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Refresher: Can you put these in order of size? Codon, Nucleus,

DNA, Allele, Chromosome, Cell, Nucleotide, Genome, Gene
Review: What are the basic principles of natural selection?
Phenotypic variation: everyone is a little different
+
Phenotypic traits are heritable (parent to offspring)
gene
nucleo'de codon chromosome genome nucleus cell +
allele
Parents have more offspring than can survive based on
environmental conditions.
_____________________________________________
Advantageous traits increase survival & reproductive rates,
leading to changes in the population over time.

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The Mechanisms of Evolution: Populations and Their Gene Pools

• Genetic Drift • Artificial Selection • Convergent Evolution all the alleles in
• Gene Pool: consists of all the alleles in all the individuals
• Gene Flow • Adaptive Radiation • Gradualism that make up aa popula'on
population. (This is where genetic
gene$c varia$on
• Sexual Selection • Coevolution • Punctuated Equilibrium variation is stored)

Essential Question: How does evolution occur • A population

popula&on is the smallest
smallest
beyond Natural Selection? level at which evolution
level at which evolu-on
can occur. A common but
can occur.
mistaken belief is that
individual organisms evolve.

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change in
gene pool • Gene Flow: exchange of
due to chance genes with another
population.
• The Bottleneck Effect: • This takes place when
The smaller the population fertile individuals or
fer$le individuals or their gametes
The smaller the popula.on their gametes migrate
= the larger impact migrate between popula$ons
= the larger the impact between populations.
• The Founder Effect: All • Gene flow tends to
reduce genetic
reduce gene)c differences
populations are subject to
All popula(on are subject to some differences between
between popula)ons
some genetic drift.
gene(c dri5 populations.
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Compare & Contrast: Sexual Selection (Nonrandom mating)

Genetic Drift Gene Flow
• Operates in populations
Gene$c varia$on Genes are exchanges where males and females
males and females
Due to
within 1 popula$on is between 2
chance differ in appearance. (sexual
differ in appearance
reduced popula4ons
dimorphism)
(sexual dimorphism)
Bo#leneck effect occurs • Qualities of sexual
sexual
a0er disaster attractiveness appear to be
a"rac%veness appear
Reduces gene*c May create hybrid
popula1ons
the opposite of qualities that
opposite of quali-es that
varia*on
Founder’s effect occurs might enhance survival but DO
might enhance survival
when new popula3on is increase chances of
DO increase chances of reproduc1on
founded
reproduction!
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Bird of Paradise Video: How is sexual selection working here? Peacock Spider Video: How is sexual selection working here?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qkzwG2lLPc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rX40mBb8bkU

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Compare & Contrast:

Artificial Selection
Sexual Selection Artificial Selection
Selective breeding of
Selec%ve breeding
Genders don’t have to
plants and animals to Sexual dimorphism:
look different
produce offspring with Males/Females look
different Traits are bred based
genetic traits that on human desire
humans value
humans value Traits may not
Traits increase
increase Cause large change
• Darwin observed that reproduc/on rates
survival in short 0me
artificial selection
could create change Ex. Farmed plants,
Ex. Birds, humans
over a short period of -me
a short period of dogs, cats
time.
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Evidence of speciation is Also called divergent evolution occurs when many

visible in the 3 main species diverge from one single ancestor.
patterns of evolutions: • Can occur in a relatively
1. Adaptive Radiation short time when one species
short 'me
1. Adap(ve Radia(on
(Divergent Evolution) gives rise to many different
(Divergent Evolu(on) species in response to the
2. Coevolution
2. Coevolu(on creation of new habitat or
crea%on of new habitat
3. Convergent Evolution
3. Convergent Evolu(on other opportunity
• Follows large-scale
extinction events
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• Occurs when the relationship between

two species is so close that the
evolution of one species affects the
evolu&on of one species affects the
evolution of the other species.
evolu&on of the other species

• Examples include:
Mutualism, parasi-sm, and
predator-prey rela-onships

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Bats vs. Moth (Coevolution): Who is evolving in

response to who, and why? Occurs when unrelated unrelated
speciesspecies evolve similar
evolve similar
Notes: traits
traits even though they
live in different parts of
the world.
• The species have
analogous structures
analogous structures
Meaning they have the same
function, but different
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzE form.
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small, gradual
Evolution proceeds in small, gradual E
steps E
steps according to a theory called v
v
o
gradualism. o l
l u
u t
t i
i o
o n
rapid
Punctuated equilibrium explains rapid n
spurts of gene,c change
spurts of genetic change causing Time Time
species to diverge quickly.

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How are the two models

Similar? Different?

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