TEL 505E

Mobile and Personal

Communication Systems
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
Elektrik Elektronik Fakültesi
Elektronik Haberleşme Mühendisliği
Fall 2020
 Course Information
• Instructor
Güneş Kurt
Room # 3213
(212) 285 3509
[email protected]

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 Course Information
• Time Slot
Monday 12.30 – 15.30
• Office Hours
– By appointment
• Course Location
Bedri Karafakioglu Seminar Room
http://ninova.itu.edu.tr/Ders/1670/Sinif/33594

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 What you need to know?
• Probability theory
• Stochastic processes
• Communication systems theory
• Basic Programming Skills (Matlab, C, Java,
NS2, NS3…)

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 What you’ll learn in TEL-505?
• Broad overview of the state of wireless and
mobile communications
• Main physical, architectural and networking
issues of cellular and wireless LAN systems
• Key technologies that will enable the next
generation of wireless systems and networks
• Basics of scientific research

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 Resources
• Papers
– Details will be given
• Books:
[1] Introduction to Wireless and Mobile Systems, D.P. Agrawal, Q. Zeng,
Thomson, 2003. ISBN: 978-0534408510.
[2] Mobile Wireless Communications, M. Schwartz, Cambridge University
Press, 2005. ISBN: 9780521843478.
[3] 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, E. Dahlman, S.
Parkvall, J. Skold, P. Beming, Elsevier, 2007. ISBN: 978-0-12-372533-2.
[4] Multiple Access Protocols for Mobile Communications GPRS, UMTS
and Beyond, A. Brand, H. Aghvami, John Wiley and Sons, 2002. ISBN:
978-0-471-49877-3.
[5] Wireless Communications: Principles & Practice, Theodore S.
Rappaport, Prentice Hall, 2002. ISBN 0-13-042232-0.

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 Information about Project
• This course will combine in-class lectures with in-depth
independent research projects of the students' own
choosing.
• Project objective:
– To digest a wider range of emerging topics and techniques in
wireless communications that are not covered in the lectures,
– To communicate the research findings in the forms of in-class
presentations and on-line term papers.
• TARGET:
– A study presenting an original research contribution in the field.
• Sources:
– http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/dynhome.jsp
– http://scholar.google.com.tr/

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 Project Proposal
• Each student will propose a project.
• A 4-6-paragraph project proposal and presentation are
due November 16th.
• The project proposal should include a fairly detailed
description of what you plan to do (i.e. a clear
description of the specific problem you plan to
investigate) and how you plan to do it (i.e. a
description of your approach and the expected results).
• Do not propose to do something that cannot be
completed within the semester.
• Your proposal should also list 5-8 relevant references.
• Please see the Proposal Template
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 Project Report
• PROGRESS REPORT (DUE DECEMBER 14)
– The progress report is a one or two page informal report that summarizes the project status
and the work done.
– The work will be presented in class
• FINAL REPORT (DUE JANUARY 18)
– The final report should follow one of the formatting styles in IEEE
Transactions/Journal/Magazine/Letters.
– The paper should demonstrate in-depth understanding of the topic addressed and present key
technical considerations in the issues involved.
– It must include
• A cover page
• An abstract describing your main work;
• An introduction describing the problem being addressed;
• In-depth technical descriptions including
– problem modeling and solutions,
– systems design considerations and trade offs,
– application range and current implementation status
– future work;
• Final summary;
• Reference citations.

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 Project Presentation
• In-class presentations
• Each student will be (tentatively) allocated 25
minutes for presentations and Q&A
• Date: TBA

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WEEK Course Outline DATE
1 Introduction 19/10
2 Review of digital communication systems 26/10
3 Mobile radio propagation aspects 02/11
4 Concepts of cellular design 09/11
5 Multiple access techniques (+ Project Proposals and Presentations) 16/11
6 Radio resource management 23/11
7 Mobility management including handoff 30/11
8 Evolution of mobile communication systems: 1G/2G/3G 7/12
9 Evolution of mobile communication systems: 4G/5G (+ Project 14/12
Progress Reports and Presentations)
10 Towards 6G 21/12
11 Wireless local area networks 28/12
12 Core Network 04/01
13 Project Workshop 11/01
14 Project Workshop (+ Project Final Reports) 18/01

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 Basic Communication System
Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with
the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood by both
sender and receiver. (Source: Wikipedia)

Transmitter Channel Receiver

Goals: Efficiency & reliability

Communication
Systems
• Data
Communications
• Networking
• Protocols
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 OSI Reference Model
• Functionalities of a communication system can be
characterized in terms of 7 abstraction layers
7 • Application

6 • Presentation

5 • Session

4 • Transport

3 • Network

2 • Data Link
Transmitter Receiver • Physical Layer (PHY)
1

UMIC 13
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 History of wireless comm.
• Before the “Birth of Radio”, 1867-1896
• 1867 - Maxwell predicts existence of electromagnetic (EM) waves
• 1887 - Hertz proves existence of EM waves; first spark transmitter
generates a spark in a receiver several meters away
• 1890 - Branly develops coherer for detecting radio waves
• 1896 - Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraph to English
telegraph office

• “The Birth of Radio”

• 1897 - Marconi awarded patent for wireless telegraph
• 1897 - First “Marconi station” established on Needles island to
communicate with English coast
• 1898 - Marconi awarded English patent for tuned communication
• 1898 - Wireless telegraphic connection between England and France
established
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzJNnr6-Wn0
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 History of wireless comm.
• Transoceanic Communication
• 1901 - Marconi successfully transmits radio signal across Atlantic Ocean
from Cornwall to Newfoundland
• 1902 - First bidirectional communication across Atlantic
• 1909 - Marconi awarded Nobel prize for physics

• Voice over Radio

• 1914 - First voice over radio transmission
• 1920s - Mobile receivers installed in police cars in Detroit
• 1930s - Mobile transmitters developed; radio equipment occupied most of
police car trunk
• 1935 - Frequency modulation (FM) demonstrated by Armstrong
• 1940s - Majority of police systems converted to FM

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 History of wireless comm.
• Birth of Mobile Telephony
• 1946 - First interconnection of mobile users to public switched telephone
network (PSTN)
• 1949 - FCC recognizes mobile radio as new class of service
• 1940s - Number of mobile users > 50K
• 1950s - Number of mobile users > 500K
• 1960s - Number of mobile users > 1.4M
• 1960s - Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) introduced; supports
full-duplex, auto dial, auto trunking
• 1976 - Bell Mobile Phone has 543 pay customers using 12 channels in the
New York City area; waiting list is 3700 people; service is poor due to
blocking

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 History of wireless comm.
• Cellular Mobile Telephony
• 1979 - NTT/Japan deploys first cellular communication system
• 1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) deployed in US in 900 MHz
band: supports 666 duplex channels
• 1989 - Groupe Spècial Mobile defines European digital cellular standard, GSM
(GSM later re-named as Global System for Mobile)
• 1991 - US Digital Cellular phone system introduced
• 1993 - IS-95 code-division multiple-access (CDMA) spread- spectrum digital
cellular system deployed in US
• 1994 - GSM system deployed in US
• 1995 - GSM system deployed in Turkey

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 Mobile and personal communication
networks
• PCS and Beyond 2000s
– Third/fourth generation
cellular system
standards,
– Bluetooth,
– WiFi,
– Ad hoc networks,
– Sensor networks
–…

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Fixed Telephony

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Internet Users

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Mobile Broadband Users

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 Mobile User Trends - EUROPE
1000

900

800

700
Million Users

600

Cellphone
500
Fixed Phone
400 BB Internet

300

200

100

0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

SOURCE: //www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/

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 Mobile User Trends - TURKEY
70

60

50
Million Users

40
Cellphone
Fixed Phone
30
BB Internet

20

10

0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

SOURCE: //www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/

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 Wired vs. Wireless
Wired Wireless

• Low attenuation • Attenuation is high

• Low time-variance • Time-varying
• Negligible interference • High interference
– Each wire is well isolated – Single medium
• Costly • No digging to lay cables
• No mobility • Mobile

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 Challenges in Mobile Networks
• Bandwidth
– Scarce spectrum
• Leading to low data rates
• Power
– Mobility based constraints on battery
• Reliability
– Wireless channel is time varying
• High loss rates
• Security
– Information is broadcast

More info @ //citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.48.1636

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 Range of Wireless Systems
Satellite

FM, MW, SW Radio

Cellular Systems

Bluetooth

Infra-red

1m 10m 100m 1km 10km 100km

PAN LAN MAN WAN

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 Electro-Magnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic

radiation. (Souce: Wikipedia)

Visible light, is electromagnetic radiation of a

wavelength that is visible to the human eye
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(about 400–700 nm), or up to 380–750 nm
 Regulations
• Türkiye
– Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurumu (BTK)
– www.tk.gov.tr
• United States
– Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
– www.fcc.gov
• United Kingdom
– Office of Communications (OFCOM)
– www.ofcom.org.uk

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Frequency Allocations

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 Underlying concepts
• Electromagnetics
– Antennas, wave propagation, channel modeling
• Signals and systems
– Filtering, Fourier transforms, block-diagram design
• Digital signal processing
– Equalization, spread-spectrum, source coding
• Communications
– Modulation, noise analysis, channel capacity, channel
coding

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 Enabling technologies
• Digital integrated circuits
• RF generation devices (efficient power amps, sleep
modes, improved oscillators, smart antennas)
• Source coding (data compression)
• Modulation (improved efficiency)
• Multiple-access techniques (increase number of
users)
• Channel coding/forward error correction (improve
probability of successful reception)
• Software programmable radios

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A Computing Platform?

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CONVERGENCE

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 Convergence
• The merger of previously distinct telephony
and information technologies and markets
• Layers:
• applications
• these are seen by the end users
• enterprise services
• services the information network supplies to support
applications
• infrastructure
• communication links available to the enterprise
 CONVERGENCE
• Key Driver
– User demand for similarity of services and applications across
different systems
• Integration and convergence
– Connectivity
• Provision of a bit pipe, intelligence in the network and terminal
– Content
• Information and some services
– Commerce
• Transactions
• Outcome:
– New service delivery dynamics
– New paradigm in communications
• E.g. LBS based VAS
ACCESS SYSTEMS
Integration Challenge

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 Terminal Heterogeneity
– Support of different types of terminals in
terms of display size, energy consumption,
portability, weight, complexity, etc.

SCREEN SIZE

SIZE/WEIGHT/PORTABILITY

PERFORMANCE (Processing Power, Memory, Storage Space, Battery Life)

BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS

NETWORKS SUPPORTED

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 Services
• In an 4G environment the service provided by the
network depends on time, place, and terminal(s)
used by the customer.
 NETWORK INTERWORKING

Vertical
Handover

Horizontal
Handover
 Vertical Handovers

Reconfigurable radio concept inter-system roaming and QoS provisioning

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Radio Trends

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 Block Diagram

Block diagram of a generic 4G system 44

 Cellular summary
ST ND RD
! 1 $GENERATION$ 2 $GENERATION$ 3 $GENERATION$
$$UBIQUITY$$ $$$DIGITAL$ $$$$$DATA$
Time$ 1980s$ 1990s$$ 2000s$

Technology$ Analog$ Digital$$ Packet$$

(TDMA,CDMA)$
Services$ Voice,$Data$Modems$ Voice,$Circuit$+$Packet$ Multimedia$
Data$
Systems$ AMPS,$TACS$…$ ISR95,$GSM,$…$ WRCDMA,$cdma2000,$…$
!
Data$Rates$ 10$Kb/s$$ ~$20$Kb/s$$ 384$Kb/s$and$higher$

Key$Issues$ viabilityRRwould$ coverage-and- wireless-web,-

cellular$work$ capacityRRwould$cellular$ location-based-
meet$demands$ servicesRRwhat$data$
!
service$drives$demand$
!

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System 45

TACS: Total Access Communication System
 https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.15088

What’s Next

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47
• Main
Componets of a
HAPS system

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Reflective Smart Surfaces 49
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.08747
 Course Outline
• Mobile Radio Propagation
• Cell Concept
– Cellular design
– Cell coverage
– Macrocellular, microcellular, picocellular concepts
• Radio Resource Management
– Resources
– System design fundamentals

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 Course Outline
• Mobility Management
– Handoff
• Multiple Access Techniques
– Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
– Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
– CDMA
– OFDMA
– SDMA
• Wireless Networking & Network Coding
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 Course Outline
• Evolution of Cellular Mobile Communication
Systems
– First Generation (1G)
– Second Generation (2G)
– Third Generation (3G)
– Fourth Generation (4G)
– Fifth Generation (5G)
• WLAN

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 Open Issues
• Radio Resource Management
– Traffic projections and requirements
• Prediction of spectrum demand
– Including ratio of asymmetry
– Service and application requirements
– Frequency re-use factor and methods
– Radio transmission characteristics
• TDD/FDD
• Multiple access
 Open Issues
• Radio Resource Management
– Number of carrier frequencies needed for an
efficient network
– Global roaming requirements
• Harmonized use of spectrum
– Techniques of dynamic spectrum sharing
– Sharing and compatibility analysis
– System level optimization
 Open Issues
• Quality of Experience (QoE)
– Quality of Service(QoS)
– Real-time and non-real-time traffic
• Security management
– Enhanced security
– Mobile signature
• Ability to provide differentiated services and applications
– General trends of telecommunication systems need to be
followed
– Adapt to the capabilities of the mobile systems and optimize
service delivery in the radio environment
– IP based
 Open Issues
• Smooth transition and maximized sharing between existing and
new systems
– Cross-system optimization
– Sharing of
• Mobile terminal
• Subscriber identity modules
• Network elements
• Radio sites
• Single authentication and service provisioning
– Independent of the access network
• Flexible billing capabilities
– Data traffic
– Voice
– Rate requirements
 Open Issues
• Access type selection optimizing service
delivery
• Backhaul transmission
– ≤ 1Gbps per user
• Flexible network configuration
– Support for network interworking
• Reduced cost of terminals and network
equipment
• Evolution of mobile terminals
 CONCLUSION

Optimally connected people anywhere,

anytime…
QUESTIONS ?

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