CS3157: Advanced

Programming
Lecture #6
June 14
Shlomo Hershkop
[email protected]

1
Overview
Today:
Starting C++
Language basics: identifiers, data types, operators,
type conversions, branching and looping, program
structure
data structures: arrays, structures
pointers and references differences
I/O: writing to the screen, reading from the keyboard,
iostream library
classes: defining, scope, ctors and dtors
Bunch of code

2
Announcements
Labs
Project
Make up class
Need to makeup class, can we do this Friday ? 3 -
6pm ?
Maybe Sunday ?
Another choice
take home final and class last session….

3
Four main OOP concepts
abstraction
creation of well-defined interface for an object, separate from its
implementation
e.g., Vector in Java
e.g., key functionalities (init, add, delete, count, print) which can be
called independently of knowing how an object is implemented
encapsulation
keeping implementation details “private”, i.e., inside the implementation
hierarchy
an object is defined in terms of other objects
Composition => larger objects out of smaller ones
Inheritance => properties of smaller objects are “inherited” by larger
objects
polymorphism
use code “transparently” for all types of same class of object
i.e., “morph” one object into another object within same hierarchy
4
Main difference between c and cpp

C’s power is driven by functions. You

define a set of function which operate in a
specific sequence to implement some
algorithm
Top down
CPP is an object oriented language
Bottom up

5
Compatible
Cpp is backwards compatible with c

Cpp is bottom up approach

Cpp compilers will compile c code

As with any other language….

THINK
PROGRAM

6
Advantages
Can create new programs faster because we can reuse
code
Easier to create new data types
Easier memory management
Programs should be less bug-prone, as it uses a stricter
syntax and type checking.
`Data hiding', the usage of data by one program part
while other program parts cannot access the data
Will whiten your teeth

7
C++ vs. Java
advantages of C++ over Java:
C++ is very powerful
C++ is very fast
C++ is much more efficient in terms of memory
compiled directly for specific machines (instead of bytecode layer, which
could also be seen as a portability advantage of Java over C++...)

disadvantages of C++ over Java:

Java protects you from making mistakes that C/C++ don’t, as you’ve
learned now from working with C
C++ has many concepts and possibilities so it has a steep learning
curve
extensive use of operator overloading, function overloading and virtual
functions can very quickly make C++ programs very complicated
shortcuts offered in C++ can often make it completely unreadable, just
like in C

8
Sample Hello.cpp
#include <iostream.h>
#include <stdio.h>

using namespace std;

main() {
cout << "hello world\n";
cout << "hello" << " world" << endl;
}

compile using:
g++ hello.cpp -o hello

like gcc (default output file is a.out)

9
main()
In C main is the first thing to run
C++ allows things to run before main,
through global variables
What is the implications ?
Variable which are declared outside of
main, have global scope (will cover limits).
Can have function calls here

10
File conventions
No one convention
.C
.cc
.cp
.cpp I prefer this
.cxx
.c++

11
Keywords c++
asm private
catch protected
class public
friend this
delete throw
inline template
new try
operator virtual
12
Identifiers
i.e., valid names for variables, methods, classes, etc
just like C:
names consist of letters, digits and underscores
names cannot begin with a digit
names cannot be a C++ keyword

literals are just like in C with a few extras:

numbers, e.g.: 5, 5u, 5L, 0x5, true
characters, e.g., ’A’
strings, e.g., "you" which is stored in 4 bytes as ’y’, ’o’, ’u’, ’\0’

13
data types
simple native data types: bool, int, double, char, wchar_t

bool is like boolean in Java

wchar_t is “wide char” for representing data from

character sets with more than 255 characters

modifiers: short, long, signed, unsigned, e.g., short int

floating point types: float, double, long double

enum and typedef just like C

14
Operators
same as C, with some additions

if you recognize it from C, then it’s pretty safe to

assume it is doing the same thing in C++

Operator overloading…
What it is

15
Type conversions
all integer math is done using int datatypes, so
all types (bool, char, short, enum) are promoted
to int before any arithmetic operations are
performed on them

mixed expressions of integer / floating types

promote the lower type to the higher type
according to the following hierarchy:

int < unsigned < long < unsigned long

< float < double < long double
16
Conversions II
you can do explicit conversions like in C using cast
(int)something
you can also do explicit conversions using C++
operators:
static_cast
safe and portable; e.g. c = static_cast<char>(i);
reinterpret_cast
system dependent, not good to use
const_cast
lets you change a const into a modifiable variable
dynamic_cast
used at run-time for casting objects from one class to another
(within inheritance hierarchy); this is sort of like Java but can get
really messy and is really a more advanced topic...

17
Branching and Looping
if, if/else just like C and Java

while and for and do/while just like C and Java

break and continue just like C and Java

switch just like C and Java

goto just like C (but don’t use it!!!)

18
Program structure
just like in C

program is a collection of functions and declarations

language is block-structured

declarations are made at the beginning of a block;

allocated on entry to the block and freed when exiting
the block

parameters are call-by-value unless otherwise specified

19
arrays
similar to C

dynamic memory allocation handled using new and

delete instead of malloc (and family) and free

examples:
int a[5];
char b[3] = { ’a’, ’b’, ’c’ };
double c[4][5];
int *p = new int(5); // space allocated and *p set to 5
int **q = new int[10]; // space allocated and q = &q[0]
int *r = new int; // space allocated but not initialized

20
Starting
Lets talk about how functions are different
in C++

21
Defining c++ functions
a function’s “signature” is its name plus number and type of arguments
you can have multiple functions with same name, as long as the signatures
are different
example:
void foo( int a, char b );
void foo( int a, int b );
void foo( int a );
void foo( double f );
main() {
foo( 1,’x’ );
foo( 1,2 );
foo( 3 );
foo( 5.79 );
}
OVERLOADING – when function name is used by more than one function

22
C++ Function II
Foo() or Foo(void) for void arguments
Different than c
Foo(…) for unchecked parameters
Look up va_list and va_start
A cleaner approach is to pass in an array
New Trick:
Foo(int a, int b, int c=10)
Foo(4,5,2)
Foo(4,5)
23
Function III
Inline functions
Function overloading:
void foo(int a, char c)
void foo(char c)

Not allowed are changes to return with same args

void foo(int a)
int foo(int a)

24
Other additions
C++ includes many compiler side
additions to help the programmer (yes that
is you) to write better code
Other technical changes (will be pointing
them out as we pass them)

25
Void pointers
C allows you to assign and convert void
pointers without casting
C++ needs a cast
void * V;
..
Foo *f = (Foo)V;

26
NULL
null pointer (0)
in c, it’s a language macro:
#define NULL (void *) 0
in c++, it’s user defined because otherwise an explicit
cast is needed!
#define NULL 0

Some books recommends using 0 instead of NULL

27
enums
Are treated a little differently in c++

enum day {Sunday, Monday , .. }

day X = 1; //only works in c

day X = Sunday;

28
Structures
struct keyword like in C (but you don’t need typedef) (last class)

use dot operator or -> to access members (fields) of a struct or struct *

C++ allows functions to be members, whereas C only allows data

members (i.e., fields)

example
struct point {
public:
void print() const { cout << "(" << x "," << y << ")"; }
void set( double u, double v ) { x=u; y=v; }
private:
double x, y;
}

29
Pointers and References
pointers are like C:
int *p means “pointer to int”
p = &i means p gets the address of object i. references are not like C!! they are
basically aliases – alternative names – for the values stored at the indicated
memory locations, e.g.:
int n;
int &nn = n;
double a[10];
double &last = a[9];

The difference between them:

int a = 5; // declare and define a
int *p = &a; // p points to a
int &refa = a; // alias (reference) for a
*p = 7; // *p points to a, so a is assigned 7
refa = *p + 1; // a is assigned value of *p=7 plus 1

30
I/O Screen
// hello world in C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "hello world" << endl;
}

comment characters are // or /* ... */, just like Java

using namespace is sort of like importing a package in Java; it is
used in conjunction with the header declaration
you could also say #include <iostream.h> and leave out the using
namespace std; line; this is an older style of C++ but it still works
cout << is like System.out.print in Java or like printf() in C
endl outputs a newline; saying cout << "\n"; does the same thing
Advantage is its system dependant
31
iostream.h
it’s preferred not to use C’s stdio (though you can),
because it’s not “type safe” (i.e., compiler can’t tell if
you’re passing data of the wrong type, as you know from
getting run-time errors...)
stdio functions are not extensible
note << is left-shift operator, which iostream “overloads”
you can string multiple <<’s together, e.g.:
cout << "hello" << " world" << "\n";
cout is like stdout
cerr is like stderr

32
I/O keyboard
read from the keyboard using cin >>, which is like scanf() in C

example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int i;
cout << "enter a number: ";
cin >> i;
cout << "you entered " << i <<"\n";
}

33
C++ iostream
two bit-shift operators:
<< meaning “put to” output stream (“left shift”)
>> meaning “get from” input stream (“right shift”)

three standard streams:

cout is standard out
cin is standard in
cerr is standard error

the iostream library is “type safe”, so you don’t have to use

formatting statements:
variables are input/output based on their datatype

34
ostream and istream
ostream
cout is an ostream, << is an operator
use cout.put( char c ) to write a single char
use cout.write( const char *p, int n ) to write n chars
use cout.flush() to flush the stream

istream
cin is an istream, >> is an operator
use cin.get( char &c ) to read a single char
use cin.get( char *s, int n, char c=’\n’ ) to read a line (inputs into string s
at most n-1 characters, up to the specified delimiter c or an EOF; a
terminating 0 is placed at the end of the input string s)
also cin.getline( char *s, int n, char c=’\n’ )
use cin.read( char *s, int n ) to read a string

35
Formatted output
in <iomanip> header file, the following are defined:

scientific – prints using scientific notation

left – fills characters to right of value
right – fills characers to left of value
internal – fills characters between sign and value
setfill( int ) – sets fill character
setw( int ) – sets field width
setprecision( int ) – sets floating point precision

36
Example
cout << setprecision(3) << 2.34563;

37
Declaring Class
Almost like struct, the default privacy specification is private whereas
with struct, the default privacy specification is public
example
class point {
double x, y; // implicitly private
public:
void print();
void set( double u, double v );
};

classes can be nested (like java)

static is like in Java, with some weird subtleties

38
Create some code
Lets create a simple c++ example printing
out something
Create makefile
Run it

Now lets add the point class example..

39
Using
point x;
x.set(3,4);
x.print();

point *pptr = &x;

pptr->set(3,2);
pptr->print();

40
Classes: function overloading and
overriding
overloading:
when you use the same name for functions with different signatures
functions in derived class supercede any functions in base class with
the same name
overriding:
when you change the behavior of base-class function in a derived class
DON’T OVERRIDE BASE-CLASS FUNCTIONS!!

because compiler can invoke wrong version by mistake

41
Access specifiers
In class declaration can have:
Public
Anyone can access
Private
Only class members and friends can access

42
Access specifiers
public
public members
can be accessed from any function
private members
can only be accessed by class’s own members
and by “friends” (see ahead)
Protected
Class members, derived, and friends.

“access violations” when you don’t obey the rules...

can be listed in any order
can be repeated

43
Class scope
::
example:
::i // refers to external scope
point::x // refers to class scope
std::count // refers to namespace scope

given previous definition of point, we could do:

point p;
p.print();
p.point::print(); // redundant but legal

44
Defining functions
void point::print(){
cout << "(" << x "," << y << ")";
}

void point::set( double u, double v )

{ x=u; y=v; }

45
Constructors and destructors
constructors are called ctors in C++
take the same name as the class in which they are defined, like in Java

destructors are called dtors in C++

take the same name as the class in which they are defined, preceded
by a tilde (˜)
sort of like finalize in Java

ctors can be overloaded and can take arguments

dtors can not
default constructor has no arguments

46
More coding…
class point {
double x,y;
public:
point() { x=0;y=0; } // default
point( double u ) {x =u; y=0; }
// conversion
point( double u, double v )
{ x =u; y =v;}
.
.
.
}
47
usage
point p;

48
CPP pass by reference
Another way of passing by reference
int count = 10;
int &rcount = count;

49
references
void foo2(int &);

void foo(int &refint){

refint *= refint;
}

50
Variable scope
CPP allows you to specify scope through
unary scope operator (::)
So can differentiate between local and
global variables

51
code
int count = 10;

int main(){
int count = 5;

// count is local
// ::count is global
// std::count is the same as 2
52
Inline functions
What are they

Where do you code them?

53
Functions organization
You’ve programmed classes in Java
In general, what kind of functions exist
with well designed classes

54
Function types
Accessor
Mutator
Helper
Predicate

55
CPP classes
A class if a collection of functions and
variables
In CPP we have constructors and
destructors to help manage classes

56
Order of running program
In c we saw that the program always starts
from main

This is different in cpp

57
What can go wrong
The good thing about cpp is that your
program can now crash many times even
before reaching main ☺

58
Ordering and where to look for problems

Global variables
Assignments and constructors
What else ??
Main
Local variables
End local variables
End main
Global destructors

59
code
I’d like to cover a bunch of code examples now
illustrating the power of classes

Will start from simple array and work out a

complex class

We can do it in lab with string example…

60
Code simple version of point class

Add extensions with specific stuff

Member functions
Coding
pointers

61
Class friends
allows two or more classes to share
private members

e.g., container and iterator classes

friendship is not transitive

62
hierarchy
composition:
creating objects with other objects as members
example: array4.cpp

derivation:
defining classes by expanding other classes
like “extends” in java
example:
class SortIntArray : public IntArray {
public:
void sort();
private:
int *sortBuf;
}; // end of class SortIntArray
“base class” (IntArray) and “derived class” (SortIntArray)
derived class can only access public members of base class

63
Class derivation
encapsulation
derivation maintains encapsulation
i.e., it is better to expand IntArray and add sort() than to modify your own version
of IntArray

friendship
not the same as derivation!!
example:

is a friend of
B2 is a friend of B1
D1 is derived from B1
D2 is derived from B2
B2 has special access to private members of B1 as a friend
But D2 does not inherit this special access
nor does B2 get special access to D1 (derived from friend B1)

64
Derivation and pointer conversion
derived-class instance is treated like a base-class instance
but you can’t go the other way
example:
main() {
IntArray ia, *pia;
// base-class object and pointer
StatsIntArray sia, *psia;
// derived-class object and pointer
pia = &sia; // okay: base pointer -> derived object
psia = pia; // no: derived pointer = base pointer
psia = (StatsIntArray *)pia; // sort of okay now since:
// 1. there’s a cast
// 2. pia is really pointing to sia,
// but if it were pointing to ia, then
// this wouldn’t work (as below)
psia = (StatsIntArray *)&ia; // no: because ia isn’t a
StatsIntArray

65
danger:
don’t point a base class pointer to an array of
derived objects!
they aren’t the same size!

66
Const variables
Can have const variables in a class

Any ideas for this ?

67
Operator overloading
Most operators can be overloaded in cpp
Treated as functions
But its important to understand how they
really work

68
+ >>
~ &&
++
-
[]
! ()
= new
* delete
/= new[]
->
+=
>>=
<<
Look up list
69
Operators which cant be
overloaded
.
.*
::
?:
sizeof

70
X=X+Y
Need to overload
+
=
But this doesn’t overload +=

71
Functions can be member or non-member
Non-member as friends
If its member, can use this
(), [], -> or any assignments must be class
members

When overloading need to follow set function

signature

72
Code from fig18_03 (c book)

73
unary
Y += Z
Y.operator+=( Z )

++D
member
D.operator++()
Non member
operator++(D)

74
coding
Lets overload the point + operator
Now the =

See it in action…

75