Fallacies: Ex: “Don’t believe her, she’s a witch,

everything that comes out of her

*Fallacy- from the Latin word “fallacia” which
mouth are evil!”
means deceit or fraud.
ii. Circumstancial- discrediting a
- a claim that aims to deceive the hearer
person based on his/her personal
into believing the conclusion supported by the
circumstances.
fallacious statement despite the lack of logical
Ex:
support.
Activist: “We should start using metal
*2 types of fallacies: Formal (errors of inference)
straws”
and Informal (“fallacy”)
Blake: “Let’s not waste our time
listening to these hippies, they’re just
1. FALLACIES OF INSUFFICIENT
trying to start a trend!”
EVIDENCE
iii. Tu Quoque (You also)-
a) Fallacy of Assumption without
basically hypocrisy.
Proof- trying to predict something
Ex:
based on a situation without enough
Tim: “You should sleep early
evidence.
everyday.”
Ex: “That test was easy, I bet I’m going to
Tom: “I’ll do it when YOU DO it, you
be in the top of my class because of that.”
didn’t even sleep early last week.”
b) Fallacy of Hasty Generalization-
when you draw a general conclusion
b) Argumentum ad Misericordiam
from a small or biased example.
(Appeal to pity)- argument based on
Ex: “My aunt smoked 1 pack of cigarettes a
a strong appeal of emotions.
day, and she lived until a 100 years old, so
Ex: “He should not be put in jail, he has a
cigarettes are not bad for you.”
dying wife.”
c) Fallacy of False/ Misleading
c) Argumentum ad Baculum(Appeal
Premise- claiming that a conclusion is
to Force)- claiming that a conclusion
true based on false or half- false
is true on the basis of force.
premises.
Ex: “If you don’t accept my offer, then I
Ex: “If the streets are wet, then it means it
assure you that you will regret it for the rest
has rained recently. The streets are wet now,
of your life.”
so it has rained recently.”
d) Argumentum ad Vericundiam
2. FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE
(Appeal to inapprorpiate
a) Argumentum ad Hominem-
authority)- claiming that a conclusion
attacking the person rather than the
is true based on the testimony of a
argument.
person who is not the proper
i. Abusive (Poisoning the well)-
authority.
discrediting the person by
Ex: “Liza Soberano endorsed the new
putting the person in a position
Pond’s skincare line, I’m sure its effective,
of doubt.
because she wouldn’t endorse something j) Ignoratio Elechi (Red Herring)-
that isn’t right?” something that misleads or distracts
from a relevant or important question.
e) Argumentum ad Populum (Appeal Ex: “Why worry about pandas being
to popular sentiment)- if many extinct, when we have homeless people in
believe it, then it is true, or false. our country?”
Ex: “Binay is the leading candidate for k) False Cause- correlation is not
president according to surveys, so let’s vote causation.
him for president.” i. Post Hoc- if event A is followed
by event B, then event A must be
f) Genetic Fallacy- a conclusion is the cause of event B.
suggested based solely on someone's Ex: “After the rain there’s always a
or something's history, origin, or rainbow. So maybe when it rains tomorrow
source rather than its current meaning I’ll be able to spot a rainbow!”
or context.
Ex: “The Nazi regime invented the ii. Simple Correlation- claiming
Volkswagen, therefore you shouldn’t buy that there is a relationship
one.” between A and B.
g) Argumentum ad Ignoratium- if you Ex: “Don’t sweep the floor at night,
cannot prove that it is true, then it because your going to sweep away the
must false (vice- versa) goodluck out of the house.”
Ex: “Ha! You can’t prove that ghosts don’t l) Strawman Fallacy- willfully
exist, so they do exist.” misrepresenting an argument, often in
h) Petitio Principii (Begging the a hyperbolic way.
Question)- basically premises that are Ex:
continually paraphrased for it to be the Jera: “We should use less fossil fuels to
conclusion. save the environment.”
Ex: Adam: “Oh, so you mean ban all cars, or all
Jerry: “What do you like about Harry means of transportation, and just ride on
Potter?” bicycles all day?”
Tom: “Because I read the book, and m) Accident- applying a general rule to a
therefore I know the story of Harry Potter” particular case.
Ex: “Thou shall not kill” Therefore, you
i) Complex Question- asking shouldn’t kill cockroaches.
something with an assumption built in n) Converse Accident- when a rule
that means that the person answering applies to an exceptional case that is
sounds bad no matter what they say. wrongly applied to a general case.
Ex: “So, did you kill your wife?” Ex: “Breast milk is good for babies and is
full of nutrients, therefor adults should also
drink breast milk to be healthy.”
 o) Slippery Slope- the assertion that one c) Fallacy of Accent- the meaning of a
step will inevitably lead to another sentence is changed by an unusual
conclusion. stress in tone or falsely placed accent.
Ex: “If you get a credit card, then you will Ex: sarcasm.
overspend, and you will be unable to pay Kelly: “Hey, I’m sorry that I hit you with a
rent, and then you will be homeless.” ball awhile ago.”
p) Arithmetical Fallacy- unqualified Jenny: “yEaH, SuRe.”
application of arithmetical rules to d) Fallacy of Composition- If it is true
practical situations. on the parts, then it must be true on
Ex: “You’re supposed to pass your project the whole.
today, I gave you 3 days to do that work, Ex: “If there are 3 players in my hockey
but you are not able to do it.” team, then my hockey team must be great.”
q) False Analogy- comparing things that e) Fallacy of Division- If it is true on the
are not similar and not relevant. whole, then it must be true on the
Ex: “Monkeys climb trees, and people say parts.
humans came from monkeys, so therefore Ex: “If my flat is the same size as your flat,
we should climb trees too.” then we must have the same size of doors.”
r) Black or White Fallacy (False
Dilemma) (False Dichotomy)- an
opinion or statement that claims only
two alternatives.
Ex: “It’s either you break up with me, or to
not talk to Jessica again, there is no middle
ground!”
3. FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY
a) Fallacy of Equivocation- using one
word to mean multiple things to form
a conclusion. (“to call by the same
name”)
Ex:
John: “I learned that Lapu- lapu killed
Magellan.”
Jimmy: “But how could a fish kill a
human?”
b) Fallacy of Amphiboly- using
sentences that can be interpreted in
many ways, commonly grammatical
errors.
Ex: “Lets eat grandma” which should be:
“Let’s eat, grandma”
TOXIC FILIPINO CULTURE: 6. The spread of deserts soil is being eroded.
1. Hipocrisy Barren lands are spreading in areas that used
2. Bahala na Habit to have good soil and grassland.
3. Procratinatio (manana habit) 7. Infectious pandemics could spread at
4. crab mentality unstoppable rates, as they have in the past,
5. Blaming others (irresponsibility) but now with the capability to kill enormous
6. gossiping number of people.
7. filipino time 8. Extreme poverty. 2-3 billion people live
8. Ninga cogon (inconsistent) in extreme poverty, with lack of sanitation.
9. Attention grabbing 9. Growth of shanty cities with extreme
10. ignoring simple rules violence and poverty are growing in many
11. being too sensitive (balat sibuyas parts of the world.
attitude) 10. Unstoppable global migrations.
12. social climbing 11. Non- state actors with extreme weapons.
Nuclear or biological weapons are
MEGA PROBLEMS becoming easier to build by terrorist
In his blog, “James Martin: The organizations, political groups or
meaning of the 21st century”, Martin listed individuals who are not acting for a given
the following mega problems. According to state.
him these problems are multinational. 12. Violent religious extremism results in
1. Global warming results in severe climate large number of suicide terrorists, and
change. It will upset the basic control religious war between Muslims and
mechanisms of planet Earth. Christians.
2. Excessive population growth results in 13. Runaway computer intelligence results
8.9 billion people, with an overwhelming in machines becoming more intelligent at
demand for consumer goods and carbon- electronic speed.
based energy, more than what the Mother 14. War that could end civilization results
Earth can contain. in today’s vast number of nuclear weapons
3. Water shortages. Farmers will not have and new biological weapons which could
the water essential for food growing. There end civilization.
will be chaos over water. 15. Risks to homo sapien’s existence lead
4. Destruction of life in the oceans. to wiping out homo sapiens. The
5. Mass famine in ill- organized countries combination of risks gives a relatively high
results in the high cost of grains which probability of not surviving the century.
harms the 3 world.
rd
16. New dark age.
21st CENTURY SKILLS 3. Collaboration, teamwork, and leadership
4. Creativity and innovation
1. Anchoring- staying focused on important 5. Career and learning self- reliance
tasks 6. Cross- cultural understanding
2. Filtering- managing knowledge flow 7. Computer and ICT literacy
3. Connecting with each other- building * 3 R’s x 7 C’s = 21st Century Learning
networks
4. Being human together- interacting at a LEARNING SKILLS
human 1. Critical thinking
5. Creating and deriving meaning- 2. Creative thinking
understanding implications, comprehending 3. Collaborating
meaning and impact 4. Communicating
6. Evaluation and authentication-
determining the value of knowledge LITERACY SKILLS
7. Altered processes of validation- 1. Information literacy
validating people within an appropriate 2. Media literacy
context 3. Technology literacy
8. Critical and creative thinking- employing
standards of thinking LIFE SKILLS
9. Pattern recognition- decision- making 1. Flexibility
process in defining a problem 2. Initiative
10. Navigation of the knowledge lanscape- 3. Social skills
navigating between repositories 4. Productivity
11. Acceptance of uncertainty- balancing 5. Leadership
what is known with the unknown
12. Contextualizing- careful consideration
of the situation

3 R’s:
1. Writing
2. Reading
3. Arithmetic

7 C’s:
1. Critical thinking & problem- solving
2. Communication, information, and media
literacy