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By Asst. Professor Dept. of Computer Application ST - Joseph's College (Arts & Science) Kovur, Chennai

This document discusses threads in Java. It begins by defining processes and threads, noting that threads are lightweight processes that exist within a process and share its resources. It then covers creating threads by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface. The life cycle of a thread is described, including newborn, runnable, running, blocked, and dead states. Methods for starting, stopping, blocking, and synchronizing threads are outlined. Thread priority and potential issues like deadlocks are also mentioned.

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Cheril Renjit D R
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56 views

By Asst. Professor Dept. of Computer Application ST - Joseph's College (Arts & Science) Kovur, Chennai

This document discusses threads in Java. It begins by defining processes and threads, noting that threads are lightweight processes that exist within a process and share its resources. It then covers creating threads by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface. The life cycle of a thread is described, including newborn, runnable, running, blocked, and dead states. Methods for starting, stopping, blocking, and synchronizing threads are outlined. Thread priority and potential issues like deadlocks are also mentioned.

Uploaded by

Cheril Renjit D R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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By

VINOTH R
Asst. professor
Dept. of Computer Application
St.Joseph’s college(Arts & Science)
Kovur, Chennai
TOPIC INCLUDES:
 Introduction to Thread
 Creation of Thread
 Life cycle of Thread
 Stopping and Blocking a Thread
 Using Thread Methods
 Thread Priority
 Thread Synchronization
 DeadLock
INTRODUCTION TO THREAD
• Process and Thread are two basic units of Java
program execution.
• Process: A process is a self contained execution
environment and it can be seen as a program or
application.
• Thread: It can be called lightweight process
• Thread requires less resources to create and exists in the
process
• Thread shares the process resources
INTRODUCTION Contd.
MULTITHREADING
• Multithreading in java is a process of
executing multiple processes simultaneously
• A program is divided into two or more
subprograms, which can be implemented at
the same time in parallel.
• Multiprocessing and multithreading, both are
used to achieve multitasking.
• Java Multithreading is mostly used in games,
animation etc.
MULTITHREADING Contd.
MULTITHREADING Contd.
ADVANTAGE:
 It doesn't block the user
 can perform many operations together so it
saves time.
 Threads are independent so it doesn't
affect other threads
CREATING THREAD
• Threads are implemented in the form of objects.
• The run() and start() are two inbuilt methods
which helps to thread implementation
• The run() method is the heart and soul of any
thread
– It makes up the entire body of a thread
• The run() method can be initiating with the help
of start() method.
CREATING THREAD Contd.

CREATING THREAD
1. By extending Thread class

2. By implementing Runnable
interface
CREATING THREAD Contd.
1. By Extending Thread class
class Multi extends Thread // Extending thread class
{
public void run() // run() method declared
{
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Multi t1=new Multi(); //object initiated
t1.start(); // run() method called through start()
}
}

Output: thread is running…


CREATING THREAD Contd.
2. By implementing Runnable interface
 Define a class that implements Runnable
interface.
 The Runnable interface has only one method,
run(), that is to be defined in the method with the
code to be executed by the thread.
CREATING THREAD Contd.
2. By implementing Runnable interface
class Multi3 implements Runnable // Implementing Runnable interface
{
public void run()
{
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Multi3 m1=new Multi3(); // object initiated for class
Thread t1 =new Thread(m1); // object initiated for thread
t1.start();
} }

Output: thread is running…


LIFE cycle of a thread
• During the life time of a thread, there are
many states it can enter.
• They include:
1. Newborn state
2. Runnable state
3. Running state
4. Blocked state
5. Dead state
LIFE cycle of a thread contd.
LIFE cycle of a thread contd.
Newborn State:
 The thread is born and is said to be in newborn
state.
 The thread is not yet scheduled for running.
 At this state, we can do only one of the following:
• Schedule it for running using start() method.
• Kill it using stop() method.
LIFE cycle of a thread contd.
Runnable State:
 The thread is ready for execution
 Waiting for the availability of the processor.
 The thread has joined the queue
LIFE cycle of a thread contd.
Running State:
• Thread is executing
• The processor has given its time to the thread
for its execution.
• The thread runs until it gives up control on its
own or taken over by other threads.
LIFE cycle of a thread contd.
Blocked State:
• A thread is said to be blocked
• It is prevented to entering into the runnable and the
running state.
• This happens when the thread is suspended, sleeping,
or waiting in order to satisfy certain requirements.
• A blocked thread is considered "not runnable" but not
dead and therefore fully qualified to run again.
• This state is achieved when we
Invoke suspend() or sleep() or wait() methods.
LIFE cycle of a thread contd.
Dead State:
• Every thread has a life cycle.
• A running thread ends its life when it has completed
executing its run( ) method. It is a natural death.
• A thread can be killed in born, or in running, or even in
"not runnable" (blocked) condition.
• It is called premature death.
• This state is achieved when we invoke stop() method or
the thread completes it execution.
Thread methods
• Thread is a class found in java.lang package.
Method Signature Description

String getName() Retrieves the name of running thread in the current


context in String format
This method will start a new thread of execution by
void start() calling run() method of Thread/runnable object.

void run() This method is the entry point of the thread. Execution of
thread starts from this method.
This method suspend the thread for mentioned time
void sleep(int sleeptime) duration in argument (sleeptime in ms)

By invoking this method the current thread pause its


void yield() execution temporarily and allow other threads to
execute.
This method used to queue up a thread in execution.
void join() Once called on thread, current thread will wait till calling
thread completes its execution

boolean isAlive() This method will check if thread is alive or dead


Stopping and blocking
Stopping a thread:
• To stop a thread from running further, we may do
so by calling its stop() method.
• This causes a thread to stop immediately and
move it to its dead state.
• It forces the thread to stop abruptly before its
completion
• It causes premature death.
• To stop a thread we use the following syntax:
thread.stop();
Stopping and blocking
Blocking a Thread:
• A thread can also be temporarily suspended
or blocked from entering into the runnable
and subsequently running state,
1. sleep(t) // blocked for ‘t’ milliseconds
2. suspend() // blocked until resume() method is invoked
3. wait() // blocked until notify () is invoked
Thread priority
• Each thread is assigned a priority, which
affects the order in which it is scheduled for
running.
• Java permits us to set the priority of a thread
using the setPriority() method as follows:

ThreadName.setPriority(int Number);
Thread priority contd.
• The intNumber is an integer value to which the
thread's priority is set. The Thread class defines
several priority constants:
1. public static int MIN_PRIORITY =1
2. public static int NORM_PRIORITY = 5
3. public static int MAX_PRIORITY = 10
• The default setting is NORM_PRIORITY. Most user-
level processes should use NORM_PRIORITY.
Java synchronization
• Generally threads use their own data and
methods provided inside their run() methods.
• But if we wish to use data and methods outside
the thread’s run() method, they may compete
for the same resources and may lead to serious
problems.
• Java enables us to overcome this problem using
a technique known as Synchronization.
For ex.: One thread may try to read a record from
a file while another is still writing to the same file.
Java synchronization contd.
• When the method declared as synchronized,
Java creates a "monitor" and hands it over to
the thread that calls the method first time.

synchronized (lock-object)
{
.......... // code here is synchronized
}
deadlock
• Deadlock describes a situation where two or
more threads are blocked forever, waiting for
each other.
• when two or more threads are waiting to gain
control on a resource.
For example, assume that the thread A must
access Method1 before it can release Method2, but
the thread B cannot release Method1 until it gets
holds of Method2.
deadlock
THANK YOU…

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