THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

St. Augustine Campus

Faculty of Science and Technology
Department of Physics
PHYS 0200 - PRELIMINARY PHYSICS II
LABORATORY REPORT COVER SHEET LAB 6:
Experiments in Magnetism
LAB SESSION: MON. A.M. / THU. A.M. / THU. P.M. / SAT. A.M. (Circle correct session)

STUDENT’S NAME: DATE PERFORMED: .........../........../2021

DEMONSTRATOR’S NAME: DATE DUE: ........./............/2021

For Lab Demonstrators and Supervisors Only

MARKING SCHEME
SECTION TOTAL MARKS Date Received: _______________________
Pre-Lab Assessment 2
Abstract 4
Introduction and Theory 16
Laboratory Supervisor: _________________
Experimental Details & Precautions 2
Results 5
Calculations 5
Error Calculations -
Discussion 16
Conclusion & References 7
Sub Total 55
Total 30

Late Late Submission*: _____ (days)

(*marks to be subtracted for late submission entered here)

TOTAL 30

DEMONSTRATOR’S COMMENTS

Student Manual Version 1

PHYS 0200 Experiment 6 – Experiments in Magnetism
PLAGIARISM DECLARATION
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
The Office of the Board for Undergraduate Studies
INDIVIDUAL PLAGIARISM DECLARATION

STUDENT ID:
COURSE TITLE: PRELIMINARY PHYSICS II
COURSE CODE: PHYS 0200
TITLE OF ASSIGNMENT: Experiments in Magnetism

This declaration is being made in accordance with the University Regulations on Plagiarism (First Degrees,
Diplomas and Certificates) and must be attached to all work, submitted by a student to be assessed in partial
or complete fulfilment of the course requirement(s), other than work submitted in an invigilated
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and referenced and does not contain any plagiarized material.

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DATE:
PHYS 0200 Experiment 6 – Experiments in Magnetism
LAB 1: EXPERIMENTS IN MAGNETISM
NAME:
DEMONSTRATOR’S NAME:
DATE:
TIME:

AIMS:(i) To investigate the magnetic effects of a bar magnet and (ii) To investigate the laws of
electromagnetic induction, focusing on Faraday’s Law and induced electromotive force (e.m.f).

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lab, students should be able to:

1. Explain the key properties of magnetic fields and predict their effects.
2. Apply Faraday’s Law.

There are two (2) parts to this lab:

Part A: Investigating the effect of magnetic fields on surrounding ferromagnetic materials
Part B: Finding the magnitude of induced emf due using Faraday’s Law.

ABSTRACT:

Instruction (Complete this instruction last):

Write an abstract for this lab report:

INTRODUCTION:

Instruction:
Write an appropriate Introduction for this lab that includes (but is not limited to) the following,

(i) In paragraph 1,
- Define the term “ferromagnetic”.
- List two (2) examples of ferromagnetic materials.
- State two (2) applications of magnetic repulsion/attraction in the real world.
- Define the term “electromagnet”. Is an electromagnet a temporary or a permanent magnet? Include
a well-labeled diagram of how an electromagnetic can be created in your answer.

(ii) In paragraph 2,
- Define “electromagnetic induction”.
- What does Faraday’s Law say about electromagnetic induction?
- What are two (2) real-world applications of electromagnetic induction?

(iii) In Paragraph 3,
- In your own words, state how the objectives of Part A of this lab would be achieved in the
experiment.
PHYS 0200 Experiment 6 – Experiments in Magnetism
- In your own words, state how the objectives of Part B of this lab would be achieved in the
experiment. Include the purpose of the solenoid and the secondary coil in the experiment.

NOTE: This information must be presented in paragraph form ONLY.

THEORY:
Instruction:
Write a suitable theory for this lab.

Part A
- Describe the expected magnetic field lines from the North pole and the South Pole for a bar
magnetic.
- Included relevant sketches to aid in your description.

Part B
- Equation for B around a solenoid (Biot-Savart Law)
- Equation for Induced E.M.F. (Faraday’s Law)
- Include symbols and their meanings.

PART A: MAGNETIC FIELDS

METHOD
I. Bar Magnet

Click on the link to the following website:

Magnet and compass – interactive simulations, video – eduMedia (edumedia-sciences.com)
a. On the home page, click the option ‘Bar magnet #1’.
b. Click and drag the bar magnet to the center of the compass box. Notice the rotations of the different
compasses as you move the bar magnet.
c. On a blank page, sketch the bar magnet and its field lines and insert a photo of your sketch in the
Results section for Part A.
Note: the direction of the field line is in the direction where the north pole (red end) of the compass
points.
N

Figure 1: Simulated compass showing north pole and direction of field line

II. Double Bar Magnets

Click on the link to the following webpage:

Open Source 2 Bar Magnets and Compass Model java applet (iwant2study.org)
a. The simulation will automatically open in the configuration ‘NS unlike pole magnets LR’.
PHYS 0200 Experiment 6 – Experiments in Magnetism
b. On a blank page, sketch the two bar magnets and the field lines they create and insert a photo of
your sketch in the Results section for Part A.
c. Click the drop-down menu to change the configuration to ‘SS like pole magnets LR’.
d. On a blank page, sketch the two bar magnets and the field lines they create and insert a photo of
your sketch in the Results section for Part A.
e. Now change the configuration to ‘Two magnets point down’.
f. On a blank page, sketch the two bar magnets and the field lines they create and insert a photo of
your sketch in the Results section for Part A.

III. Horseshoe Magnet

Click the link to return to the following website:

Magnet and compass – interactive simulations, video – eduMedia (edumedia-sciences.com)
a. On the homepage, click the option ‘Horseshoe magnet’. A horseshoe magnet is positioned among
the simulated compasses.
b. On a blank page, sketch the bar magnet and its field lines and insert a photo of your sketch in the
Results section for Part A.

RESULTS
Instruction:
Insert appropriately labeled sketches for Part A:

PART B: FARADAY’S LAW

APPARATUS
 Long solenoid (0.3 m long with 300 turns)
 Insulated wire
 Transformer
 Rheostat
 AC Ammeter
 Oscilloscope

METHOD
1. Look at video 1. Video 1 shows the method. (Videos are placed on myelearning.)
2. The circuit was set up as shown in the diagram below – the transformer (T) (6V), a variable resistor
(R), ammeter (A), and solenoid (S) was connected in series forming the primary circuit.
PHYS 0200 Experiment 6 – Experiments in Magnetism

Figure 2: Circuit setup for electromagnetic induction showing primary and secondary circuits.

3. A smaller secondary coil (C) with 20 turns, was placed over the solenoid and connected to the input
of the oscilloscope.
4. The diameter of the coil (C) was recorded and included in Table 1.
5. Once the circuit was verified by the technician, the transformer was turned on and the primary circuit
was energized.
6. The rheostat was adjusted so that the current flowing through the primary circuit, I, was set to a
constant value. This current value was recorded.
7. The C.R.O. was turned on and a trace was observed on the screen. This represented the induced
voltage in the secondary circuit.
8. The volts/div dial was adjusted to an appropriate setting so that the complete waveform could be read
on the C.R.O screen. This volts/div setting was recorded in Table 1.
9. The peak-to-peak amplitude, a, of the waveform in centimeters was then measured and recorded in
Table 1.
10. The trace amplitude, a was then multiplied by the V/div setting on the C.R.O to obtain the induced
voltage, E. This was recorded in Table 1.
11. Steps 7 – 10 were repeated for two additional secondary coils of 20 turns but of a smaller cross-
sectional area.
12. The above steps were then repeated for secondary coils of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 turns of equal cross-
sectional area, and similar data was recorded in Table 2.

Instruction:
Based on the demonstration video, state two precautions for this part of the experiment.
-
-

RESULTS
Current Value, I, from step 6: ______ A
Table 1: Induced voltage in secondary coils of varying cross-sectional area.

Number of Turns, N 20 20 20
PHYS 0200 Experiment 6 – Experiments in Magnetism
Diameter
Cross-sectional Area
Trace amplitude, a ( # div)
V/Div Setting
Induced E.m.f.E / V

Table 2: Induced voltage in secondary coils of a varying number of turns

Number of Turns, N 5 10 15 20 25
Trace amplitude, a ( # div)
V/Div Setting
Induced E.m.f. E/ V

CALCULATIONS AND ANALYSES:

If you have conducting wire wound like a coil such the length of the coil far exceeds the cross-sectional
area, the magnetic field B, generated at the center of this solenoid is found by,

N
B=μ0 I Eq. (1)
L

where
μ0 = permeability constant
N=¿ the number of turns on the main solenoid (300 turns)
L=¿ length of the coil (0.3m)
I = current you recorded at the start of the experiment.

Instruction:
Based on the demonstration video, state the current value, I, which was set using the variable resistor.
(Refer to step 6 in the method.)

I=

Instruction:
Using Eq. (1) calculate the magnetic field generated by the primary coil showing all working.

B=
PHYS 0200 Experiment 6 – Experiments in Magnetism
The magnetic flux through a given area is the number of magnetic field lines passing through that area.
Given the symbol ΦB, it is proportional to the number of field lines passing through that surface. The
magnetic flux passing through a perpendicular surface of area A is given by,

Φ B=B A Eq. (2)

If the conductor is a coil of cross-sectional area A, with number of turns, N, then the flux linkage is given
by,

Φ B=B A N Eq. (3)

Faraday’s law states that the magnitude of the emf, E, induced in a conducting loop is directly proportional
to the rate at which the magnetic flux linkage, B, changes with time.

If the magnetic flux linkage is changed through a secondary coil of N turns, an induced e.m.f. E, appears in
every turn and the sum of these individual e.m.f. is the total induced e.m.f, leading to

ΔΦ B
E=−N Eq. (4)
Δt

Instruction:
Using the results of Table 1, plot a graph of E vs. A, and draw a best-fit line. Label this appropriately as
Graph 1.
Ensure that you include all the required elements of the graph and insert a photograph of your graph in
this space below.

Instruction:
Discuss the relationship between the induced E.M.F and the cross-sectional area of the secondary coils in
Graph 1.

Instruction:
Rearrange Eq. (4) to the equation of a straight line where E is the y-coordinate and N is the x-coordinate.
Identify which component represents the gradient of the best fit line and predict the y-intercept of the best-
fit line.

Instruction:
Using the results from Table 1, plot a graph of E vs. N, and draw a line of best fit. Label this
appropriately as Graph 2.
PHYS 0200 Experiment 6 – Experiments in Magnetism
Ensure that you include all the required elements of the graph and insert a scan or photo of your graph in
this space below.

Instruction:
Calculate the gradient of Graph 2. Include all working.

Instruction:
Δ ΦB
Using information from Graph 2, state the rate of change in magnetic flux linkage, .
Δt

DISCUSSION
Instruction:
Use the following guidelines to write the discussion in paragraph format for this lab.

In Paragraph 1 you are to state what was expected in Part A of this experiment. The information to include
are:
i. State the specific objective of Part A?
ii. What is the expected direction of magnetic field lines around the North and South pole?

In Paragraph 2 you should discuss the results of Part A of this experiment. Some information to include
are:
i. Describe the field lines of three magnets (in terms of direction and their spacing). Refer to your
sketches.
ii. Describe the importance of the spacing of the field lines around the magnets. What does it tell us?

In Paragraph 3 you are to state what was expected in Part B of this experiment. The information to include
are:
i. State the specific objective of Part B?
ii. What two (2) factors which are expected to affect the strength of the induced E.M.F.?

In Paragraph 4 you should discuss the results of Part B of this experiment. Some information to include
are:
i. State the purpose of the rheostat in the circuit design?
ii. What was the strength of the magnetic field created by the solenoid?
iii. If the primary and secondary coils were stationary, what caused the change in magnetic flux?
iv. Using Graph 1, describe the relationship between the cross-sectional area and the induced E.M.F.
v. What was the gradient of your Graph 2?
vi. What does the gradient of your Graph 2 say about the relationship between the number of turns
and the induced E.M.F.?
PHYS 0200 Experiment 6 – Experiments in Magnetism
In Paragraph 5 you are to outline the merits and demerits of this laboratory exercise. Some information to
include are,
i. State one (1) advantage of using an a.c. power supply in this experiment.
ii. State two (2) sources of errors in this experiment.
iii. Based on the demonstration video, state one (1) difficulty in performing this experiment.
iv. Propose one (1) way in which this experiment can be improved.

CONCLUSION:
Instruction:
Write a conclusion paragraph for this lab.

This paragraph should contain brief answers to the following questions:

1. What did you observe about magnetic field lines in Part A?

2. Based on your results, what was the relationship found between the number of the cross-sectional
area of the secondary coil and the induced E.M.F?
3. Based on your results, what was the relationship found between the number of turns of the
secondary coil and the induced E.M.F?

REFERENCES:
Instruction:
Insert your list of references according to the Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition.

END OF REPORT
PHYS 0200 Experiment 6 – Experiments in Magnetism
Mark Scheme

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
 Answers to Questions (2)
(2 marks)

 Aim (1.0)
ABSTRACT  Brief method (1.0)
(4 marks)  Main results (1.0)
 Conclusion (1.0)

INTRODUCTION  Answer all Introduction questions (10.0)

(11 marks)  Relevant diagram (1.0)

THEORY  Include all related equations & diagrams (3.0)

 State what the symbols are and their meanings
(5 marks) (2.0)

PRECAUTIONS  Each precaution must have a step and a reason

(2 MARKS) for following that step

RESULTS  Sketches for Part A (3.0)

 Completed Table 1 (1.0)
(5 marks)  Completed Table 2 (1.0)

 Magnetic Field, B (1.0)

 Graph 1 (1.0)
CALCULATIONS  Graph 2 (1.0)
(5 marks)  Gradient of Graph 2 (1.0)
Δ ΦB
 (1.0)
Δt
DISCUSSION
 Answers to all Discussion questions (16.0)
(16 marks)
 Observations of Part A (1.0)
CONCLUSION  Relationship between A and E(1.0)
(3 marks)  Relationship between A and E(1.0)

REFERENCES  At least two in-text citations (2.0)

(4 marks)  At least two complete sources (2.0)

TOTAL 55.0