Math 6 NOTES Name ______________________________________

Types of Graphs: Different Ways to Represent Data

Line Graphs
• Line graphs are used to display continuous data.

• Line graphs can be useful in predicting future

events when they show trends over time.

Bar Graphs

• Bar graphs are used to display

categories of data.

• A bar graph is one method of

comparing data by using solid
bars to represent unique
quantities.

Histograms

• A special kind of bar graph that uses bars to

represent the frequency of numerical data
that have been organized into intervals.

• Because the intervals are all equal, all of the

bars have the same width

• Because the intervals are continuous

(connected; ongoing), there is no space between the bars.
Frequency Table

• Frequency tables show the

number of pieces of data that fall
within given intervals.

Line Plot

• Line plots are diagrams that show the frequency of data on a

number line. An “x” is placed above a number on a number line
each time that data value occurs.

Stem and Leaf Plot

 • In a stem-and-leaf plot, the data are organized from least to
greatest. The digits of the least place value form the leaves, and the
next place value digits form the stems.

Circle Graph

• Circle graphs are used to

show a relationship of the
parts to a whole.
• Percentages are used to show
how much of the whole each
category occupies.

Box and Whisker Plot

• A box-and-whisker plot is a diagram that summarizes data by

dividing it into four parts (quartiles).
• Box and whiskers show us the spread (range) and median (middle) of the
data.
 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Study Guide and Intervention

Frequency Tables
A frequency table uses tally marks to show how many times each piece of data appears. If the data
is numerical, the table should have a scale which includes the least and the greatest numbers. Also,
each table should have an interval which separates the scale into equal parts.

ATHLETIC SHOES The table shows Prices of Athletic Shoes ($)

prices of 20 types of athletic shoes
60 45 120 75 50
at a recent sidewalk sale. Make a
70 95 135 65 47
frequency table and then determine
43 110 84 70 53
how many types are available for
100 75 70 85 130
less than $80.

Step 1 Choose an appropriate interval and scale for the

data. The scale should include the least price, $43,
and the greatest price, $135.
Step 2 Draw a table with three columns and label the Price($) Tally Frequency
columns Price, Tally, and Frequency. 40–59 5 5

Lesson 2–1
Step 3 Complete the table. 60–79 52 7
80–99 3 3
Step 4 Two categories include prices less than $80. 100–119 2 2
$40–$59 ⫽ 5 types 120–139 3 3
$60–$79 ⫽ 7 types
So, 5 ⫹ 7 or 12 types of shoes cost less than $80.

For Exercises 1 and 2, use the table below.

Hours Spent Studying
for Math Exam
3 7 10 0 2
12 18 3 1 15
10 11 8 5 9
8 12 6 8 12

1. Make a frequency table of the data.

Hours Tally Frequency

5
52
51
2

2. Use your frequency table to determine how many students studied

10 hours or more.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 67 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 2

 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Practice: Word Problems

Frequency Tables
FAVORITE COLORS For Questions 1–3, use HOLIDAYS For Questions 4–6, use the
the table below. It shows the favorite table below. It shows the number of
colors of the students in Mr. Swatzky’s holidays in each month of 2003.
class.
2003 Holidays
Favorite Colors of 3 5 5 5
Mr. Swatzky’s Students 4 4 1 0
B R R O B Y G G P B 2 6 5 2
Y B B Y R O B R B Y
G B O Y B Y G G G G
P Y R R G
B ⫽ blue, R ⫽ red, G ⫽ green, Y ⫽ yellow,
O ⫽ orange, P ⫽ purple

1. Make a frequency table of the data. 2. If one student changed his or her vote
Favorite Color Tally Frequency from blue to yellow, what would be the

Lesson 2–1
favorite color of most students?

3. If one student changed his or her vote from 4. What is wrong with using the
red to purple, what would be the favorite intervals 1–2, 3–4, and 5–6 to
color of the fewest students? represent the data in a frequency
table?

5. Make a frequency table of the data. 6. What is the interval and scale of your
frequency table from Question 5?
Holidays Tally Frequency

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 69 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 2

 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Enrichment

Number Patterns
The dot diagram below illustrates a number pattern.

You can discover what number in the pattern comes next by drawing the next
figure in the dot pattern. You can also use thinking with numbers. Try to see
how two consecutive numbers in the pattern are related.
1 3 6 10 15

2 3 4 5

It looks like the next number in the pattern is obtained by adding 6 to 15. The
next number in the pattern is 21. You can check this by drawing the next
figure in the dot pattern.
Write the next two numbers in the number pattern for each dot
diagram.
1.

2.

3. A staircase is being built from cubes. How many cubes will it take to
make a staircase 25 cubes high?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 76 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 2

 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Study Guide and Intervention

Line Plots
A line plot is a diagram that shows the frequency of data on a number line.

SHOE SIZE The table shows the shoe size of students Shoe Sizes
in Mr. Kowa’s classroom. Make a line plot of the
10 6 4 6
data.
5 11 10 10
Step 1 Draw a number line. Because the smallest size is 4 and the largest 6 9 6 8
size is 14, you can use a scale of 4 to 14 and an interval of 2. 7 11 7 14
5 10 6 10
Step 2 Put an “⫻” above the number that represents the shoe size of each
student.
 
 
 
    
        

4 6 8 10 12 14

Use the line plot in Example 1. Identify any clusters, gaps, or

outliers and analyze the data by using these values. What is the
range of data?

Many of the data cluster around 6 and 10. You could say that most of the shoe sizes are 6 or
10. There is a gap between 11 and 14, so there are no shoe sizes in this range. The number
14 appears removed from the rest of the data, so it would be considered an outlier. This
means that the shoe size of 14 is very large and is not representative of the whole data set.
The greatest shoe size is 14, and the smallest is 4. The range is 14 – 4 or 10.

PETS For Exercises 1–3 use the table at the right that Number of Pets
shows the number of pets owned by different families. 2 1 2 0
3 1 1 2

Lesson 2–3
1. Make a line plot of the data. 8 3 1 4

2. Identify any clusters, gaps, or outliers.

3. What is the range of the data?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 77 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 2

 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Practice: Word Problems

Line Plots
TELEVISION SETS For Exercises 1–6, use the table below. It shows the
number of television sets owned by 30 different families.

Number of TVs
2 1 2 4 3 0
2 3 2 3 4 2
1 2 2 3 4 0
3 1 3 2 1 2
5 3 4 3 0 0

1. Make a line plot for the data. 2. How many televisions do most families
own?

3. What is the greatest number of 4. What is the range of the data? 5

televisions owned by a family?

Lesson 2–3
5. Identify any clusters, gaps, or outliers, 6. Describe how the range of the data
if any exist, and explain what they would change if 5 were not part of the
mean. data set.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 79 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 2

 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Study Guide and Intervention

Stem-and-Leaf Plots

Lesson X–5
2–5
In a stem-and-leaf plot, the data are organized from least to greatest. The digits of the least place
value usually form the leaves, and the next place value digits form the stems.

Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data below. Then

find the range, median, and mode of the data.
42, 45, 37, 46, 35, 49, 47, 35, 45, 63, 45

Order the data from least to greatest. Stem Leaf

35, 35, 37, 42, 45, 45, 45, 46, 47, 49, 63 3 5 5 7
The least value is 35, and the greatest value is 63. 4 2 5 5 5 6 7 9
So, the tens digits form the stems, and the ones 5
digits form the leaves. 6 3
6|3 ⫽ 63
range: greatest value ⫺ least value ⫽ 63 ⫺ 35 or 28
median: middle value, or 45
mode: most frequent value, or 45

Make a stem-and-leaf plot for each set of data. Then find the range,
median, and mode of the data.
1. 15, 25, 16, 28, 1, 27, 16, 19, 28 2. 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 7, 12, 11, 11, 3, 10

3. 3, 5, 1, 17, 11, 45, 17 4. 4, 7, 10, 5, 8, 12, 7, 6

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 87 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 2

 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Practice: Word Problems

Stem-and-Leaf Plots
ENDANGERED SPECIES For Exercises 1–6, use the table below. It shows

Lesson 2–5
the number of endangered species in the U.S.

Endangered Species in U.S.

Number of Number of
Group Group
Species Species
mammals 63 clams 61
birds 78 snails 20
reptiles 14 insects 33
amphibians 10 arachnids 12
fishes 70 crustaceans 18

1. Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data. 2. What group has the greatest number of
endangered species in the U.S.?

3. What group has the least number of 4. What is the range of the data? 68
endangered species in the U.S.?

5. Use your stem-and-leaf plot to 6. How many groups have less than 30
determine the median and mode. endangered species in the U.S.?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 89 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 2

 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Study Guide and Intervention

Bar Graphs and Line Graphs
A graph is a visual way to display data. A bar graph is used to compare data.
A line graph is used to show how data changes over a period of time.

Make a bar graph of the data. Compare Dance Classes

the number of students in jazz class
with the number in ballet class. Style Students
Ballet 11
Step 1 Decide on the scale and Tap 4
interval. Dance Class Attendance
12 Jazz 5
Step 2 Label the horizontal and 10 Modern 10
vertical axes. 8
Students

Step 3 Draw bars for each style. 6

Step 4 Label the graph with a 4
title. 2
About twice as many students 0
Ballet Tap Jazz Modern
take ballet as take jazz. Style

Make a line graph of the data. Then Gwen's Allowance

describe the change in Gwen’s allowance 26
from 1998 to 2002. 24
22
Gwen’s Allowance 20
18
Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
16
Amount ($)

Amount ($) 10 15 15 18 20 25 14
12
Step 1 Decide on the scale and interval. 10
Step 2 Label the horizontal and vertical axes. 0
19 7
19 8
20 9
20 0
2001
02
9
9
9
0
19

Step 3 Draw and connect the points for each year.

Year
Step 4 Label the graph with a title.
Gwen’s allowance did not change from 1998 to 1999 and then increased from 1999 to 2002.

Make the graph listed for each set of data.

1. bar graph 2. line graph
Riding the Bus Getting Ready for School
Student Time (min) Day Time (min)
Paulina 10 Monday 34
Omar 40 Tuesday 30
Ulari 20 Wednesday 37
Jacob 15 Thursday 20
Amita 35 Friday 25

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 66 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 1

 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Practice: Skills
Bar Graphs and Line Graphs
Make a bar graph for each set of data.
1. Cars Made in 2000 2. People in America in 1630
Country Cars (millions) Colony People (hundreds)
Brazil 1 Maine 4
Japan 8 New Hampshire 5
Germany 5 Massachusetts 9
Spain 2 New York 4
U.S.A. 6 Virginia 25

Use the bar graph made in Exercise 1.

3. Which country made the greatest number of cars?

4. How does the number of cars made in Japan compare to the number
made in Spain?

For Exercises 5 and 6, make a line graph for each set of data.
5. Yuba County, California 6. Everglades National Park
Year Population (thousands) Month Rainfall (inches)

Lesson 2–2
1990 59 January 2
1992 61 February 2
1994 62 March 2
1996 61 April 2
1998 60 May 7
2000 60 June 10

7. POPULATION Refer to the graph made in Exercise 5. Describe the change

in Yuba County’s population from 1990 to 2000.

8. WEATHER Refer to the graph made in Exercise 6. Describe the change in

the amount of rainfall from January to June.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 67 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 1

 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Study Guide and Intervention

Bar Graphs and Histograms
A bar graph is one method of comparing data by using solid bars to represent quantities. A
histogram is a special kind of bar graph. It uses bars to represent the frequency of numerical
data that have been organized into intervals.

SIBLINGS Make a bar graph to display the data in the table below.

Number of Siblings
Student 7

Number of Siblings
Siblings 6
5
Sue 1 4
Isfu 6 3
Margarita 3 2
1
Akira 2 0
Sue Istu Margarita Akira
Student

Step 1 Draw a horizontal and a vertical axis. Label the axes as shown. Add a title.
Step 2 Draw a bar to represent each student. In this case, a bar is used to represent the

Lesson 2–7
number of siblings for each student.

SIBLINGS The number of siblings of 17 students have been

organized into a table. Make a histogram of the data.

Number of Siblings
Frequency 10
Siblings
8
Frequency

0–1 4 6
2–3 10 4
2
4–5 2 0
6–7 1 0–1 2–3 4–5 6–7
Number of Siblings

Step 1 Draw and label horizontal and vertical axes. Add a title.
Step 2 Draw a bar to represent the frequency of each interval.

1. Make a bar graph for the data in 2. Make a histogram for the data in
the table. the table.
Number of Number of
Student Frequency
Free Throws Free Throws
Luis 6 0–1 1
Laura 10 2–3 5
Opal 4 4–5 10
Gad 14 6–7 4

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 97 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 2

 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Practice: Word Problems

Bar Graphs and Histograms
PUPPIES For Exercises 1 and 2, use the EARTH SCIENCE In Exercises 3–6, use
table below. It shows the results of a the table below. It shows the highest
survey in which students were asked wind speeds in 30 U.S. cities.
what name they would most like to Highest Wind Speeds (mph)
give a new pet puppy.
52 75 60 80 55 54 91 60 81 58
Name Votes 53 73 46 76 53 46 73 46 51 49
Max 15 57 58 56 47 65 49 56 51 54 51
Tiger 5
Lady 13
Shadow 10
Molly 9
Buster 2

1. Make a bar graph to display the data. 2. Use your bar graph from Exercise 1.
Compare the number of votes the name
Favorite New Puppy Names Shadow received to the number of votes

Lesson X–1
2–7
the name Tiger received.

3. Make a histogram of the data. 4. What is the top wind speed of most of
Highest Wind Speeds the cities?

5. How many cities recorded wind speeds 6. How many cities recorded their highest
of 80 miles per hour or more? wind speeds at 60 miles per hour or
more?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 99 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 2

 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Study Guide and Intervention

Misleading Statistics
Graphs can be misleading for many reasons: there is no title, the scale does not include 0; there are
no labels on either axis; the intervals on a scale are not equal; or the size of the graphics
misrepresents the data.

WEEKLY CHORES The line graphs below show the total hours Salomon
spent doing his chores one month. Which graph would be best to
use to convince his parents he deserves a raise in his allowance?
Explain.
Graph A Graph B
Salomon's Weekly Chores Salomon's Weekly Chores
8 16
7 14
6 12
Total (hours)

Total (hours)

5 10
4 8
3 6
2 4
1 2

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Week Week

He should use graph A because it makes the total hours seem much larger.

PROFITS For Exercises 1 and 2, use the graphs below. It shows a

company’s profits over a four-month period.
Graph A Graph B
Company Profits Company Profits
$70,000
$60,000
$50,000
Profits

$40,000
Profits

$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Months
Months

1. Which graph would be best to use to convince potential investors to

invest in this company?

2. Why might the graph be misleading?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 102 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 2

 NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Practice: Skills
Misleading Statistics
1. INCOME The bar graphs below show the total U.S. national income (nonfarm).
Which graph could be misleading? Explain.
Graph A Graph B
U.S. Nonfarm Income U.S. Nonfarm Income
700 700
600 300
Income in Billions of

Income in Billions of
Current Dollars

Current Dollars
500 40
400 30
300 20
200 15
100 10
0 0
'60 '70 '80 '90 '00 '60 '70 '80 '90 '00
Year Year

GEOGRAPHY For Exercises 2–4, use the

Miles of Shoreline
table that shows the miles of shoreline
for five states. Length of
State
Shoreline (mi)
Virginia 3,315

Lesson X–2
2–8
Maryland 3,190
Washington 3,026
North Carolina 3,375
Pennsylvania 89

2. Find the mean, median, and mode of the data.

3. Which measure of central tendency is misleading in describing the miles

of shoreline for the states? Explain.

4. Which measure of central tendency most accurately describes the data?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 103 Mathematics: Applications and Concepts, Course 2