CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of related literature is very important. It is a basic theory

concerning with the research problem and objective of the research. The review

below consists of the discussion about literature, song, lyric, figurative language,

life of Katy Perry, and previous study.

A. Literature

Some experts have different opinions on their definition about literature

related to the time and social condition. Those different opinions are caused

by the complexities of the literature over as the life.

Jones (1968:1) states literature is simply another we get experience the

world around us through our imagination. Meanwhile, Hornby (1995:687)

explains literature is writing that are valued as works of art, especially fiction,

drama, and poetry. Another definition of literature is defined by Wellek and

Warren (1956:15) literature is creativity an art.

From the definitions above, it can be concluded that literature has been

regarded as profound human creation to express ideas, or thoughts. It also

been regarded as a human treasure. From literature, one can understand how

one comes to life at certain time and place with all its entertainment and

pleasure.

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B. Song

Song is a composition for voice performed by singing or alongside

musical instruments. According to Hornby (1995:1133) song is a piece of

music with words that is sung.

A song is a composition made up of lyrics and music, with the intent of

the lyrics being sung, for the purpose of producing a proportionate feeling or

emotion in relation to a particular matter. Guerra (2016)

By the explanation above, it is considered that song is form of any poem

and being set music. Usually, song refers to a poem in regular material that

can be sung.

C. Lyric

Lyrics are a set of words that make up a song. Stanford (2003:65) states

the word ―lyric‖ come from the lyre, the Greek instrument used for musical

accompaniment of poetry, which was often sung or chanted. Although a lyric

poem may depict an out war action, it generally focuses on inward reaction,

insight, or responses.

Meanwhile, Hornby (1995:703) defines lyric is expressing the writer’s

feelings. Lyric is made to express deep emotion of the writer.

The other definition lyrics are the written words in a song. Lyrics can be

written during composition of a song or after the accompanying music is

composed. Wallace (2011)

Based on definitions above, the researcher can say lyric is expressing

direct personal feelings, a song written for musical accompaniment by lyric.

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The form of lyric is written by stanza. When someone reads poetry as being

lyrical it seems that he was expressing his feeling through the poet.

D. Figurative Language

Figurative language is used to create a special effect or feeling. It is

characterized by figures of speech—language that compares, exaggerates, or

means something other than what it first appears to mean.

According to Zaenuddin (1992:5) figurative language is the use of

various languages which is used to express the idea of the speaker directly

that uses figures of speech, a way of saying something other than the literal

meaning of the words.

Stanford (2003:48) says figurative language is words or expression that

carry more than their literal meaning.

The other definition of figurative language is defined by Booth, et. al.,

(2006:195) figurative language is language that creates imaginative

connections between our ideas and our sense or that reveals striking

similarities between things we had never associated before.

So, figurative language deals with language which uses figures of speech

and language cannot be taken literature only and it uses to express inner

feelings of the writer.

By the figurative language or using literal meaning the song tries to

communicate their imagination into word without being bothered by

logicalness of the output. The use of figurative language cannot be neglected

in order to make the language of a poem more beautiful.

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Theoretically there are some types of figurative language, they are:

1. Simile

This comparison is usually made between two things that are

essentially unlike. Booth, et. al., (2006:195) say when a figure is

express as an explicit comparison, often signaled by like or as, it is

called a simile.

And Richards, et. al., (1992: 139) define a simile is an expression

in which something is compared to something else by the use of

fiction word such as like or as.

There are some examples of simile:

a. Mary is as beautiful as a rising sun.

b. In Tom eats like a horse.

c. As still as a brooding dove.

2. Metaphor

A metaphor is an implied simile. It compares two things that are

not alike, similar with simile, but the metaphor does not use the

words ―like‖ or ―as‖. Booth, et. al., (2006:195) explain an implicit

comparison or identification of one thing with another unlike itself,

without a verbal signal but just seeming to say ―A is B‖ is called

metaphor‖.

Meanwhile, Richards, et. al., (1992: 139) describe in metaphor,

no function words are used. Something described by stating another

thing with which it can be compared.

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The examples of metaphor as follow:

a. Life is a hard road.

b. Man is a crocodile.

c. You are the flowers in a dessert.

3. Personification

It is a figure of speech in which an inanimate object or

abstraction is endowed which human qualities or abilities. According

to Stanford (2003:49) personification means giving inanimate object

the characteristics of a person or animal.

And Reaske (1996:39) states it is simply metaphor whose ten or

is abstraction, which is represented by the vehicle human being.

In addition according to Random House Webster’s College

Dictionary (1999:918) personification is the attribution of a human

nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions.

They are the examples of personification:

a. The sharp teeth of the cold wind bit through my overcoat.

b. The lettuce was lonely without tomatoes and cucumbers

for company.

c. My car was happy to be washed.

4. Hyperbole

In hyperbole a statement is made emphatic by overstatement.

Seems to have a different perception on hyperbole, it is simply an

exaggeration, but exaggeration in the service of truth, not just to

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dramatize or emphasis an idea. This type of figurative language is

used by poets and writers for special effect. According to Hornby

(1995: 586) hyperbole is language that is deliberately and obviously

exaggerated effect.

Reaske (1996:34) explains hyperbole is figurative speech which

employs exaggeration. Hyperbole differs from exaggeration in that it

is extreme or excessive. Something it is used for comic purpose, but

more of then it used seriously. Hyperbole can produce a very

dramatic effect.

Another definition of hyperbole is defined by Random House

Webster’s College Dictionary (1999:606) hyperbole is an

extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken

literally.

For examples of hyperbole, such as:

a. I will die if I miss that game.

b. I tried a thousand times.

c. I would give my right arm for a piece of pizza.

5. Symbol

According to Standford (2003:50) a symbol in a literary work,

an object, action, person, or animal that stands for something more

than its literal meaning.

Meanwhile, Reaske (1996:40) states symbol is something that

stands for suggest something else by reason or relationship,

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association-convention, and accidental resemblance for visible sign

of something to invisible. In short a symbol may is basically a kind

of image. It is different from other images in the use to which it is

put, because symbolism often proves a stumbling block for

inexperienced readers, we shall approach the subject of the literary

symbol indirectly.

In addition according to Random House Webster’s College

Dictionary (1999:1239) affirm symbol is something used for or

regarded as representing something else, especially material object

representing something immaterial.

The examples of symbol they are:

a. Like the American flag is a symbol of our freedom.

b. Lion symbolize royalty.

6. Idiom

A common expression understood figuratively, as the literal

definition makes no sense is call idiom. Richards, et. al., (1992:172)

say idiom is an expression which functions as a single unit and

whose meaning cannot be worked out from its separated parts.

In addition according to Hornby (1995:589) idiom is a phrase

or sentence whose meaning is not clear from the meaning its

individual words and must be learn as a whole unit.

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They are the examples of idiom:

a. You might miss a day of school because you fell

under the weather. (The meaning ―under the weather‖

has nothing to do with the weather, it means fell ill)

b. She washed her hands of matter. (The expression

means she refused to have anything more to do with

the matter)

7. Understatement

An understatement is a figure of speech employed by writers or

speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it

really is. Lukens (2003:191) defines the reverse of exaggeration is

understatement or playing down.

Meanwhile, Hornby (1995:1299) describes understatement is a

statement that express an idea, etc in very weak.

The examples of understatement are:

a. I will be there in second.

b. We are in a bit of pickle

8. Rhetoric

Rhetoric is a figures speech that a question, but it do not need the

answer, just to give emphasis. Hornby (1995:1008) says rhetoric is

asked only to produce an effect or make statement rather than to get

answer.
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In addition according to Random House Webster’s College

Dictionary (1999:1058) rhetoric is a question asked solely for effect

and not to elicit a replay.

There are the examples of rhetoric:

a. Who cares?

b. What is as rare as a day in June?

9. Repetition

Repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a

few times to make an idea clearer. Reaske (1996:39) defines repetition is

the word, phrase, or sentence repeated for emphasizing the meaning itself.

The examples of repetition as follow:

a. You will never be strong enough

You will never be good enough

b. A horse is a horse, of course, of course,

And no one can talk to horse of course

That is, of course, unless the horse is the famous Mister Ed.

10. Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is naming an action or a thing according to what it

sounds like. Richards, et. al., (1992:255) describe onomatopoeia is

imitation of nature sounds by means of words or group of words as in

English moo, baa, cuckoo.

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There are several examples of onomatopoeia:

a. Thonk! Thunk! Went his feet…

b. Birds twittered and tweeted

11. Metonymy

Metonymy is figure of speech in which one thing used to stand for

itself. It is uses one word or phrase substituted for another which is closely

associated. Reaske (1996: 36) says metonymy is substitution of word

closely associated with another word in place of that other word. In

metonymy, we can find a close relationship which uses the name thing,

person, or characteristic as a substitute of something itself.

And according to Random House Webster’s College Dictionary

(1999:776) metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one

object or concept is used for that of another to which it is related.

There are several examples of metonymy:

a. He bought Nokia yesterday

b. He bought a Chevrolet

c. My sister is very keen on reading Harry Potter

E. Life of Katy Perry

1. Katy Perry Biography

Katy Perry was born October 25, 1984, in Santa Barbara,

California. After having three record deals fall apart, she signed with

Capitol in 2007. Later that year, she released her first single, ―Ur So

Gay‖. Still, her career did not fully take off until the release of her next
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single, ―I Kissed a Girl‖. Her album Teenage Dreams was released in

August 2010.

Perry started taking singing lessons around the age of 9 and

learned to play guitar when she was 13. Around this time, she began

rebelling against her strict upbringing by piercing her own nose. She

soon became interested in pursuing a career in music. With her mother,

Perry made several trips to Nashville to record a gospel album, Katy

Hudson, which was released in 2001. ―It reached literally maybe 100

people, and then the label went bankrupt‖, Perry explained

to Entertainment Weekly.

As a teenager, Perry was exposed to other musical influences.

One friend introduced her to the music of Queen, which remains one of

her favorite groups. ―I'm very inspired by Freddie Mercury and how

flamboyant and theatrical he was‖, she told fashion magazine WWD. In

high school, she strove to be her own person, choosing not to limit

herself to one social group. ―I was a hop-around. I hung out with the

rockabilly crew, the guys who were trying to be rappers, the funny kids‖,

she told Seventeen magazine.

Focused on her music, Perry got her GED and moved to Los

Angeles to work with producer and songwriter Glen Ballard, who had

worked with such artists as Christina Aguilera and Alanis Morissette. She

was only 17 years old at time, and being on her own proved tough. ―It

was five years of living in L.A. with no money, writing bad checks,
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selling my clothes to make rent, and borrowing money‖, she told

Seventeen magazine. Perry also experienced a string of disappointments

before getting her big break. She and Ballard were unable to find a record

company willing to take them on, and her 2004 collaboration with music

producers-turned-performers The Matrix was scrapped shortly before the

project was to be released. After having three record deals fall apart,

Perry finally signed with Capitol in 2007.

Later that year, Perry released her first single, ―Ur So Gay‖. Pop

superstar Madonna became a fan of the song, calling it one of her

favorites of the moment. The song drew comparisons to the likes of Lily

Allen, another singer known for her quirky, cheeky lyrics. Perry said the

single was inspired by the emo scene, and the ―guys with guy-liner who

use flatirons‖. Still, her career did not fully take off until the release of

her next single, ―I Kissed a Girl‖, which reached the top of the charts

during the summer of 2008. With that song's success, her debut album,

One of the Boys, made it into the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

The song also earned Perry a Grammy Award nomination for Best

Female Pop Vocal Performance.

Katy Perry also became famous for her theatricality. On the

Warped Tour, she performed ―I Kissed a Girl‖ with a giant tube of lip

balm, referencing a line in the song. Perry has also jumped into a larger-

than-life cake and appeared in a number of wild outfits while onstage.

She has described her style as ―Lucille Ball meets Bob Mackie. It is
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about innuendo. I want everybody to get the joke, but I want them to

think about it for a minute‖, she explained to Esquire magazine.

In 2009, Perry appeared in her own acoustic special on MTV. The

soundtrack from the show, Katy Perry: MTV Unplugged, was released

around the same time. That same year, Perry made tabloid headlines for

her relationship with British comedian Russell Brand. The couple

became engaged over the New Year's holiday while on a trip to India. On

October 23, 2010, the couple married in India in a traditional Hindu

ceremony. According to The Times of India, the wedding featured a

procession of camels, elephants and horses, plus fire jugglers, snake

charmers, dancers and musicians. Perry had previously dated Travis

McCoy from the band Gym Class Heroes.

The young pop star has great ambitions for her future.

―Ultimately I want Katy Perry to be as much of a household name as

Madonna‖, she told Entertainment Weekly. Her album Teenage

Dreams was released in August 2010. The single from the album,

―California Gurls‖, quickly rose through the charts to #1 on the Billboard

charts. More hits from the album soon followed, including the title track

and ―Firework‖.

In 2012, she released a new edition of her hit album

called Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection. The record had several

new tracks, including more successful singles ―Part of Me‖ and ―Wide

Awake‖. Perry continued to dominate the music charts with

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2013's Prism. The album featured ―Roar‖, which climbed to the number

one spot. ―Dark Horse‖, her collaboration with Juicy J, also made an

impressive showing. The song spent several weeks at the top of charts,

helping Perry beat Mariah Carey's career total record of 45 weeks with

all of her hits. Perry made another splash in 2014 with ―This Is How We

Do‖, which also featured Riff Raff. Biography.com Editor (2016)

2. Awards and Nomination

Katy Perry got nominator and won some awards such as American

Music Award, Billboard Music Award, and Grammy Award.

Table 2.1 American Music Award and nominated gotten by Katy Perry
Year Nominated work Award Result

2012 Katy Perry Favorite Female Won

Artist
Dark Horse Won
Single Of The Year
2014 Prism Favorite Album- Nominated
Pop/Rock
Katy Perry Favorite Artist – Won
Adult Contemporary
Cohn and Russell (2013)

Table 2.2 Billboard Music Award and nominated gotten by Katy Perry
Year Nominated work Award Result

2011 Fire Work Nominated

Top Radio Song
2013 Katy Perry Nominated
Top Social Artist
2014 Roar Top Streaming Song Nominated
(Video)
Katy Perry/Teenage
2015 Nominated
Top Touring Artist
Dream

Cohn and Russell (2013)

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Table 2.3 Grammy Award and nominated gotten by Katy Perry

Year Nominated Work Award Result

California Gurls
Best Pop
2011 Shared With Snoop Nominated
Collaboration With
Vocals
Dog

Fire Work Best Solo Nominated

2012 Performance
Fire Work Nominated
Record Of The Year
2015 Dark Horse Best Pop Duo/Group Nominated
Performance
Cohn and Russell (2013)

F. Previous Study

Previous study is the result of research from the researcher before.

Some research related to figurative language has been conducted by some

researcher of study:

Syarifah from STAIN Tulungagung (2013), in her research entitled

―Language Variety Used By Ponyondro in Javanese Wedding Party‖. This

research intends to analyze figurative language in Ponyondro Javanese

Wedding Party, found the meaning and message in Ponyondro Javanese

Wedding Party. Here In this study, the theory that used by the researcher is

Russel Reaske, Albert, and Zaenudin. The researcher used descriptive

qualitative research by using sociolinguistic approach. The research finding

that the Panyondro contain type of figurative language, meaning and

message. They are types of figurative language was found in this research (1)

hyperbole, (2) litotes, (3) personification, (4) simile, (5) alliteration, (6)
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symbolic, (7) repetitions. The second finding is found two kinds of meaning,

they are: (1) connotative meaning, (2) denotative meaning. And the last

findings is message, message in this research showed that the message that is

conveyed in Panyondro language of Javanese wedding party is to give to

advice for the bride and bridegroom to face their new life and also praise the

bride in wedding.

Ambarwati from IAIN Tulungagung (2015) in her entitled ―Language

Styles in Selected William Shakespeare’s Poems‖ presented her study about

the type of figurative language found in poems of William Shakespeare, and

the found meaning and message in poem William Shakespeare. Here the

researcher used document analysis with qualitative approach based on the

purpose. In this study, theory that used by the researcher is Hall Donald,

Lynch Brown and Agni Binar. The finding showed that the poem contains

type of figurative language, meaning and message. The findings are: (1)

alliteration, (2) repetition, (3) personification, (4) simile, (5) metaphor, (6)

symbols, (7) synecdoche, (8) paradox, (9) hyperbole, (10) understatement.

The dominant is in alliteration. The second finding is found two kinds of

meaning, they are: (1) connotative meaning, (2) denotative meaning. The

third finding is found some message on the selected William Shakespeare

poem. Ayu’s study helped the researcher to get more understanding about

figurative language.

Yatma from IAIN Tulungagung (2015), in her research entitled ―An

Analysis on Figurative Language Used in Short Stories written by O. Henry‖.

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The researcher analyzed about kinds of figurative language found in short

stories written by O. Henry and found the meaning and message in stories

written by O. Henry. In this study, the theory that used by the researcher is

Katz, Littlemore, and Kerafe. In her research, the researcher used descriptive

qualitative based on its purpose. The research finding that the short stories

contain type of figurative language, meaning and message. They are: (1)

rhetoric, (2) asyndeton, (3) litotes, (4) metonymy, (5) metaphor, (6)

repetition, (7) ellipsis, (8) aptronym, (9) euphemism, (10) personification,

(11) hyperbole, (12) simile, and (13) pleonasm. The second finding is

meaning, every kinds of figurative language has different meaning based n

the content the short stories. The last finding is message, they are: (1) moral

message, (2) social message. Rina’s study helped the researcher to get more

understanding about figurative language.

In this research, the researcher used different object, the object in

previous study are panyondro, poem, and short stories. But, the object of this

study is song lyric. And also used different method, what is being analyzed.

In previous study, the researchers tend to use qualitative research method.

Besides, this research used descriptive quantitative survey method because

the researcher describe about types of figurative language. Then, the

researcher find out the frequency of each types of figurative language found

in song lyrics of Katy Perry.