8 Chapter 2

Participation constraint - a participation constraint determines whether relation-

ships must involve certain entities. An example is if every department entity has
a manager entity. Participation constraints can either be total or partial. A total
participation constraint says that every department has a manager. A partial
participation constraint says that every employee does not have to be a manager.

Overlap constraint - within an ISA hierarchy, an overlap constraint determines

whether or not two subclasses can contain the same entity.

Covering constraint - within an ISA hierarchy, a covering constraint determines

where the entities in the subclasses collectively include all entities in the superclass.
For example, with an Employees entity set with subclasses HourlyEmployee and
SalaryEmployee, does every Employee entity necessarily have to be within either
HourlyEmployee or SalaryEmployee?

Weak entity set - an entity that cannot be identified uniquely without considering
some primary key attributes of another identifying owner entity. An example is
including Dependent information for employees for insurance purposes.

Aggregation - a feature of the entity relationship model that allows a relationship

set to participate in another relationship set. This is indicated on an ER diagram
by drawing a dashed box around the aggregation.

Role indicator - If an entity set plays more than one role, role indicators describe
the different purpose in the relationship. An example is a single Employee entity
set with a relation Reports-To that relates supervisors and subordinates.

Exercise 2.2 A university database contains information about professors (identified

by social security number, or SSN) and courses (identified by courseid). Professors
teach courses; each of the following situations concerns the Teaches relationship set. For
each situation, draw an ER diagram that describes it (assuming no further constraints
hold).

1. Professors can teach the same course in several semesters, and each offering must
be recorded.

2. Professors can teach the same course in several semesters, and only the most
recent such offering needs to be recorded. (Assume this condition applies in all
subsequent questions.)

3. Every professor must teach some course.

4. Every professor teaches exactly one course (no more, no less).

5. Every professor teaches exactly one course (no more, no less), and every course
must be taught by some professor.
Introduction to Database Design 9

Semester semesterid

ssn courseId

Professor Teaches Course

Figure 2.1 ER Diagram for Exercise 2.2, Part 1

ssn semester courseId

Professor Teaches Course

Figure 2.2 ER Diagram for Exercise 2.2, Part 2

6. Now suppose that certain courses can be taught by a team of professors jointly,
but it is possible that no one professor in a team can teach the course. Model this
situation, introducing additional entity sets and relationship sets if necessary.

Answer 2.2 1. The ER diagram is shown in Figure 2.1.

2. The ER diagram is shown in Figure 2.2.

3. The ER diagram is shown in Figure 2.3.

4. The ER diagram is shown in Figure 2.4.

5. The ER diagram is shown in Figure 2.5.

6. The E.R. diagram is shown in Figure 2.6. An additional entity set called Group
is introduced to identify the professors who team to teach a course. We assume
that only the latest offering of a course needs to be recorded.

Exercise 2.3 Consider the following information about a university database:

10 Chapter 2

ssn semester courseId

Professor Teaches Course

Figure 2.3 ER Diagram for Exercise 2.2, Part 3

ssn semester courseId

Professor Teaches Course

Figure 2.4 ER Diagram for Exercise 2.2, Part 4

ssn semester courseId

Professor Teaches Course

Figure 2.5 ER Diagram for Exercise 2.2, Part 5

Introduction to Database Design 11

ssn gid

Professor member_of Group

semester Teaches

courseId Course

Figure 2.6 ER Diagram for Exercise 2.2, Part 6

Professors have an SSN, a name, an age, a rank, and a research specialty.

Projects have a project number, a sponsor name (e.g., NSF), a starting date, an
ending date, and a budget.

Graduate students have an SSN, a name, an age, and a degree program (e.g., M.S.
or Ph.D.).

Each project is managed by one professor (known as the project’s principal inves-
tigator).

Each project is worked on by one or more professors (known as the project’s

co-investigators).

Professors can manage and/or work on multiple projects.

Each project is worked on by one or more graduate students (known as the

project’s research assistants).

When graduate students work on a project, a professor must supervise their work
on the project. Graduate students can work on multiple projects, in which case
they will have a (potentially different) supervisor for each one.

Departments have a department number, a department name, and a main office.

Departments have a professor (known as the chairman) who runs the department.
12 Chapter 2

Professors work in one or more departments, and for each department that they
work in, a time percentage is associated with their job.

Graduate students have one major department in which they are working on their
degree.

Each graduate student has another, more senior graduate student (known as a
student advisor) who advises him or her on what courses to take.

Design and draw an ER diagram that captures the information about the university.
Use only the basic ER model here; that is, entities, relationships, and attributes. Be
sure to indicate any key and participation constraints.

Answer 2.3 The ER diagram is shown in Figure 2.7.

Exercise 2.4 A company database needs to store information about employees (iden-
tified by ssn, with salary and phone as attributes), departments (identified by dno,
with dname and budget as attributes), and children of employees (with name and age
as attributes). Employees work in departments; each department is managed by an
employee; a child must be identified uniquely by name when the parent (who is an
employee; assume that only one parent works for the company) is known. We are not
interested in information about a child once the parent leaves the company.
Draw an ER diagram that captures this information.

Answer 2.4 The ER diagram is shown in Figure 2.8.

Exercise 2.5 Notown Records has decided to store information about musicians who
perform on its albums (as well as other company data) in a database. The company
has wisely chosen to hire you as a database designer (at your usual consulting fee of
$2500/day).

Each musician that records at Notown has an SSN, a name, an address, and
a phone number. Poorly paid musicians often share the same address, and no
address has more than one phone.

Each instrument used in songs recorded at Notown has a unique identification

number, a name (e.g., guitar, synthesizer, flute) and a musical key (e.g., C, B-flat,
E-flat).

Each album recorded on the Notown label has a unique identification number, a
title, a copyright date, a format (e.g., CD or MC), and an album identifier.

Each song recorded at Notown has a title and an author.

 age speciality pid start_date
work_in

ssn rank sponsor end_date

budget
Professor Manages project

Figure 2.7
Introduction to Database Design

Work_dept Runs Supervises

Work_proj ssn

pc_time Dept Major senior

Graduate Advisor

ER Diagram for Exercise 2.3

grad
dno office

ssn name
dname

age deg_prog
13
 14

salary dname

ssn phone dno budget

Employees Manages Departments

Figure 2.8
Works_In
Dependent

ER Diagram for Exercise 2.4

Child

name age
Chapter 2
Introduction to Database Design 15

Each musician may play several instruments, and a given instrument may be
played by several musicians.

Each album has a number of songs on it, but no song may appear on more than
one album.

Each song is performed by one or more musicians, and a musician may perform a
number of songs.

Each album has exactly one musician who acts as its producer. A musician may
produce several albums, of course.

Design a conceptual schema for Notown and draw an ER diagram for your schema.
The preceding information describes the situation that the Notown database must
model. Be sure to indicate all key and cardinality constraints and any assumptions
you make. Identify any constraints you are unable to capture in the ER diagram and
briefly explain why you could not express them.

Answer 2.5 The ER diagram is shown in Figure 2.9.

Exercise 2.6 Computer Sciences Department frequent fliers have been complaining to
Dane County Airport officials about the poor organization at the airport. As a result,
the officials decided that all information related to the airport should be organized
using a DBMS, and you have been hired to design the database. Your first task is
to organize the information about all the airplanes stationed and maintained at the
airport. The relevant information is as follows:

Every airplane has a registration number, and each airplane is of a specific model.

The airport accommodates a number of airplane models, and each model is iden-
tified by a model number (e.g., DC-10) and has a capacity and a weight.

A number of technicians work at the airport. You need to store the name, SSN,
address, phone number, and salary of each technician.

Each technician is an expert on one or more plane model(s), and his or her exper-
tise may overlap with that of other technicians. This information about technicians
must also be recorded.

Traffic controllers must have an annual medical examination. For each traffic
controller, you must store the date of the most recent exam.

All airport employees (including technicians) belong to a union. You must store
the union membership number of each employee. You can assume that each
employee is uniquely identified by a social security number.