Electrical Testing Equipment

–
A Practical Approach

Green-Watt Techno Solutions

Distinctive Value Addition

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SWITCHYARD

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Test Objects

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 Basic Laws

Low R High R
Measurement Measurement

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 CT / PT Testing
Excitation curve and parameters test
• Turns ratio test
• Ratio and phase error test
• Polarity mark check
• Coil resistance measurement
• Secondary loop burden measurement
• Error line curve test for protection CT
• Transient CT parameters test
• CT nameplate guess
• Saturation hysteresis loop curve measurement

Tests for voltage transformer:

• Turns ratio test and phase angle error test
• Polarity test
• Secondary burden test
• Coil resistance test

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 What Is Knee Point
In testing, if a voltage is applied across the secondary terminals the
magnetizing current will increase in proportion to the applied voltage, until
the knee point is reached. The knee point is defined as the voltage at which a
10% increase in applied voltage increases the magnetizing current by 50%.

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 CT Testing -Key Factors
Instrument Security Factor
• ISF or instrument security factor of current transformer is
defined as the ratio of instrument limit primary current to
the rated primary current. The instrument limit primary
current of metering CT is the value primary current beyond
which CT core becomes saturated.

Accuracy Limit Factor

• For protection current transformer, the ratio of accuracy
limit primary current to the rated primary current is called
accuracy limit factor of current transformer.

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 Type Of CT
• Metering CT : It will function up to full load current only
then it will be saturated. It will not follow the CTR Above
the full load curent. Take the example of a train, if
boggies are connected to engine it will follow the speed of
engine but if coupling is broken boggies will not follow
the engine.

•
Protection CT : These CTs have to protect against fault
hence these CTs are not supposed to saturate during fault
current and they should transform secondary current exectly
replica of fault current. For example class 5P20 means 5 =
% error, P = protection class, 20 means = 20 times of rated
current means when 20 times of rated current is flowing
through CT the error in sec. current may be +/- 5%.

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A Typical CT Name Plate

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Traditional Testing Setup

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CT Analyzer VS Traditional Setup
Visible part of
Conventional
test Setup

CT Analyzer

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CT Current Cable Connections

Very heavy
primary cable is
required for
onsite test.

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Traditional Set Up Onsite
CT Testing

Primary Injection Kit

booster

burden box

CT verify
instrument
standard
CT

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CT Analyzer VS Traditional Setup

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400KV Substation ,
Anapara Thermal Power Plant

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Hindalco Power Plant

220KV Bus CT 8000/1 Bus Duct CT

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Bus Duct CT , 8000/ 1

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Earth Testing

GW – ET30K

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Need Of Mesh Earthing in Substation

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Types Of Earthing ( Structure)
Independent
Earthing

Grid Earthing

Mesh Earthing

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Tradition Method – Earth Testing

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Soil Resistivity

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 Equipment Used to Identify Problem
Measured Quantity

Current (I) – 0 to 20A

Loop Resistance - 0 to 1200 Ω

Jaw Size

70 mm DIA

Clamp On Earth Tester – CET

1200
Clamp On Earth Tester – CET
1200
Principle Of Operation

CET1200 is having 2 Cores

Core 1 - Charges itself with High

Freq. Voltage “V” . This
results in flow of
current in
“Conductor Loop”

Core 2 – Measures the Current “I”

in conductor loop
Clamp On Earth Tester – CET 1200 calculate the value of “R”

“R” = Loop Resistance

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
AIM IS TO FIND LOOP RESISTANCE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Earthing Grid

V1 = (RE1) X (I1)

R LOOP = RE1 + (RE2 // RE3 // RE4 // REN)

Since (RE2 // RE3 // RE4 // REN) ≈ 0
R LOOP = RE1
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 MULTIPLE PROBLEM – ONE
SOLUTION
2 1
Ensures that all Earth Pits Ensures health of all
are connected to Earth Pits
“Common Earth Strip “.

3
Ensures that “PE” Conductors from “Each
Machine” is connected to “Earth Strip”
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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CET-1200 find its applications in

• Railways
• Power Substations
• Defence etc.
Contact Resistance Testing

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Thermal Imager

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 Thermal Imager Camera
A thermographic camera (also called
an infrared camera or thermal
imaging camera) is a device that
forms an image using infrared
radiation, similar to a
common camera that forms an image
using visible light. Instead of the 400–
700 nanometre range of the visible
light camera, infrared cameras
operate in wavelengths as long as
14,000 nm (14 µm). Their use is
called thermography.

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Thermal Imaging – 7’ Lens

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Corona Camera

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 Corona Imaging
• What is Corona?
• Corona, also known as partial discharge, is a type of
localized emission resulting from transient gaseous
ionization in an insulation system when the voltage
stress i.e. voltage gradient exceeds a critical value.
Corona is a phenomenon that has the capability of
degrading insulators, and causing systems to fail.

• The ionization is usually localized over only a portion of

the distance between the electrodes of the system.
Corona can occur within voids in insulators as well as at
the conductor/insulator interface.

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Corona Imaging

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IR Windows

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IR Windows

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Transformer

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Transformer Failure

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 Tests on Power Transformer
• IR Testing
• Capacitance & Tan Delta
• Transformer Winding Resistance Tester
• Transformer Turns Ratio
• Tap Changer Testing
• SFRA – Sweep Frequency Response Analyzer
• Dielectric Response Analysis

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IR Testing

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 Insulation Testing
Applying a voltage
(specifically a highly
regulated, stabilized DC
voltage) across a dielectric,
measuring the amount of
current flowing through that
dielectric, and then
calculating (using Ohm's
Law) a resistance
measurement.

V=RI

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Component of Leakage Current
• Capacitance: The capacitance
charging current necessary to
charge the capacitance of the
insulation being tested.

• Absorption: The absorption current,

corresponding to the additional
energy necessary for the molecules
of the insulating material to reorient
themselves under the effect of the
electrical field applied.

• Leakage current: The leakage

current or conduction current. This
current characterizes the quality of
the insulation and is stable over
time.
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 Polarization Index ( PI)

* IEEE43-2000

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Dielectric Absorption Ratio ( DAR)

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Dielectric Discharge Ratio ( DDR)

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 Winding Resistance Testing
The transformer winding resistances
can be measured by current voltage
method. In this method of
measurement of winding resistance,
the test current is injected to the
winding and corresponding voltage
drop across the winding is measured.
By applying simple Ohm's law i.e.

Rx = V ⁄ I,

one can easily determine the value of

resistance.
The resistance is measured at ambient
temperature and then converted to resistance
at 75˚C

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Turns Ratio Testing

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 Tan Delta Test |Loss Angle Test |
Dissipation Factor Test
In a pure capacitor, the current is ahead of the
voltage by 90 degrees. The insulation, in a pure
condition, will behave similarly. However, if the
insulation has deteriorated due to the entry of
dirt and moisture. The current which flows
through the insulation will also have a resistive
component.

This will cause the angle of the current to be

less than 90 degrees. This difference in the
angle is known as the loss angle. The tangent
of the angle which is Ir/Ic
(opposite/adjacent)gives us an indication of
the condition of the insulation. A higher value
for the loss angle indicates a high degree of
contamination of the insulation.

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 Definition of Tan Delta
Equivalent Circuit Diagram and Vector Diagram

with
and Frequency

Page: 53 May 2002

 Sources of Transformer Faults

Vessel & Oil

Tap Changer
Accessories
Bushings
Winding
Frequency in %

Core

Source: Cigre_WG 12-05 „An international survey on failures in large power transformers in
service“, Electra No. 88, 1983

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 Transformer Bushings

Page: 55 May 2002

 Bushing after Explosion

Page: 56 May 2002

 Types of Bushings

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 Capacitive Bushings (1)
Emax= high

Emax= smaller

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 Capacitive Bushings (2)

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 Losses in dielectric Material

• Transport of Electrons and Ions

• Losses through Polarization Effects

• Losses in Dielectrics are dependent of

• Aging
• Water Content
• Contamination with Particles

Page: 60 May 2002

 Tan Delta and Breakdown Voltage in Oil
dependent on the Water Content

Water Content

Page: 61 May 2002

 Influence of Temperature (Oil)

Oil Temperature
Dissipation Factor - Dependency of the Temperature 1 new Oil; 2, 3 and 4 used Oils

Page: 62 May 2002

 Temperature Influence for RBP RIP OIP
Dissipation Factor - Dependency of the Temperature

Resin Bonded Paper (RBP - Hartpapier)

Resin Impregnated Paper (RIP - Epoxidharz)
Oil Impregnated Paper (OIP - Weichpapier)

1.8
1.6
Dissipation Factor x 10-2

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
o
Source: RWE Temperature C

Page: 63 May 2002

 Tan Delta over Frequency

Page: 64 May 2002

 When is a Frequency Response
Analysis necessary?
– The test should be done before and after
transformer transportation
– The test should be done after each case of high
currents in the transformer (e.g. after “through
current faults” by faults nearby the transformer)
– The test should be done, if the DGA indicates high
internal temperatures (core faults)

Page: 65 05 July, 2016

 What can Frequency Response
Analysis detect?
– With the FRA the following transformer defects can
be detected:
• Coil deformation - axial & radial
• Broken or open internal connections
• Buckling of windings
• Shorted or open windings
• Fault on magnetic cores (shorted laminates)
• Faulty core groundings
• Faulty screen connections

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 Model of Transformer Winding

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 FRA with Impulses (IFRA)
900 0.80

800 transformer 0.60

700
0.40
600
0.20
500
U (V)
400
1 1 1 1 I (A) 0.00

300
N U V W -0.20

-0.40
200

100 -0.60

0 -0.80
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

Zeit (µs) complex RLCM-Network Zeit (µs)

input signal response signal

filtering, sampling, windowing, FFT, quotient

Magnitude Phase

2.5
transfer function (magnitude) transfer function (phase)
3.0
2.0 2.0
1.0
1.5
|TF(f)| 0.0
arc(TF(f))
1.0
-1.0
0.5 -2.0
0.0 -3.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
MHz 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
MHz
Frequenz f Frequenz f
frequency f frequency f

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 Swept Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA)

5.0 5.0
Transformer U0*(1-K(f1))
3.0 3.0

1.0 1 1 1 1 1.0 1/f1

N U V W
-1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

-3.0 -3.0
(f1)
-5.0 complex RLCM-Network -5.0

sine generator
(f1)
(variable frequency)
K(f1)
Magnitude Phase

2.5 transfer function (magnitude) 3.0

transfer function (phase)
2.0 2.0
1.0
1.5
K(f)
1.0
(f) 0.0
-1.0
0.5 -2.0
0.0 -3.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
MHz 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 MHz
1.2 1.4
Frequenz f Frequenz f
frequency f frequency f

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 FRAnalyzer

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 Standard FRA Measuring Method

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 Transfer Functions
Iin Iout1

Iout2
Vout1
Vin Ioutn Vout2
Voutn

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 Damaged Winding (Radial Movement)

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 Damaged Windings

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 Deformed Windings

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 Damaged winding (Buckling)

Buckling

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 Damaged Winding (Axial Movement)

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 Damaged LV Winding of a Generator
Transformer

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Connection Leads
of the Tapped Winding
displaced

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 Damaged Core

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 10 kV Winding without Movement

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 10 kV Winding with Movement

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 10 kV Winding with and without
Movement

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Dielectric Response Analyzer

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 Risks of Water in Transformers

3. Bubble evolution
from wet paper
 PD or breakdown
may occur

Page: 85 05 July, 2016

 Risks of Water in Transformers

Breakdown Voltage / kV
75
TAN 0,01
TAN 0,10
70
1. Dielectric strength decreases TAN 0,3
TAN 0,49
- PD inception voltage
- Breakdown voltage 60

2. Accelerated aging of cellulose

50
Depolymerization by hydrolysis 0 5 10 15 20
Moisture Saturation / %
 Short circuit current forces may 1000

Life expectance / a
Dr
destroy winding 1%
y
100

10 2%

3%
1
4%

0,1
L. E. Lundgaard,“Aging of oil-impregnated paper in power transformers”, 50 70 90 110 130
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Jan. 2004 Temperature / °C

Page: 86 05 July, 2016

 Moisture Distribution

Distribution example:
• 150 MVA, 7 t cellulose,
• 70 t mineral oil,
• temperature 40°C

cellulose W = 3 %
 210 kg water

T+ T–
oil 16 ppm  1,1 kg H2O
[Ryzhenko, V. Sokolov, V.: Effect of Moisture on Dielectric Withstand Strength of Winding Insulations in Power Transformers.
Electrical Stations (Electric Power Plants) No. 9, 1981]

 Important to know how wet

the paper/pressboard is, not the
oil!
Page: 87 05 July, 2016
 Lightening Arrester
A Lightning Arrester is a device used on electrical
power systems and telecommunications systems to
protect the insulation and conductors of the system
from the damaging effects of lightning.

The typical Lightning Arrester has a high-voltage

terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning
surge (or switching surge) travels along the power
line to the Arrester, the current from the surge is
diverted through the Arrestor, in most cases to the
earth.

If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes

the electrical system introduces thousands of kilo
Volts that may damage the transmission lines, and
can also cause severe damage to transformers and
other electrical or electronic devices

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LA Tester Testing

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Thank You

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