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CPCS202 03 Selections S19

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62 views139 pages

CPCS202 03 Selections S19

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Al Su

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Chapter 3:

Selections
Objectives
▪ To declare boolean variables and write Boolean expressions using relational
operators (§3.2).
▪ To implement selection control using one-way if statements (§3.3).
▪ To implement selection control using two-way if-else statements (§3.4).
▪ To implement selection control using nested if and multi-way if statements
(§3.5).
▪ To avoid common errors and pitfalls in if statements (§3.6).
▪ To generate random numbers using the Math.random() method (§3.7).
▪ To program using selection statements for a variety of examples
(SubtractionQuiz, BMI, ComputeTax) (§§3.7–3.9).
▪ To combine conditions using logical operators (&&, ||, and !) (§3.10).
▪ To program using selection statements with combined conditions (LeapYear,
Lottery) (§§3.11–3.12).
▪ To implement selection control using switch statements (§3.13).
▪ To write expressions using the conditional expression (§3.14).
▪ To examine the rules governing operator precedence and associativity (§3.15).
▪ To apply common techniques to debug errors (§3.16).
Motivations
Consider this problem from Chapter 2:

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 3

Motivations
What happens if the user inputs a negative value
for radius?
– the program would print an invalid result.
If the radius is negative, you don't want the
program to compute the area.
How can you deal with this situation?

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 4

Motivations
Java provides selection statements, which allow
you to choose actions based on certain conditions
For example, the following selection statement
could be used in the previous program:

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 5

Motivations
Selection statements use conditions to test if
something is true or false
– These conditions are known as Boolean expressions
A Boolean expression is an expression that
evaluates to a Boolean value (true or false).
We now introduce Boolean types and relational
operators

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 6

The boolean Type and Operators
Often in a program you need to compare two
values, such as whether i is greater than j.
– Or if an inputted value, such as radius, is less
than zero.
Java provides six relational operators (also
known as comparison operators) that can be
used to compare two values.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 7

Relational Operators

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 8

The boolean Type and Operators
The result of comparing two values is a
Boolean value: true or false.
For example, the following prints true:
System.out.println(2 > 1);
And the following prints false:
System.out.println(3 > 7);

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 9

The boolean Type and Operators
A variable that holds a Boolean value is known
as a Boolean variable
– The boolean data type is used to declare Boolean
variables
– A Boolean variable can hold one of two values
true or false
– For example, the following statement assigns the
value true to the variable lightsOn:
boolean lightsOn = true;

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 10

Assuming that x is 1, show the result of the
following Boolean expressions:
a. (x > 0) true
b. (x < 0) false
c. (x != 0) true
d. (x >= 0) true
e. (x != 1) false
f. (x == 1) true

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 11

if Statements
The previous program would display a message
such as “6 + 2 = 7 is false”
What if you wanted to print something else, such
as “6 + 2 = 7 is incorrect”
How would you do this?
– Answer: selection statements!
Java has several types of selection statements:
– one-way if statements, two-way if-else statements,
nested if statements, multi-way if-else statements,
switch statements, and conditional expressions
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 12
One-way if Statements
A one-way if statement executes an action if and
only if the condition is true
– Syntax:
if (boolean-expression) {
statement(s);
}

– The flowchart to the right

demonstrates the syntax of
an if statement.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 13

One-way if Statements
So if the boolean-expression evaluates to
true, the statements in the block are executed

Example:
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * PI;
System.out.println(“The area ” +
“for the circle ” +
“of radius ” + radius +
“ is ” + area);
}

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 14

Note
The boolean-expression should be enclosed in
parenthesis:
if i > 0 { if (i > 0) {
System.out.println("i is positive"); System.out.println("i is positive");
} }
(a) Wrong (b) Correct

The block braces can be removed if they enclose a single

statement
if (i > 0) { if (i > 0)
System.out.println("i is positive"); Equivalent System.out.println("i is positive");
}

(a) (b)

– but if several statements are inside the if, then the block braces are required

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 15

Program 1: SimpleIfDemo
Write a program that prompts the user to enter an
integer. If the number is a multiple of 5, the
program should print HiFive. If the number is
divisible by 2, the program should print HiEven.
Remember:
– Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Step 2: Implementation Phase

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 16

Program 1: SimpleIfDemo
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Algorithm:
1. Prompt the user to enter an integer
2. Scan the value from user and save to variable number
3. If number is a multiple of 5, print HiFive.
if (number % 5 == 0)
4. If number is divisible by 2, print HiEven.
if (number % 2 == 0)

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 17

Program 1: SimpleIfDemo
Step 2: Implementation

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 18

Program 1: SimpleIfDemo
Run the Program:

Click here to view and trace code

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 19

Write an if statement that increases pay by 3%
if score is greater than 90.
if (score > 90) {
pay = pay + pay*0.03;
}
or
if (score > 90) {
pay *= 1.03; // same as
} // pay = pay * 1.03;

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 20

Two-way if-else Statements
A one-way if statement performs an action if the
given condition is true.
– If the condition is false, nothing is done.
But what if you want to take alternative actions
when the condition is false?
Answer: use a two-way if-else statement.
The actions specified by a two-way if-else
statement differ based on whether the condition is
true or false
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 21
Two-way if-else Statements
Syntax:
if (boolean-expression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 22

Two-way if-else Statements
If the boolean-expression evaluates to true, the
statement(s) for the true case are executed
Else, the statement(s) for the false case are
executed
Example:

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 23

Two-way if-else Statements
Another example:
– Check whether a number is even or odd

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 24

Check Point
Write an if statement that increases pay by 3%
if score is greater than 90, otherwise increases
pay by only 1%.

Solution:
if (score > 90)
pay *= 1.03;
else
pay *= 1.01;

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 25

Nested if and
Multi-Way if-else Statements
The statement inside an if or if-else
statement can be any legal Java statement
– including another if or if-else statement!
The inner if statement is said to be nested inside
the outer if statement This statement is nested inside
the if (i > k) statement
Example:

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 26

Nested if and
Multi-Way if-else Statements
More details:
– The inner if statement can contain another if statement
– In fact, there is no limit to the depth of the nesting

So what is the purpose?

– The nested if statement can be used to implement
multiple alternatives
– Consider the following example, which prints a letter
grade according to the final number grade

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 27

Nested if and
Multi-Way if-else Statements

– While (a) works, the preferred format for multiple alternatives

is shown in (b) using a multi-way if-else statement
– This multi-way if-else style avoids deep indentation and
makes the program easier to read
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 28
Nested if and
Multi-Way if-else Statements

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 29

animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 30

animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 31

animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 32

animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 33

animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B"); Note:
else if (score >= 70.0) A condition is only tested
when all the conditions that
System.out.print("C"); come before it are false.
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 34

Given the following code, show the output when:
x = 2 and y = 3
x = 3 and y = 2
x = 3 and y = 3

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 35

Common Errors and Pitfalls
Common Error 1: Forgetting Necessary Braces
– Remember: braces can be removed IF the block only
contains a single statement (only one statement)
– However, if there are multiple statements, brackets are
required.
– A common error is to forget these required braces
when grouping multiple lines together

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 36

Common Errors and Pitfalls
Common Error 1: Forgetting Necessary Braces

– (a) is wrong
the braces are required
– (b) is correct
the required braces are now included

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 37

Common Errors and Pitfalls
Common Error 2: Wrong Semicolon at the if Line
– There should *not* be a semicolon at the end of the
if line.
– This is a common mistake new programmers make.
And this mistake is hard to find, because it is a logic error.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 38

Common Errors and Pitfalls
Common Error 3: Dangling else Ambiguity
– The code in (a) below has two if clauses and one else
clause. Which if clause is matched by the else clause?
The indentation suggests that the else clause matches the
first if clause.
However, this is NOT correct.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 39

Common Errors and Pitfalls
Common Error 3: Dangling else Ambiguity
– The code in (a) below has two if clauses and one else
clause. Which if clause is matched by the else clause?
The else clauses actually matches the second if clause.
The else clause always matches the most recent unmatched
if clause in the same block. See corrected code in (b).

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 40

Common Errors and Pitfalls
Common Error 3: Dangling else Ambiguity
– If you actually wanted the else clause to match with
the first if clause, then you must add a pair of braces:
int i = 1, j = 2, k = 3;

if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
}
else
System.out.println("B");

– This statement displays B.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 41

Common Errors and Pitfalls
Common Pitfall 1: Simplifying Boolean Variable
Assignment
– Often, new programmers write code like (a).

– This is not an error

– But it is better written (and shorter) as shown in (b).

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 42

Common Errors and Pitfalls
Common Pitfall 2: Avoid Duplicating Code in
Different Cases
– Often, new programmers write duplicate code that
should be combined in one place.

– This is not an error, but it is duplicating efforts.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 43
Common Errors and Pitfalls
Common Pitfall 2: Avoid Duplicating Code in
Different Cases
– It is better written as follows:

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 44

Rewrite the following statement using a Boolean
expression:
if (count % 10 == 0)
newline = true;
else
newline = false;

Solution:
newline = count % 10 == 0;

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 45

What is the output of the following code if
number is 14, 15, or 30?

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 46

Program 2: Math Learning Tool+
Write a program that helps a first-grader practice
subtraction.
– The program should randomly generate two single-
digit integers and should then ask the user for the
answer. The program will then display a message
stating if the answer is correct. If wrong, the program
should display the correct answer.
Remember:
– Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Step 2: Implementation Phase
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 47
Program 2: Math Learning Tool+
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– How can we generate random numbers?
We used currentTimeMillis() previously
A better approach is to the use the random() method,
which Java provides for you in the Math class.
If you call this method, it will return a random double
value, d, such that 0.0 ≤ d < 1.0
– Examples: 0.832 or 0.258, or 0.927, or 0.004
So from these numbers, how do we get a single digit int
– A number between 0 and 9
Easy: we multiply it by 10 and then cast it as an int
int number1 = (int)(Math.random()*10);
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 48
Program 2: Math Learning Tool+
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– So here is our algorithm:
1. Generate two random numbers
int number1 = (int)(Math.random()*10);
int number2 = (int)(Math.random()*10);
2. Make sure that number1 is larger than number 2. If not,
swap them!
3. Ask the user to answer a question
– Example: “What is 6 - 2?”
4. Scan the user’s answer
5. Print whether the answer is correct.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 49

Program 2: Math Learning Tool+
Step 2: Implementation

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 50

Program 2: Math Learning Tool+
Step 2: Implementation

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 51

Program 2: Math Learning Tool+
Run the Program:

Click here to view and trace code

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 52

How do you generate a random integer i, such
that 0 ≤ i < 10 ? int number = (int)(Math.random()*10);
How do you generate a random integer i, such
that 0 ≤ i < 20 ? int number = (int)(Math.random()*20);
How do you generate a random integer i, such
that 10 ≤ i < 20 ? int number = 10 + (int)(Math.random()*10);
How do you generate a random integer i, such
that 10 ≤ i < 50 ? int number = 10 + (int)(Math.random()*40);
Write an expression that returns 0 or 1 randomly.
int number = (int)(Math.random()*2);
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 53
Program 3: Computing BMI
Write a program that computes the Body Mass
Index (BMI) for the user. Your program should
prompt the user to enter a weight in pounds and
height in inches. Your program should then
compute the BMI and display for the user.
Remember:
– Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Step 2: Implementation Phase

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 54

Program 3: Computing BMI
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Notes:
BMI is a measure of health based on the height and weight
BMI is calculated by taking the weight (in kilograms) and
then dividing it by the square of the height (in meters)
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝐼𝑛𝐾𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝐵𝑀𝐼 =
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝐼𝑛𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 ∗ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝐼𝑛𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

The interpretation of BMI for people 20 years or older is

as follows:

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 55

Program 3: Computing BMI
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Notes:
So the user input is in pounds and inches
The BMI equation is in kilograms and meters
Therefore, you will need to convert from:
– pounds to kilograms
• One pound is 0.45359237 kilograms
– inches to meters
• one inch is 0.0254 meters

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 56

Program 3: Computing BMI
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Algorithm:
1. Prompt user for input
2. Scan height and weight from user
3. Compute BMI using BMI equation
4. Display results to user

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 57

Program 3: Computing BMI
Step 2: Implementation

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 58

Program 3: Computing BMI
Step 2: Implementation

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 59

Program 3: Computing BMI
Run the Program:

– Note the use of constants in the program

Makes the conversion formulas easier to read and
understand

Click here to view and trace code

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 60

Logical Operators
We have used conditional statements to help us
determine if the execution should take one path
(true path) or another path (false path)
– But until now, these conditional statements have been
very basic
Usually, whether a statement is executed is
determined by a combination of several
conditions.
– You can use logical operators to combine these
conditions to form a compound Boolean expression.
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 61
Logical Operators
Logical operators, also known as Boolean
operators, operate on Boolean values to create a
new Boolean value
The following page shows the four logical
operators we will use
The four pages after that show a truth table for
each logical operator and some examples

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 62

Logical Operators

Operator Name Description

! not logical negation

&& and logical conjunction

|| or logical disjunction

^ exclusive or logical exclusion

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 63

Truth Table for Operator !

p !p

true false

false true

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 64

Truth Table for Operator &&
p1 p2 p1 && p2

false false false

false true false

true false false

true true true

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 65

Truth Table for Operator ||
p1 p2 p1 || p2

false false false

false true true

true false true

true true true

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 66

Truth Table for Operator ^
p1 p2 p1 ^ p2

false false false

false true true

true false true

true true false

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 67

Program 4: TestBooleanOperators
Write a program that tests the usage of boolean
operators. Specifically, your program should
prompt the user to enter one integer. Your
program should then determine if the value is
divisible by 2 and 3, by 2 or 3, or by 2 or 3 but
not both.
Remember:
– Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Step 2: Implementation Phase

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 68

Program 4: TestBooleanOperators
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Notes:
What does it mean “the value is divisible by”?
If a number is divisible by some other number, this means
that it divides perfectly into that number with no remainder
Example:
– 15 is divisible by 3 and also by 5.
– However, 15 is not divisible by 4.
Example:
– 4 is divisible by 2.
– 4 is not divisible by 3.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 69

Program 4: TestBooleanOperators
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Notes:
So how do we check for divisibility?
We use mod (%)
Example: check if some number, x, is divisible by 3
if (x % 3 == 0)
This says: if we divide by 3 and the remainder is zero…
And that is exactly what we want!
However, we must check the divisibility of two numbers
– both 2 and 3
This means we must use logical operators
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 70
Program 4: TestBooleanOperators
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Algorithm:
1. Prompt user for input
2. Scan the integer value from user
3. Determine the divisibility conditions
4. Display results to user

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 71

Program 4: TestBooleanOperators
Step 2: Implementation

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 72

Program 4: TestBooleanOperators
Run the Program:

Click here to view and trace code

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 73

Logical Operators
Final notes:
– If one of the operands of an && operator is false,
then the expression is false.
– If one of the operands of an || operator is true,
then the expression is true.
Java uses these properties to improve the performance of
these operators
– Example:
When evaluating p1 && p2, Java first evaluates p1
If p1 is true, Java will evaluate p2
But if p1 is false, Java will not even check p2
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 74
Logical Operators
Caution:
– In mathematics, the following expression is correct:
1 <= daysInMonth <= 31

– However, it is not correct in Java, because

1 <= daysInMonth is evaluated to a boolean
value, which cannot be compared to 31
– The correct expression in Java is
(1 <= daysInMonth) && (daysInMonth <= 31)

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 75

Assuming that x is 1, show the result of the
following Boolean expressions:
a. (true) && (3 > 4) false
b. !(x > 0) && (x > 0) false
c. (x > 0) || (x < 0) true
d. (x != 0) || (x == 0) true
e. (x >= 0) || (x < 0) true
f. (x != 1) == !(x == 1) true

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 76

Write a Boolean expression that evaluates to true if a
number stored in variable num is between 1 and 100.
– Solution:
(1 <= num) && (num <= 100)

Write a Boolean expression that evaluates to true if a

number stored in variable num is between 1 and 100 or
the number is negative.
– Solution:
(1 <= num) && (num <= 100) || (num < 0)

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 77

Program 5: Leap Year
Write a program that determines if a given year
is a leap year. Specifically, ask the user to enter a
year. Then determine if that year is a leap year
and display the results.
Remember:
– Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Step 2: Implementation Phase

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 78

Program 5: Leap Year
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Notes:
What is a leap year?
– A leap year has 366 days (instead of 365)
– Why?
– The earth takes approximately 365.25 days to circle around the sun
– However, the Gregorian year has only 365 days
– Therefore, every four years, the number of days is increased to 366
A year is a leap year if it is divisibly by 4 but not by 100, or
if it is divisible by 400.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 79

Program 5: Leap Year
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Notes:
Which years are leap years?
There are three criteria:
1. The year must be evenly divisibly by 4
2. If the year can be evenly divided by 100, then it is NOT a leap
year, unless…
3. The year is also evenly divisible by 400. Then it is a leap year.

Summary: a year is a leap year if it is divisibly by 4 but not

by 100, or if it is divisible by 400.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 80

Program 5: Leap Year
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Notes:
Summary: a year is a leap year if it is divisibly by 4 but not
by 100, or if it is divisible by 400.
We need to write a Boolean expression to determine if a
given variable, year, is a leap year.
Consider how to convert the above condition into a Boolean
expression.
Solution:
boolean isLeapYear =
(year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0);

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 81

Program 5: Leap Year
Step 1: Problem-solving Phase
– Algorithm:
1. Prompt user for input
2. Scan the year from user
3. Determine if it is a leap year
4. Display results to user

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 82

Program 5: Leap Year
Step 2: Implementation

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 83

Program 5: Leap Year
Run the Program:

Click here to view and trace code

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 84

switch Statements
Nested if statements are very helpful
– The allow us to fully translate our logical conditions
into code
However, overuse of nested if statements can
make a program difficult to read.
Solution: Java provides a switch statement to
simply coding for multiple conditions

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 85

switch Statements
Here is an example switch statement:
switch (status) {
case 0: code HERE for case 0;
break;
case 1: code HERE for case 1;
break;
case 2: code HERE for case 2;
break;
case 3: code HERE for case 3;
break;
default: System.out.println(“Error: invalid status");
System.exit(1);
}

– Here, status is an int representing a user choice

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 86
switch Statements
So this switch statement checks to see whether
status matches the value 0, 1, 3, or 3, and in that
exact order.
If the status matches a value, the code for that
status/case is executed.
Then, just like an if statement, the rest of the
code is skipped.
– This is done with the break.
– This will break us out of the switch block.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 87

switch Statements
Here is the flowchart for the previous code:

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 88

switch Statements
Syntax for the switch statement:
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
...
case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
}

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 89

switch Statements
switch statements obey the following rules:
• switch expression must yield a switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
value of char, byte, short, break;
int, or String case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
• char and String types will be ...
introduced in the next chapter case valueN: statement(s)N;
• switch expression must always break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
be in parenthesis }

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 90

switch Statements
switch statements obey the following rules:
• The value1, value2, ..., and switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
valueN must have the same data break;
type as the value of the switch- case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
expression. ...
• Note that value1, value2, ..., case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
and valueN are constant default: statement(s)-for-default;
expressions, meaning that they }
cannot contain variables in the
expression, such as 1 + x.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 91

switch Statements
switch statements obey the following rules:
• When the value in a case switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
statement matches the value of the break;
switch expression, the case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
statements starting from this case ...
are executed. case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
• Execution will continue until default: statement(s)-for-default;
either a break statement or the }
end of the switch statement is
reached.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 92

switch Statements
switch statements obey the following rules:
• The keyword break is optional, switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
but it should be used at the end of break;
each case in order to terminate the case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
remainder of the switch statement. ...
• If the break statement is not case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
present, the next case statement default: statement(s)-for-default;
will be executed. }

• The default case, which is

optional, can be used to perform
actions when none of the specified
cases matches the switch-
expression.

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 93

switch Statements
With an if/else-if block, once a condition is
met, the code for the condition is executed, and
the rest of the if/else-if block is skipped.
In this same way, with a switch statement, once
a case is correctly found, the code for that case
should be executed, and then the rest of the
switch block should be skipped
– How do we do this?
– We use a break statement

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 94

switch Statements
break statement:
– Usually you will want to use a break statement at
the end of each case.
This will skip all other cases in the switch statement
– If you do not use a break statement, the next case
will be executed.
– Sometimes, depending on your logic, you may not
want to use a break at the end of each case

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 95

animation

Trace switch statement

int a= 1;

switch (a) {
case 1: System.out.println(“ONE”);
case 7: System.out.println(“SEVEN”);
case 2: System.out.println(“THREE”);
}

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 96

animation

Trace switch statement

a is 1:

int a= 1;

switch (a) {
case 1: System.out.println(“ONE”);
case 7: System.out.println(“SEVEN”);
case 2: System.out.println(“THREE”);
}

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 97

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

int a= 1;

switch (a) {
case 1: System.out.println(“ONE”);
case 7: System.out.println(“SEVEN”);
case 2: System.out.println(“THREE”);
}

Output :
ONE

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 98

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

int a= 1;

switch (a) {
case 1: System.out.println(“ONE”);
case 7: System.out.println(“SEVEN”);
case 2: System.out.println(“THREE”);
}

Output :
ONE
SEVEN
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 99
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

int a= 1;

switch (a) {
case 1: System.out.println(“ONE”);
case 7: System.out.println(“SEVEN”);
case 2: System.out.println(“THREE”);
}

Output :
ONE
SEVEN
THREE
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 100
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute next statement

int a= 1;

switch (a) {
case 1: System.out.println(“ONE”);
case 7: System.out.println(“SEVEN”);
case 2: System.out.println(“THREE”);
}

Next statement;

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 101

animation

Trace switch statement (break)

Suppose a is 1: Pay attention:
We now use “break” to
exit the switch statement.

int a= 1;

switch (a) {
case 1: System.out.println(“ONE”);
break;
case 7: System.out.println(“SEVEN”);
break;
case 2: System.out.println(“THREE”);
break;
}

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 102

animation

Trace switch statement (break)

a is 1:

int a= 1;

switch (a) {
case 1: System.out.println(“ONE”);
break;
case 7: System.out.println(“SEVEN”);
break;
case 2: System.out.println(“THREE”);
break;
}

© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 103

animation

Trace switch statement (break)

Execute this line

int a= 1;

switch (a) {
case 1: System.out.println(“ONE”);
break;
case 7: System.out.println(“SEVEN”);
break;
case 2: System.out.println(“THREE”);
break;
}
Output :
ONE
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 104
animation

Trace switch statement (break)

Execute this line

int a= 1;

Trace switch statement (break)

Execute next statement

int a= 1;

switch (a) {
case 1: System.out.println(“ONE”);
break;
case 7: System.out.println(“SEVEN”);
break;
case 2: System.out.println(“THREE”);
break;
}
Next statement;
© Dr. Jonathan Cazalas Chapter 3: Selections page 106
animation

Trace switch statement (default)

int a= 10; Execute this line

switch (a) {
case 1: System.out.println(“ONE”);
break;
case 7: System.out.println(“SEVEN”);
break;
case 2: System.out.println(“THREE”);
break;
default :
System.out.println(“ERROR”);
}
Pay attention:
Output : Here, we used the default option,
ERROR which is used for any case not listed.

animation

Trace switch statement

char ch = ‘a’;

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'B': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

animation

Trace switch statement

ch is 'a':

char ch = ‘a’;

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'B': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'B': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}
Output :
a

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'B': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}
Output :
a
a

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'B': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}
Output :
a
a
a

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute next statement

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'B': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Next statement;

animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'B': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

animation

Trace switch statement

ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'B': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'B': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}
Output :
a

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'B': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}
Output :
a

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute next statement

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'B': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Next statement;

animation