-Kvj‡f‡` ‰bwZKZvi gvb`‡Û cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| A‡b‡K
‰bwZKZvi mv‡_ AvB‡bi GKwU m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡ib| Avevi G `ywUi gv‡S ˆecixZ¨I Av‡Q| †Kbbv AvBb †g‡b
Pjvi eva¨evaKZv ‡hgb i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb Zv wjwce× nIqvI eva¨Zvg~jK| wKš‘ ˆbwZKZvi †ÿ‡Î Giƒc †Kvb welq †bB|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.9
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| iwng Lye Afve-AbU‡bi gv‡S Av‡Q| †m Kv‡Ri A‡bK †LvuR Ki‡jv wKš‘ †Kvb KvR †cj bv| GB g~n‡~ Z©
Lvevi †Kbvi g‡Zv Zvi nv‡Z †Kvb UvKv †bB| ZvB fve‡jv evRv‡ii †`vKvb †_‡K Pvj Pzwi Ki‡e| iwn‡gi GB
wPšÍvwU‡K wK ejv hvq
i) Acivag~jK ii) AvBbwm× iii) bxwZweiæ×
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
(K) i (L) ii
(M) ii I iii (N) i I iii
2| ÒAvBb I ˆbwZKZvi gv‡S wbweo m¤úK© weivRgvb|Ó GK_v †K e‡j‡Qb?
K) du‡y Kv L) iv‡mj
M) †M‡Uj N) wbU‡k

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 55

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-3.10 mv‡g¨i aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM (Concept and Classification of Equality)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• mvg¨ wK Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mvg¨ KZ cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mv‡g¨i wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

mvg¨, mvg¨ev`, e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk, AwaKvi, my‡hvM-myweav|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

mv‡g¨i aviYv
mvg¨ kãwU cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi bMiivóª cÖm‡½ †cø‡Uvi †jLbx‡ZI
mvg¨ev‡`i K_v cvIqv hvq| †cø‡Uvi mv‡g¨i aviYv Aek¨ AvaywbK aviYv †_‡K wfbœ| AvaywbKhy‡M e¨w³MZ m¤úwË
we‡jvc K‡i mvg¨ev` cÖwZôvi K_v e‡j‡Qb Kvj© gvK©m| Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z Rb jK, iæ‡kvi g‡Zv wPšÍvwe`‡`i
†jLv‡jwL Ges Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv I divwm wecøe Gi g‡Zv NUbvi ga¨ w`‡q mgv‡R ˆel‡g¨i weiæ‡× RbgZ M‡o
DV‡Z _v‡K| divwm wecø‡ei g~j K_vB wQj mvg¨| mvg¨, ˆgÎx I åvZ…Z¡ GB wZbwU welq cÖwZôv Kiv wQj divwm
wecø‡ei g~j¨ jÿ¨| eZ©gvb MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v‡Z mvg¨ ej‡Z gvby‡li e¨w³‡Z¡i cwic~Y© weKvk mva‡bi Dc‡hvMx
my‡hvM-myweav mgvbfv‡e cvIqv‡K eySvq|
D`vi‰bwZK MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq RvwZ-ag©-eY©-wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l GKB ai‡bi my‡hvM-myweav jvf Kiv‡K eySvq|
Aa¨vcK n¨viì jvw¯‹i g‡Z, mK‡ji m¤§y‡L h_v_© my‡hvM-myweavi Øvi Db¥y³ ivLvi A_© nj mvg¨| A_©vr, mvg¨
ej‡Z Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v ev cwi‡ek eySvq †hLv‡b mKj bvMwiK mgvb my‡hvM-myweav jvf K‡i h_v_©fv‡e wb‡R‡`i
weKvk NUv‡Z mÿg nq|
mv‡g¨i cÖKvi‡f`
mvg¨ wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| h_vt
(K) mvgvwRK mvg¨ (L) ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ (M) A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ (N) AvBbMZ mvg¨
K. mvgvwRK mvg¨
mvgvwRK mvg¨ n‡”Q Ggb GKwU cwiw¯’wZ hLb †Kvb GKwU mgv‡R cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ we‡kl KZ¸‡jv †ÿ‡Î mgvb
my‡hvM †fvM K‡i| evK-¯^vaxbZv, m¤úwËi AwaKvi, mvgvwRK wbivcËv †fvM wKsev bvMwiK AwaKvi PP©vi †ÿ‡Î
mgvb my‡hvM jvf Ki‡Z cvivUv mvgvwRK mv‡g¨i wb‡`©kK|
L. ivR‰bwZK mvg¨
cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK ivóª KZ…©K wba©vwiZ wKQz my‡hvM-myweav †c‡q _v‡K| RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l GBme my‡hvM-myweav
jvf KivB ivR‰bwZK mvg¨| msMVb Kivi ¯^vaxbZv, wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY Gi myyweav, †fvUvwaKvi BZ¨vw` ivR‰bwZK
mv‡g¨i ch©v‡q c‡o| ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ bv _vK‡j iv‡óª †bZ…‡Z¡i msKU ˆZwi nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
M. A_©‰bwZK mvg¨
A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ ej‡Z mvaviYfv‡e ivóªxq m¤ú‡` cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mgvb my‡hvM _vKv †evSvq| cQ›`gZ †ckv wbe©vPb,
†ckv cwieZ©b, †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx †ckv MÖn‡Yi gZ welq¸wj A_©‰bwZK mv‡g¨i wb‡`©kK| A_©‰bwZK mv‡g¨i gvÎvi
Dc‡iB GKwU iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 56

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

N. AvBbMZ mvg¨
B‡Zvc~‡e© Av‡jvwPZ mv‡g¨i wKQz wKQz Avevi AvB‡bi Øviv ¯^xK…Z| †hgb, PvKzwi‡Z mgvb my‡hvM jv‡fi AwaKvi,
msMVb I mgv‡ek Kivi AwaKvi| evsjv‡`‡ki gZ †`‡k AvBbMZ mvg¨ msweavb Øviv myiwÿZ| msweavb QvovI
†`‡ki we`¨gvb Ab¨vb¨ AvBb ØvivI mvg¨ ¯^xK…Z n‡Z cv‡i| AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ AvB‡bi mvg¨ _vKv
DwPZ|

mv‡g¨i †kÖwYwefv‡Mi GKwU ZvwjKv Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
mvg¨ ej‡Z Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v ev cwi‡ek eySvq hLb iv‡óªi mKj bvMwiK mgvb my‡hvM-myweav jvf Kivi gva¨‡g
wb‡R‡`i weKvk NUv‡Z mÿg nq| mvg¨ ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I AvBbMZ n‡Z cv‡i| mvg¨ wbwðZ Kiv iv‡óªi
`vwqZ¡|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.10
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| e¨w³MZ m¤úwË we‡jvcg~jK mv‡g¨i K_v †K e‡j‡Qb?
K) nem L) jK
M) iæ‡kv N) gvK©m
2| cÖvß eq¯‹ mKj bvMwi‡Ki wbe©vP‡b †fvU †`evi ÿgZv wK ai‡bi mvg¨?
K) A_©‰bwZK L) AvBbMZ
M) ˆbwZK N) ivR‰bwZK

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 57

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cvV-3.11 mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© (Relations between Equality and Liberty)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© KZ iK‡gi Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
• mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© wel‡q Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

we‡ivax, cwic~iK, wfwË, RvwZ-ag©-eY©|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK©
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Av‡jvPbvq mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| mgv‡R emevm Ki‡Z n‡j mvg¨
I ¯^vaxbZv `ywUB cÖ‡qvRb| ‰elg¨hy³ mgv‡R Aw¯’wZkxjZv weivR K‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i, ¯^vaxbZvnxb e¨w³ ev RvwZi
weKv‡ki m¤¢vebv bm¨vr nq| mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi gv‡S ivóªweÁvbxMY `yÕai‡bi m¤úK© wPwýZ K‡ib| GKwU aviv mvg¨
I ¯^vaxbZvi g‡a¨ mgagx©Zvi K_v e‡j Ab¨ avivwU GB `yB‡qi gv‡S wKQz ˆecixZ¨ †`L‡Z cvq|
mgagx©Zvg~jK m¤úK©: mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv wbweofv‡e m¤úwK©Z| ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î A‡b¨i ¯^vaxbZvi K_v wPšÍv
KivB nj mvg¨wPšÍv| iæ‡kv, jvw¯‹, evK©vi cÖg~L ivóªweÁvbxMY g‡b K‡ib mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯úi cwic~iK|
Df‡qi m¤úK© AwZ wbweo| mvg¨ Qvov ¯^vaxbZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ bvB| mgv‡R mvg¨ bv _vK‡j RvwZ-ag©-eY©-‡kÖwY †f‡`
ˆelg¨ N‡U| G Ae¯’vq ¯^vaxbZv A_©nxb n‡Z _v‡K| AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgvb AwaKvi wbwðZ n‡jB †Kej GKRb
bvMwiK Zvi ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi aviYv Awfbœ| ¯^vaxbZv Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek‡K ‡evSvq †hLv‡b gvbyl wb‡Ri m‡ev©”P weKvk NUv‡Z
cv‡i| mvg¨i Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek ev cwiw¯’wZ †evSvq hv e¨w³i c~Y© weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i| A‡bK ivóªweÁvbx I
mgvRweÁvbx A_©‰bwZK mvg¨‡K ¯^vaxbZvi c~e©kZ© wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib| A_©‰bwZK ‰el‡g¨i Kvi‡Y gvby‡li
¯^vfvweK weKvkI Pigfv‡e evavMÖ¯Í nq| Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv A_©nxb n‡q hvq|| Gfv‡e †`L‡j mvg¨
I ¯^vaxbZv IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ|
ˆecixZ¨g~jK m¤úK©: gvbyl cÖK…wZMZfv‡e mgvb bq Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wbR¸‡Y ¯^Zš¿| d‡j G‡KK R‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi
gvÎvI aviYv G‡KK iKg| GB ¯^vZš¿¨¸‡jv we‡ePbvq bv wb‡q RvwZ-ag©-eY©-wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l mvg¨ ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡j,
e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZvi †ÿ‡Î bvbvwea evav ˆZwi nq| jW© A¨vKUb, nve©vU© †¯úbmvi, †eRnU cÖg~L ivóªweÁvbxMY mvg¨ I
¯^vaxbZvi g‡a¨ ci¯úi we‡ivax m¤úK© i‡q‡Q g‡b K‡ib| jW© A¨vKUb Gi g‡Z Òmvg¨ AR©‡bi AvMÖn ¯^vaxbZvi
Avkv‡K e¨_© K‡iÓ| gvK©mev`xMY mgv‡R mvg¨ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK gyw³i K_v e‡jb|

mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© wbiæcY Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvi-ms‡ÿc
mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv wbweofv‡e m¤úwK©Z| †Kvb mgv‡R mvg¨ bv _vK‡j ¯^vaxbZvI _vKvi K_v bv| Z‡e G `ywU
cÖZ¨‡qi gv‡S †KD †KD Avevi wecixZag©x m¤úK©I wbav©iY K‡ib GB A‡_© †h, e¨w³‡`i ga¨Kvi bvbvwea wfbœZv
we‡ePbvq bv wb‡q mvg¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡j, Zv cÖK…Z c‡ÿ ¯^vaxbZv Le© K‡i †`q|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 58

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.11
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| ˆelg¨hy³ mgv‡R wK weivR K‡i?
K) w¯’wZkxjZv L) Aw¯’wZkxjZv
M) kvwšÍ N) mg„w×
2| iwngv LvZzb I Rqbvj wgqv GK‡Î ivRwg¯¿xi KvR K‡i| Rqbvj wKQzÿY cici KvR †Q‡o e‡m _v‡K| iwngv
GKv KvR Ki‡Z _v‡K| Rqbv‡ji mv‡_ wR` K‡i iwngvI hv B‡”Q Zv KiZ, ZvB cy‡iv KvRwU bó n‡q †hZ|
iwngv I Rqbv‡ji gv‡S wK‡mi m¤úK©wU bó n‡q‡Q?
i) mvg¨ ii) ¯^vaxbZv iii) AwaKvi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) i I ii
(M) ii I iii (N) i I iii
3| Òmvg¨ AR©‡bi AvMÖn ¯^vaxbZvi Avkv‡K e¨_© K‡iÓ| GwU Kvi e³e¨?
K) Pgw¯‹ L) du‡y Kv
M) †nevigvm N) A¨vKUb

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb K¬v‡m wkÿK Qv·`i‡K AvBb cÖYq‡bi KviY I Drm m¤ú‡K© covw”Q‡jb| †m †cÖwÿ‡Z
wZwb e‡jb weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z ¯‹zj K‡jR, kwcs †m›Uv‡i BfwUwRs Lye ‡e‡o wM‡qwQj| cÖwZwbqZB BfwUwRs Gi
wewfbœ NUbv cÎ-cwÎKv I mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g¸‡jv‡Z ¯’vb K‡i wb‡qwQj, †m mgq BfwUwRs‡qi weiæ‡×
AvBb cÖYq‡bi †Rviv‡jv `vwe D‡V| Rb`vexi gy‡L GK ch©v‡q BfwUwRs we‡ivax AvBb ˆZwi nq| cieZ©x‡Z
†gvevBj †KvU© I Ab¨vb¨fv‡e G AvBb Kvh©Ki Kivq BfwUwRs cÖwZ‡iva Kiv A‡bKvs‡k m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| ïay BfwUwRs
bq, AZx‡Z mvgvwRK `vwei †cÖwÿ‡Z A‡bK mgqB AvBb cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| A_©vr mvgvwRK `vwe, cÖ_v, †Kvb NUbvq
wePv‡ii bwRi †_‡K AvBb cÖYxZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
K) AvB‡bi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã wK?
L) AvBb KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
M) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K AvB‡bi Drm¸‡jv wK wK? AvBb cÖYq‡b cÖ_vi ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb|
N) Aciva `g‡b AvBb cÖYqb Riæwi †Kb? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

2| †mv‡nj ivbv GKRb RbcÖwZwbwai cyÎ| †m Zvi wcZvi ÿgZvi †`vnvB w`‡q GjvKvq Îv‡mi ivRZ¡ Kv‡qg
K‡i‡Q| m¤úªwZ †m GjvKvq mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôv‡bi bv‡g hvÎvcvjvi Av‡qvRb K‡i| †mLv‡b evsjvi HwZn¨evnx
Abyôv‡bi Avov‡j Acms¯‹…wZi Av‡qvRb K‡i Ges A‡bK iv‡Z gvBK evwR‡q GjvKvi RbM‡Yi kvwšÍc~Y© Rxeb-
hvc‡b weNœ NUvq| G wel‡q cÖwZev` Ki‡Z †M‡j †mv‡nj GK hyeK‡K wcwU‡q AvnZ K‡i| G NUbv wb‡q †mv‡n‡ji
wcZvi Kv‡Q †h‡q hyeKwU †Kvb m‡šÍvlRbK cÖwZKvi cvbwb| †Kvb Dcvq bv †`‡L Ae‡k‡l †mB hyeK Av`vj‡Zi
Øvi¯’ nq Ges `xN© GK eQi ci Av`vj‡Zi iv‡q RbcÖwZwbwai cyÎ †`vlx mve¨¯Í nq|
K) ˆbwZKZv wK?
L) mvg¨ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
M) Òhv B‡”Q ZvB Kiv ¯^vaxbZv bqÓ-DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N) ÔAvB‡bi kvmb ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi Dcw¯’wZ eySv hvqÕ -DÏxcK Abyhvqx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 59

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.1 t 1| M 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.2 t 1| M 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.3 t 1| L 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.4 t 1| L 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.5 t 1| K 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.6 t 1| N 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.7 t 1| N 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.8 t 1| N 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.9 t 1| N 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.10 t 1| N 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.11 t 1| L 2| M 3| N

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 60