GW Cbip
GW Cbip
–
A Practical Approach
Low R High R
Measurement Measurement
•
Protection CT : These CTs have to protect against fault
hence these CTs are not supposed to saturate during fault
current and they should transform secondary current exectly
replica of fault current. For example class 5P20 means 5 =
% error, P = protection class, 20 means = 20 times of rated
current means when 20 times of rated current is flowing
through CT the error in sec. current may be +/- 5%.
CT Analyzer
Very heavy
primary cable is
required for
onsite test.
burden box
CT verify
instrument
standard
CT
GW – ET30K
Grid Earthing
Mesh Earthing
Jaw Size
70 mm DIA
V1 = (RE1) X (I1)
3
Ensures that “PE” Conductors from “Each
Machine” is connected to “Earth Strip”
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
• Railways
• Power Substations
• Defence etc.
Contact Resistance Testing
V=RI
* IEEE43-2000
Rx = V ⁄ I,
with
and Frequency
Tap Changer
Accessories
Bushings
Winding
Frequency in %
Core
Source: Cigre_WG 12-05 „An international survey on failures in large power transformers in
service“, Electra No. 88, 1983
Emax= smaller
Water Content
Oil Temperature
Dissipation Factor - Dependency of the Temperature 1 new Oil; 2, 3 and 4 used Oils
1.8
1.6
Dissipation Factor x 10-2
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
o
Source: RWE Temperature C
700
0.40
600
0.20
500
U (V)
400
1 1 1 1 I (A) 0.00
300
N U V W -0.20
-0.40
200
100 -0.60
0 -0.80
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
Magnitude Phase
2.5
transfer function (magnitude) transfer function (phase)
3.0
2.0 2.0
1.0
1.5
|TF(f)| 0.0
arc(TF(f))
1.0
-1.0
0.5 -2.0
0.0 -3.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
MHz 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
MHz
Frequenz f Frequenz f
frequency f frequency f
5.0 5.0
Transformer U0*(1-K(f1))
3.0 3.0
-3.0 -3.0
(f1)
-5.0 complex RLCM-Network -5.0
sine generator
(f1)
(variable frequency)
K(f1)
Magnitude Phase
Iout2
Vout1
Vin Ioutn Vout2
Voutn
Buckling
3. Bubble evolution
from wet paper
PD or breakdown
may occur
Breakdown Voltage / kV
75
TAN 0,01
TAN 0,10
70
1. Dielectric strength decreases TAN 0,3
TAN 0,49
- PD inception voltage
- Breakdown voltage 60
Life expectance / a
Dr
destroy winding 1%
y
100
10 2%
3%
1
4%
0,1
L. E. Lundgaard,“Aging of oil-impregnated paper in power transformers”, 50 70 90 110 130
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Jan. 2004 Temperature / °C
Distribution example:
• 150 MVA, 7 t cellulose,
• 70 t mineral oil,
• temperature 40°C
cellulose W = 3 %
210 kg water
T+ T–
oil 16 ppm 1,1 kg H2O
[Ryzhenko, V. Sokolov, V.: Effect of Moisture on Dielectric Withstand Strength of Winding Insulations in Power Transformers.
Electrical Stations (Electric Power Plants) No. 9, 1981]