STUDY ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF RC

BEAM STRENGTHENED WITH FRP

PHASE-I REPORT

Submitted by

J. DINESH KUMAR
(142219413002)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
KATTANKULATHUR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

DECEMBER 2020
 ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “STUDY ON FLEXURAL

BEHAVIOUR OF RC BEAM STRENGTHENED WITH FRP’’ is the
bonafide work of J. DINESH KUMAR (142219413002) who carried out
the work under my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my
knowledge the work reported here in does not from part of any other thesis
or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an
earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Signature of Supervisor Signature of HOD

Mr. A. SATTAINATHAN SHARMA, M.E., Dr. D.ELANGO, M.E.,Ph.D., F.I.E.

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR PROFESSOR AND HEAD
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
SRM Valliammai engineering college SRM Valliammai engineering college

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603 203 SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603 203

Submitted for the VIVA VOCE examination held on at SRM

Valliammai Engineering College, Kattankulathur -603203.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ii

ABSTRACT

Fibre reinforced Polymer plays an important role in the construction of

many structures. In this study the failure modes, ultimate flexural limit were

analysed which gives effective results by strengthening with FRP material.

One of the techniques which were used to prevent the cracks is by using FRP.

Fiberglass refers to the group of products made from the individual glass fibres

combined into a variety of forms which are commonly used as a reinforcement

materials. By this method we can cut the cost of repair work. FRP

strengthening effectively decreases the occurrence of initial cracks and also

studied that the increase of load carrying capacity of beam. FRP plays the most

commonly used methods for the strengthening of RC structures to improve the

flexural strength. FRP consumes relatively a less labour cost and also easy way

to strengthen the structures to give effective solution. The analytical work has

been done using ANSYS software for both conventional and GFRP

strengthening, in which showed better results in deformation and stress

analysis. The results clearly show with the usage of GFRP there is increase in

strength and ductile behavior of the beam.

Key words: Reinforced Concrete beam, FRP, Ansys

 iii

ஆய் வுச்சுருக்கம்

ஃபைைர் வலுவூட்டை்ைட்ட ைாலிமர் ைல கட்டபமை் புகபை

நிர்மாணிை்ைதில் முக்கிய ைங் கு வகிக்கிறது. இந்த ஆய் வில்
ததால் வி முபறகை் , இறுதி நநகிழ் வு வரம் பு ைகுை்ைாய் வு
நெய் யை்ைட்டன, இது FRP நைாருை் மூலம் வலுை்ைடுத்துவதன்
மூலம் ையனுை் ை முடிவுகபை அைிக்கிறது. விரிெல் கபைத்
தடுக்கை் ையன் ைடுத்தை்ைட்ட நுட்ைங் கைில் ஒன் று FRP ஐை்
ையன் ைடுத்துவதாகும் . ஃபைைர் கிைாஸ் என் ைது தனிை்ைட்ட
கண்ணாடி இபழகைிலிருந்து தயாரிக்கை்ைடும் தயாரிை் புகைின்
குழுபவ ைல் தவறு வடிவங் கைாக இபணத்து நைாதுவாக
வலுவூட்டல் நைாருட்கைாகை் ையன் ைடுத்தை்ைடுகிறது. இந்த
முபறயின் மூலம் ைழுதுைார்க்கும் ைணிக்கான நெலபவக்
குபறக்கலாம் . எஃை்ஆர்பி வலுை் ைடுத்துவது ஆரம் ை விரிெல் கைின்
நிகழ் பவ திறம் ைட குபறக்கிறது, தமலும் பீமின் சுபம சுமக்கும்
திறன் அதிகரிக்கும் என் ைபதயும் ஆய் வு நெய் தது. நநகிழ் வு
வலிபமபய தமம் ைடுத்த ஆர்.சி கட்டபமை் புகபை வலுை்ைடுத்த
எஃை்.ஆர்.பி நைாதுவாக ையன் ைடுத்தை்ைடும் முபறகபை
வகிக்கிறது. எஃை்ஆர்பி ஒை் பீட்டைவில் குபறந்த உபழை்பு
நெலபவயும் , ையனுை் ை தீர்பவ வழங் குவதற் காக
கட்டபமை் புகபை வலுை்ைடுத்த எைிதான வழிபயயும்
ையன் ைடுத்துகிறது. இரண்டு மாநாட்டிற் கும் ANSYS
நமன் நைாருபைை் ையன் ைடுத்தி ைகுை்ைாய் வு ைணிகை்
நெய் யை்ைட்டுை் ைன.

முக்கிய சசொற் கள் : வலுவூட்டை்ைட்ட கான் கிரீட் கற் பற, FRP, அன் சிஸ்
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure I express my profound thanks to our beloved

Principal Dr. B. CHIDAMBARARAJAN, M.E., Ph.D., for providing a
congenial study environment and all sorts of resources required for the academics.

I express my sincere gratitude to our Vice

Principal Dr. M. MURUGAN., M.E., PhD, for the valuable support in the course
of study.

I humbly submit my warm regards and deep gratitude to our respected Head
of the Department, Dr. D. ELANGO, M.E., FIE., PhD., for his constant,
continuous and valuable guidance for the successful completion of this project
report.

The inception and the rudimentary concepts of project are ascribable to my

Guide Mr. A. SATTAINATHAN SHARMA, M.E., Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, without whose invaluable guidance, patient and
encouragement, anything would have materialized.

My sincere thanks to our Project coordinator

Dr. A. LEEMA ROSE M.E., Ph.D., who have been the source of suggestion,
support and encouragement to carry out the project report successfully eventuating
to the submission of report within the stipulated time frame.

I sincerely dedicate my heart-felt thanks to all the faculties of my Civil

Engineering Department for all the support and encouragement.

J. DINESH KUMAR
 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO

ABSTRACT ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATIONS xi

1 INTODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1

1.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF BEAM 3

1.3 ADVANTAGES OF FRP 4

1. 4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 5

1.5 SCOPE OF PRESENT WORK 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 GENERAL 6

2.2 LITERATURE STUDY 6

2.3 SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE 11

3 METHODOLOGY 12

4 MIX DESGN 13
 vi

4.1 GENERAL 13

4.2 NOMINAL MIX DESIGN FOR M40 13

5 SPECIFICATION 16

5.1 GENERAL 16

5.2 MOMENT OF RESISTANCE 16

5.3 CHECK FOR SHEAR 17

5.4 CHECK FOR DEFLECTION 18

5.5 SPECIMEN DETAILS 19

6 SOFTWARE ANALYSIS 20

6.1 GENERAL 20

6.2 ANSYS MODELING PROCEDURE 20

6.2.1 ENGINEERING DATA 21

6.2.2 GEOMETRY CREATION 21

6.2.3 ASSIGNING THE PROPERTY 22

6.2.4 SETTING THE FEM MODEL 22

6.2.5 MATERIAL PROPERTY 22

6.2.6 MESH GENERATION 23

6.2.7 LOADING PATTERN 23

6.2.8 TOTAL DEFORMATION 24

6.3 EQUIVALENT STRESS 25

6.4 THREE LAYER OF GFRP STRENGTHENING 27

 vii

6.5 FIVE LAYER OF GFRP STRENGTHENING 29

6.6 ANALYTIVAL RESULTS 33

7 CONCLUSION 34

8 SCHEDULE OF WORK 35

REFERENCES 36
 viii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

6.1 Material Properties 22

6.2 Ultimate Load and Deflection of specimen 33

 ix

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.

3.1 Methodology Flowchart 12

4.1 Reinforcement details 19

6.1 Engineering data 21

6.2 Geometry Creation 22

6.3 Mesh Generation 23

6.4 Loading Pattern 23

6.5 Total Deformation 24

6.6 Load Vs Deflection curve 24

6.7 Equivalent stress 25

6.8 Stress Vs Strain Curve 25

6.9 Equivalent strain 26

7.0 Maximum Shear stress 26

7.1 Reinforcement provision 27

7.2 Deformation of beam with GFRP 27

strengthening Three Layer

7.3 Equivalent stress 28

7.4 Equivalent Strain 28

7.5 Maximum shear stress 29

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7.6 Deformation of beam with GFRP 29

strengthening Five Layer

7.7 Load Vs Deflection 30

7.8 Equivalent stress 31

7.9 Stress Vs strain curve 30

8.0 Equivalent strain 32

8.1 Maximum shear stress 32

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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATIONS

fck Characteristic Compressive strength of concrete in N/mm2

f’ck Target Compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2

fy Yield strength of steel in N/mm2

kN kilo newton

kg/m3 kilo gram per meter cube

IS Indian standard

Mm Millimeter

w/c Water cement ratio

Mu Moment of Resistance in kNm

Vus Shear reinforcement

b Breadth of the specimen in mm

d Depth of the specimen in mm

Ast Area of steel in Tension mm2

Vu Shear force due to design loads

τc Design shear strength in N/mm2

τv Nominal shear stress in N/mm2

Asv Total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs in mm2

 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL

The reinforced concrete structures are also called as reinforced cement

concrete (RCC) is a relatively a low tensile strength, ductility are counteracted
by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile or ductility. The
reinforcement is usually though not necessary, steel reinforcing bars (rebars) and
is usually embedded passively in the concrete before concrete sets. The
Traditionally, the of reinforced concrete structures, such as columns, beams and
other structural elements, involved a time consuming and disruptive process of
removing and replacing the low quality or damaged concrete or/and steel
reinforcements with new and stronger material. However, with the introduction
of new advanced composite materials such as fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)
composites, concrete members can now be easily and effectively strengthened
using externally bonded FRP composites. The concrete structures strengthening
with FRP provide a more economical and technically superior alternative to the
traditional techniques in many situations because it offers high strength, low
weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance, easy and rapid installation
and minimal change in structural geometry.

In addition, FRP manufacturing offers a unique opportunity for the

development of shapes and forms that would be difficult or impossible with the
conventional steel materials. Although the fibers and resins used in FRP systems
are relatively expensive compared with traditional strengthening materials, labor
and equipment costs to install FRP systems are often lower. FRP systems can
also be used in areas with limited access where traditional techniques would be
impractical. However, the use of these materials for existing concrete structures
cannot reach up to the expectation due to lack of the proper knowledge on
structural behavior of concrete structures retrofitted by fiber reinforced polymers
(FRP) composites. Successful retrofitting of concrete structures with FRP needs
 2

a thorough knowledge on the subject and available user-friendly technologies/

unique guidelines. Beams are the critical structural members subjected to
bending, torsion and shear in all type of structures. Similarly, columns are also
used as various important elements subjected to axial load combined
with/without bending and are used in all type of structures considering from
building to bridge as piers or abutments.

Therefore, extensive research works are being carried out throughout

world on retrofitting of concrete beams and columns with externally bonded FRP
composites. Several investigators took up concrete beams and columns
retrofitted with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)/ glass fiber reinforced
polymer (GFRP) composites in order to study the enhancement of strength and
ductility, durability, effect of confinement, preparation of design guidelines and
experimental investigations of these members. The results obtained from
different investigations regarding enhancement in basic parameters like
strength/stiffness, ductility and durability of structural members retrofitted with
externally bonded FRP composites, though quite encouraging, still suffers from
many limitations. This needs further study in order to arrive at recognizing FRP
composites as a potential full proof structural additive. FRP repair is a simple
way to increase both the strength and design life of a structure. Because of its
high strength to weight ratio and resistance to corrosion, this repair method is
ideal for deteriorated concrete structure due to exposure to de-icing salts and
other environmental factors by encasing concrete members. FRP protects from
existing salts and other environmental factors. It is noted that in many bridges
the majority of corrosive damage occurred on exterior girders. This indicates that
deleterious effects may be direct results of surface exposure, to spray of water,
de-icing agents and environmental effects. Encasement of these girders not only
increases design life, but also protects the members from surface attacks. FRP is
a versatile material. FRP can be applied to wide range of structures. FRP sheet
can be cut and easily bonded to any concrete members. It is highly cost effect
 3

method of maintaining or upgrading existing structures. Quick application results

in lower disruption and shorter contact periods.

Reasons for strengthening of structures may include upgrading to

accommodate higher loads (such as traffics), loss of pre-stress in existing
reinforcement, or degradation of structures (e.g. corrosion of reinforcement). The
technique may allow continued usage of structures or facility during
strengthening works. Higher material cost of Carbon /Glass fiber is outweighed
by numerous advantages over steel such as low self-weight and less requirement
for plate surface preparation.

Glass or Aramid fibers offer lower cost alternative, in some instances, to

carbon fibers. FRP plates are an alternative to other forms of strengthening such
as use of steel plates, or provision of additional support members. Column
wrapping with FRP can be an alternative to jacketing additional reinforced
concrete, or complete replacement of structures, with obvious saving in materials
energy. It increases the capacity with minimal addition of dead load to the
structure.

Materials are easy to transport and handle no lifting gear required. It is

easy to use at height. It increases the ability to work in confined areas and in
situations with difficult access (e.g. tunnel and basements). This technique is
relatively quick with reduced disturbance and installation time.

1.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF BEAMS

For flexural strengthening, there are many methods such as section

enlargement, plate bonding and external post tensioning method, near surface
mounted (NSM) system and externally bonded(EB)system. While many methods
of strengthening structures are available, strengthening structures via external
bonding of advanced fibre-reinforced polymer composites (GFRP) has become
very popular worldwide. During the past decade, their aoolication in this field
has been rising due to well known advantages of (GFRP) composites over other
 4

materials. Consequently a great quantity of research, both experimental and

theoretical has been conducted on the behavior of Reinforced Concrete (RC)
structures. In this regard, the evolving technology of using Glass Fibre
Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) for strengthening of RC beams has attached in
recent years.

1.3 ADVANTAGES OF GFRP

FRP materials have higher ultimate strength and lower density as

compared to steel. When these properties are taken together they lead to fiber
composites having a strength/weight ratio higher than steel plate in some
cases. The lower weight of FRP makes installation and handling significantly
easier than steel. These properties are particularly important when
installation is done in cramped locations. Other works like works on soffits
of bridges and building floor slabs are carried out from man-access platforms
rather than from full scaffolding. We all know that steel plate requires heavy
lifting gear and are to be held in place while the adhesive gains its strength
and bolts are fitted through the steel plate into the parent concrete to support
the plate while the adhesive cures. On the other hand, the application of FRP
plate or sheet material is like applying wallpaper; once it has been rolled on
carefully to remove entrapped air and excess adhesive it may be left
unsupported. Here, no bolts are required; in fact, the use of bolts would
seriously weaken the material unless additional cover plates are bonded on.
Furthermore, because there is no need to drill into the structure to fix bolts or
other mechanical anchors there is no risk of the most damaging the existing
reinforcement. Fiber composite materials are available in very long lengths
while steel plate is generally limited to 6 m.
 5

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

• To study the flexural behaviour of a reinforced concrete beam using
ANSYS Software.
• To study the mode of failure occurs.
• To study the ductility behaviour of the beam.
• To study the crack pattern of the beam.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PRESENT WORK

• To increase the load carrying capacity of the specimen by

strengthening with GFRP
• To decrease the cracks in the terms of crack width and deflection
control.
• One of the cost-effective methods of strengthening which gives
more durability and most practical solutions for repairing and
retrofitting structures to resist higher design loads and other
durability problems can be accomplished GFRP.
 6

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL
In this chapter, it has been describes about the literature studies
of RC beams strengthened with FRPs.

2.2 LITERATURE STUDY

Sharif, Al-Sulaimani, Basunbul, Baluch and Ghaleb (1994)

investigated the effects of various repair schemes using FRP plates on initially
loaded RC beams. The plate thickness was varied to assess the initiation of
premature failure at the plate curtailment zone. Different repair and anchoring
schemes were conducted to eliminate such undesirable failures and to ensure
ductile behaviour. The authors discussed the behaviour of repaired beams in
terms of load-deflection curves and different failure modes. They concluded
that I-jacket FRP plates provided the best anchorage system; repaired beams
provided enough ductility indicating the effectiveness of FRP plates; the shear
and normal stresses at the plate ends increased with increasing plate thickness
leading to plate separation and concrete rip-off.

ACI Committee 440 (1996) presented a state-of-the-art report on FRP

for concrete structures. The report covered useful information concerning the
utility of FRP for reinforcement (internal and external) purposes along with
guidelines for design and execution.

Arduini and Nanni (1997) conducted a parametric study of beams with

externally bonded FRP reinforcement. The parameters considered in the
analysis were stiffness, strength and adhesive stiffness. The authors reported
that the bonded length of FRP should be as high as possible and the adhesive
should have high ultimate elongation.
 7

Norris, Saadatmanesh and Ehsani (1997) presented an experimental

and analytical study on the behaviour of damaged concrete beams retrofitted
with CFRP sheets with respect to shear and flexure. The beams were pre-
cracked and retrofitted with three different CFRP system. The authors observed
different modes of failure and gain in ultimate strength based on the orientation
of the fibres.

Ross, Jerome, Tedesco and Huges (1999) presented experimental and

analytical studies concerning the flexural strengthening of RC beams by
external bonding of FRP laminates. The authors conducted a non linear finite
element analysis and an inelastic section analysis for predicting the load-
displacement response of the retrofitted beams. They concluded that significant
strength enhancement can be obtained in flexure in lightly reinforced beams
and that the bond strength between the composite plate and concrete affected
the beam response considerably.

Grace, Sayed and Ragheb (2002) studied the flexural behaviour of RC

beams strengthened with various types of FRP laminates. They examined the
influence of different number of FRP layers, type of epoxy and strengthening
pattern on the beam behaviour. They discussed the effects of strengthening on
deflection, failure load, failure mode, strain and ductility. The authors
concluded that a combination of vertical and horizontal sheets together with a
proper epoxy can significantly enhance the ultimate load carrying capacity of
the beams and that all the strengthened beams experienced brittle failure
mandating a higher factor of safety in design.

Ferrier, Avril, Hamelin and Vautrin (2003) conducted a study on

mechanical behaviour of RC beams reinforced by externally bonded CFRP
sheets. The efficiency of externally bonded CFRP in strengthening degraded
concrete structures has been examined. The essential effect under service
loading was the reduction of crack widths. The authors concluded that the
 8

existence of a residual crack width affects the crack growth of the strengthened
beams.

Henrik Thomsen, Enrico Spacone, Suchart Limkatanyu, and Guido

camata (2004) conducted a study on the failure mode analysis of Reinforced
Concrete beams strengthened in Flexure with externally bonded Fibre-
Reinforced Polymers. A non-linear RC beam element model with bond-slip
between concrete and the FRP plate was used to study how the failure
mechanisms of simply supported strengthened RC beams were affected by
parameters, such as Plate length, Plate width, Plate stiffness and loading type.
The parametric studies confirmed the experimentally observed results
according to which the most commonly observed failure mode due to loss of
composite actions was affected by the plate geometry and material properties.
In addition they concluded that distributed loads may not be as sensitive to plate
debonding in the region of maximum bending moment as are beams subjected
to point loads.

Huang Yue-lin, Hung Chien –hsing, Yen Tsong, Wu jong-hwei and

Lin Yiching (2005) presented an experimental study on strengthening of
reinforced concrete beams using prestressed glass fibre- reinforced polymer
(PGFRP). The load –carrying capacities (ultimate loads) and the deflections of
strengthened RC beams using GFRP and PGFRP sheets were tested and
compared. They reported that the beams strengthened with PGFRP sheets can
withstand larger ultimate loads than beams with GFRP sheets. The deflections
of beams with PGFRP sheets were smaller than those with GFRP sheets under
the same external loads. The ductility of the over-strengthened beams was
especially smaller.

Lee, Avila and Montanez (2005) presented a numerical study on retrofit

and strengthening performance of sprayed fibre reinforced polymer. Recent
experimental results have demonstrated the advantages in using composites in
a more innovative manner, the use of composites in a spray gun, for
 9

strengthening and rehabilitating structures. The results showed that the sprayed
fibre reinforced polymer (SFRP) was capable of substantially increasing the
load capacity, ductility, and energy absorbing capacity of concrete structures.
The authors presented the results of numerical studies conducted on damaged
reinforced concrete beams and bridge superstructures coated with SFRP. A
computational model was developed by implementing a damage constitutive
model in a finite element code to predict the performance of SFRP retrofitted
concrete structures during service.

. Tarek Almusalam (2006) studied the load-deflection behavior of RC

beams strengthened with GFRP sheets subjected to different environmental
conditions. A total of 84 beam specimens were prepared for this study. They
were controlled by laboratory environment, outside environment, wet-dry
alkaline water environment and second category coated with protection paint
against ultraviolet rays. Each category consisted of un-strengthened and
strengthened beams. The specimens of different wet-dry environments were
exposed to a time cycle of two weeks inside the solution and two weeks outside
the solution. The tests were carried out after 6, 12 and 24 months of exposure
to different environmental conditions. The author concluded that none of the
aforesaid environmental conditions have a noticeable influence on the flexural
strength of the beams.

Pannirselvam, Raghunath and Suguna (2008) presented an analytical

study on neural network for performance evaluation of glass fibre reinforced
polymer plated RC beams. They presented General Regression Neural
Network (GRNN) based computational model for predicting the yield load,
ultimate load, yield load deflection, ultimate load deflection, deflection
ductility and energy ductility of GFRP strengthened RC beams. The predictions
of the model closely agreed with experimental results.

R. Al-Rousan , M. Issa (2017) In this study it describes about The stress

developed will have significant effect on the permanent deflection at mid-span
 10

for which redistribution of the stresses that lead to a sudden drop in concrete
stresses and a mild increase in steel and CFRP sheet stresses as fatigue life was
exhausted. It also stated that no significant difference in applying low frequency
of fatigue cycles. It is found that the increase in number of CFRP layers and
CFRP contact area with concrete have a considerable decrease on mid-span
permanent deflection, and an increase in stiffness and ultimate load. It shows
that under fatigue cyclic loading, a reduction in the stiffness of beam result in
excessive permanent deformations, which lead to severe serviceability
problems.
Sattainathan Sharma A , Sadhana , Shoban Prabhu , Solomon Sachin
Samson, Supriya. (2019) Steel Fibers are used in most of the water retaining
structures. From this it shows the variation in volume fraction of steel fibres
also improve the ductility performance of RC beams. The flexural strength,
deflection of Steel Fibre beams with Glass Fibre laminates is greater with
respect to the conventional beam. compared with Crimped GFRP beam.
 11

2.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature available on FRP plated RC beams provides ample

information on the load-deflection behaviour and study parameters included
strength, deflection and ductility of RC beams. Most researchers proposed
models for RC beams strengthened with FRP laminates. Some researchers
presented mathematical modeling for predicting the study parameters of FRP
strengthened RC structural members. Few researchers conducted reliability
analysis for FRP strengthened concrete beams. there have been enormous
numbers of studies on beams with FRP strengthening and hence, further
research is necessary to understand the interaction between the load carrying
capacity, deflection and ductility of GFRP strengthened reinforced concrete
beams. The most common methods of strengthening is FRP wrapping so as to
increase the flexural behaviour and stiffness of the beam. The load carrying
capacity of the beam is also increased with the GFRP strengthening methods.
The efficiency of externally bonded CFRP in strengthening degraded concrete
structures has been examined. The essential effect under service loading was
the reduction of crack widths. Further research has to be done for the easy
understanding of FRP materials and their behaviour.
 12

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 GENERAL
In this chapter, it describes about the workflow of the project as follows:

Literature collection

Study of literature PHASE I

Software analysis

Material collection

Casting of specimen

Testing of specimen PHASE II

Results and discussion

Conclusion

Fig. 3.1 Methodology Flowchart

 13

CHAPTER 4
MIX DESIGN

4.1 GENERAL
This Chapter explains about the mix proportions as per standard code
provisions
4.2 NOMINAL MIX DESIGN FOR M40
The steps followed for mix design and values obtained as per IS 456:2000 and IS
10262-2019.
Grade Designation M40
Type of cement OPC 53
Type of Mineral admixture fly ash and metakaolin
Type of chemical admixture Super plasticizer
Maximum nominal size of aggregate 20 mm
Workability 120 mm (Slump)
Exposure condition Severe
Specific gravity of cement 3.15
Specific gravity of fine aggregate 2.65
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 2.74
Specific gravity of fly ash 2.20
Specific gravity of metakaolin 2.5
Specific gravity of Super plasticizer 1.08
Cement Replacement: Fly ash = 15% of cement by weight
Metakaolin = 10% of cement by weight
DETERMINING TARGET STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
ftarget = fck + 1.65 x S
= 40+1.65 x 5 = 48.25 N/mm2
DETERMINING WATER / CEMENT RATIO
w/c ratio = 0.28 (fig 1, IS 10262-2019)
 14

Estimated water content = 192 kg/m3

As superplasiticizer is used the water content can be reduced by 30% as per IS
10262-2019.
Water content = 192 kg
Cement content = 480 kg/m3
Fly ash 15% by weight of cementitious material= 480 x 0.15
= 72 kg/m3
Metakaolin 10% by weight of cementitious material = 480 x 0.1
=48 kg/m3
Cement content = 480-72-48
= 360 kg/m3
ESTIMATION OF COARSE AGGREGATE PROPORTION
Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.66 per unit volume
As per (IS 10262-2019) cl 6.2.7 table 10
Volume of fine aggregate = 1-0.648 = 0.352 kg/m3
ESTIMATION OF THE MIX MATERIALS
a) Volume of concrete = 1 m3
b) Volume of cement = (Weight of cement / Specific gravity) x (1/1000)
= (360/3.15) x (1/1000)
= 0.114 m3
c) Volume of water = (Weight of water / Specific gravity) x (1/1000)
= (192/1) x (1/1000) = 0.192 m3
d) Volume of fly ash = (weight of fly ash/specific gravity) x (1/1000)
= 72/(2.2 x 1000) = 0.032m3
e) Volume of metakaolin = (weight of metakaolin/ specific gravity)x(1/1000)
= 48/(2.5x1000) = 0.0192 m3
f) Volume of chemical admixture = (weight of chemical admixture/ specific
gravity)x (1/1000)
=0.00512 m3
 15

g) Volume of all in aggregate = (1-.0.352-0.192-0.114-0.192-0.0192-0.05)

= 0.646m3
f) Weight of coarse aggregates = 0.656x0.648x2.74x1000
= 1147 kg/m3
k) Weight of fine aggregates = 0.646x0.352x2.6x1000
= 589 kg/m3
MIX PROPORTION
Cement = 480 kg/m3
Fly ash = 72 kg/m3
Metakaolin = 48 kg/m3
Water = 192 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 589 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1147 kg/m3
Chemical admixture = 2.4 kg/m3
MIX RATIO
. Cement Fine Coarse Fly ash Metakaolin Chemical
aggregate aggregate admixture
1 1.23 2.38 0.15 0.1 0.05
 16

CHAPTER 5

SPECIFICATION
5.1 GENERAL

This chapter gives a detailed outlook of the dimensions, the load calculations,
the design specifications and the detailing of beam specimens as per code
IS 456:200. The details of specimen are as follows.

5.2 MOMENT OF RESITANCE

Mu = 0.133bd2fck
= 0.133x150x1752x40
= 24.43 kNm
Mu = Bending moment (i.e) Mu = Wl2/8
24.43 x 106 = W x 10002/8
W = 195 kN/m
Vu = Wl /2
= 195 x 1 /2 = 97.5 kN
Mu = 0.87xfyxAstxd/(1-(Astxfy/bxdxfck))
24.43x106 = 0.87x500xAstx175x(1-(Astx500)/(150x175x40))
Ast = 395mm2
ast = 3.14x122/4
= 113 mm2
No. of bars = 395/113 = 3.4
= 3 no.of 12mm dia bars
Provide 3 nos. of 12mm dia bars
But Mu = Bending moment (i.e) Mu = Wl2/8
24.43 x 106 = W x 10002/8
W = 195.45 kN/m
Vu = Wl /2
= 195.45 x 1 /2 = 97.72 kN
 17

5.3 CHECK FOR SHEAR

According to IS 456:2000, cl 40.1, the nominal shear stress in beams of uniform
depth can be calculated as
τv = Vu/ bd
where, τv = Nominal shear stress
Vu = shear force due to design loads
b = breadth of the member,
d = effective depth.
τv = 97.72X10^3/ (150 x 175)
τv = 2.5 N/mm2
100Ast/bd = 100 x 395/150x 175 = 1.5
The design shear strength of concrete τc had been obtained from Table 19 of IS
456 : 2000 as 0.2 N/mm2.
From Table 20, of IS 456:2000, the maximum shear stress, τcmax for M40 grade
of concrete had been obtained as 4.0
According to IS 456:2000, cl 40.2.3, the nominal shear stress in beams τv,
should not exceed τcmax given in Table 20 of code IS 456:2000.
τv > τc

The shear reinforcement is to be provided according to IS 456:2000, cl 40.3

According to IS 456:2000, cl 40.4, shear reinforcement shall be provided to
carry a shear equal to (Vu - τc bd).
The strength of shear reinforcement Vus shall be calculated as
Vus = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / sv
where,
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent-up bars within a distance
sv.
sv = spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars along the length of the member.
τc = design shear strength of the concrete.
b = breadth of the member.
 18

fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement which shall

not be taken greater than 500 N/mm2,
d = effective depth.
Therefore, Vus = (Vu - τc bd)
= (97.72x103–(0.2 x 150 x 175))
= 97.85 kN
But, Vus = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / sv
i.e. sv = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / Vus
= 0.87 x 500 x100.53 x 175 / 89920
sv = 85.10mm
According to IS 456:2000, cl 26.5.1.5, the maximum spacing of shear
reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall not exceed 0.75d
for vertical stirrups where d is the effective depth of the section under
consideration. In no case shall the spacing exceed 300 mm.
i.e. 0.75d = 0.75 x 200 = 150 mm
But the adopted 8mm ø stirrup spacing in the beam is 150mm which is less than
the above requirement for shear. So, the beam is safe against shear.

5.4 CHECK FOR DEFLECTION

Pt = 1.5, From fig 4 as per IS456:2000, modification factor Kt = 1.03
(L/dmax) = (L/dbasic) x Kt x Kc x Kf
= 20x1.03x1x1
= 20.6
(L/dprovided) = 1000/175
= 5.7 ˂ 20.6
Hence deflection is safe.
 19

5.5 SPECIMEN DETAILS

Main reinforcement = 3 number of 12mm dia bars

Stirrups = 8 mm dia bars @ 150mm c/c
Specimen dimension : 150mmx200mmx1000mm

Fig. 5.1 Reinforcement Details

 20

CHAPTER 6

SOFTWARE ANALYSIS

6.1 GENERAL

The ANSYS 17.0 Workbench environment is an intuitive up-front finite

element analysis tool that is used in conjunction with CAD systems and/or Design
modeler. ANSYS 17.0 Workbench is a software environment for performing
structural, thermal, and electromagnetic analyses. The class focuses on geometry
creation and optimization, attaching existing geometry, setting up the finite element
model, solving, and reviewing results. The class will describe how to use the code as
well as basic finite element simulation concepts and results interpretation.
ANSYS 17.0 is a general purpose software, used to simulate interactions of all
disciplines of physics, structural, vibration, fluid dynamics, heat transfer and
electromagnetic for engineers. ANSYS17.0 can import CAD data and also enables to
build a geometry with its "pre-processing" abilities. Similarly in the same pre-
processor, finite element model (a.k.a. mesh) which is required for computation is
generated. After defining loadings and carrying out analyses, results can be viewed
as numerical and graphical. ANSYS can carry out advanced engineering analyses
quickly, safely and practically by its variety of contact algorithms, time based loading
features and nonlinear material models.
ANSYS 17.0 Workbench is a platform which integrates simulation
technologies and parametric CAD systems with unique automation and performance.
The power of ANSYS17.0 Workbench comes from ANSYS solver algorithms with
years of experience. Furthermore, the object of ANSYS Workbench is verification
and improving of the product in virtual environment.

6.2 ANSYS MODELING PROCEDURE

The analysis focuses on
1. Engineering data
2. Geometry creation and optimization,
3. Attaching existing geometry,
4. Setting up the finite element model,
 21

5. Solving and
6. Results.
6.2.1 ENGINEERING DATA
Material Properties like grade of steel, concrete etc are given in this in
which I have choosen according to my specifications shown in fig.6.1

Fig. 6.1 Engineering Data

6.2.2 GEOMETRY CREATION

In this I have created the model with the main reinforcement as 12mm,
stirrups of 8mm and with cross section of beam as 150x200x1000m,
which is shown in the fig.6.2

Fig. 6.2 Reinforcement Provision

 22

6.2.3 ASSIGNING THE SECTION PROPERTIES

• Define the properties of a part through sections. After
you create a section, you can use one of the following
two methods to assign the section to the part in the
current viewport.
• Select the region from the part and assign the section to
the selected region.
• Set toolset to create a homogeneous set containing the
region and assign the section to the set.
6.2.4 SETTING UP THE FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

After completing the geometry design, I have gone to the

modelling phase and assign all the material properties. Then I have
generated mesh which helps us in solving the model in finite element
method and results can be obtained accurately as shown below in fig.5.3
6.2.5 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
The material properties are added into workbench data table which are
imported from the library which is present in the software.
Table 6.1 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Material Density Modulus of Poisson
Elasticity ratio
Concrete 2400 32 Mpa 0.2
kg/m3
Steel 7850 2x105 Mpa 0.3
kg/m3
GFRP 1921 73 Gpa 0.26
(UDC) kg/m3
1mm
(Tk)
 23

6.2.6 MESH GENERATION

The Mesh generation is applied to convert larger size particles into the
number of nodes. The process of generating the nodes is called
Discretization. This process helps to apply the loads in each node, so the
load will distribute throughout the structures shown in fig.6.3

Fig. 6.3 Mesh Generation of Control beam

6.2.7 LOADING PATTERN

The RC beam were applied two point load to investigate the failure
modes and improvement in strength as shown in fig.6.4

Fig. 6.4 Loading pattern

 24

6.2.8 TOTAL DEFORMATION

Thus the deformation value obtained as 1.12 as the maximum
deformation of the control beam is shown in fig.6.5

Fig.6.5 Deformation view of RC beam

6.2.9 Load Vs Deflection curve

Load vs Deflection
250

200
Load kN

150

100

50

Deflection mm

Series1

Fig.6.6 Load Vs Deflection

 25

6.3 EQUIVALENT STRESS

The output obtain from this is the maximum equivalent stress is about
73.262 N/mm2 shown in fig.6.7

Fig. 6.7 Equivalent stress of the Specimen

6.3.1 Stress Vs Strain curve for Control

Stress vs Strain curve

80
70
60
Stress MPa

50
40
30
20
10
0

Strain

Fig. 6.8 Stress Vs Strain curve

 26

6.3.2 EQUIVALENT STRAIN

The analysis shows that the value of strain is 0.002244 as the maximum strain
obtained shown in fig.6.9

Fig. 6.9 Equivalent strain of the Specimen

6.3.3 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
This shows the maximum shear stress of 41.14 N/mm2 shown in fig.7.0

Fig.7.0 Maximum Shear Stress

 27

6.4 THREE LAYER OF GFRP STRENGTHENING (3mm Thickness)

Providing three layer of GRFP at the bottom surface (ie.) 3mm thickness
(each layer 1mm) and obtained the following results as shown in fig.7.1

Fig.7.1 Reinforcement Provision

6.4.1 TOTAL DEFROMATION

The results shows the deformation of specimen on three layer of GFRP
strengthening is shown in fig.7.2

Fig.7.2 Deformation of beam with GFRP strengthening

 28

6.4.2 EQUIVALENT STRESS

Thus the result obtained is 50.487 mpa is the maximum equivalent stress on
fig.7.3

Fig. 7.3 Equivalent stress of beam with GFRP strengthening

6.4.3 EQUIVALENT STRAIN

The equivalent strain is of about 0.0016829 is the value obtained from the
output from the fig.7.4

Fig.7.4 Equivalent strain of beam with GFRP strengthening

 29

6.4.4 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS

The analysis shows that the value of 28.293mpa is the maximum shear stress
obtained as shown in fig.7.5

Fig. 7.5 Maximum shear stress of beam with GFRP strengthening

6.5 FIVE LAYER OF GFRP STRENGTHENING (5mm Thickness)

The specimen is wrapped with five layer of thickness 1mm and the result is
analysed.

6.5.1 TOTAL DEFORMATION

It shows that providing 5mm thickness will reduce the deformation as 0.59 is
seen in fig.7.6
 30

Fig. 7.6 Deformation of beam with GFRP strengthening

6.5.2 Load Vs Deflection curve

This shows the load Vs Deflection curve of GFRP strengthening beam from the
fig.7.7

Load vs Deflection
250
200
Load kN

150
100
50
0
1.97E-02
5.92E-02
9.86E-02
0.13806
0.17751
0.21696
0.2564
0.29585
0.33529
0.37474
0.41419
0.45363
0.49308
0.53253
0.57197
0.17642

Deflection mm

Fig. 7.7 Load Vs Deflection

 31

6.5.3 EQUIVALENT STRESS

The obtained results shows the value of equivalent stresses of about 42.16mpa
as the maximum stress shown in fig.7.8

Fig. 7.8 Equivalent stress of beam with GFRP strengthening

6.5.4 Stress Vs Strain Curve

This shown stress strain curve of the specimen which is shown in fig.18

Stress vs Strain
45
40
35
Stress MPa

30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Strain

Fig.7.9 Stress Vs Strain Curve

 32

6.5.5 EQUIVALENT STRAIN

The equivalent strain is of about 0.0014054 is the value obtained from
the output shown in fig 8.0

Fig.8.0 Equivalent strain of beam with GFRP strengthening

6.5.6 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS

From the analysis it shows the value of maximum stress obtained as
23.521N/mm2 in fig. 8.1

Fig. 8.1 Maximum shear stress of beam with GFRP strengthening

 33

6.6 ANALYTICAL RESULTS

The results of the ultimate load and deflection of the beam that is strengthened
with GFRP which has a thickness 1mm each layer as shown in table 6.2
It shows that the GFRP strengthened beam attains maximum load than the
control beam. This is shown in table 6.2

Table 6. 2 Ultimate load and deflection of the specimen

Specimen Ultimate Load (KN) Deflection (mm)
Control beam 195 1.10
GFRP strengthened beam 195 0.72
(Three layer)
GFRP strengthened beam 195 0.59
(Five Layer)
 34

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

The reinforced concrete beam strengthened with FRP has much greater
advantageous than the normal reinforced concrete beam. In this project,
various literatures were collected to get an idea about the FRP materials.
Software analysis of various thickness of FRP strengthened beams was done
and its results are obtained. The beams were analysed using 2 point load test
and flexural cracks has been observed. From the study it shows that use of
GFRP showed an improvement in both the ways and also increase the
flexural capacity of the beam and it helps to increase stiffness under service
loads. It also helps to reduce the deflection in both ways. The future
experimental work is needed to understand the behavior RC beam with FRP
through the design construction, instrumentation and testing of beams and
also future work is needed to develop the recommended revisions to extend
the current design provisions to account for the nature of FRP
reinforcements. It shows that GFRP has good effectiveness for increasing
the load carrying capacity, cracks and stiffness for the concrete beams. From
this project it has been observed that GFRP strengthening method is one of
the cost effective method and also it reduces the flexural failure of the beam.
The value thus obtained is shows that the increase of load carrying capacity
by strengthening with GFRP. Further experimental work is to be done to
compare the analytical and experimental value for the better result.
 35

CHAPTER 8

SCHEDULE OF WORK

Further process will be done based on the schedule given below in table 7.1

Table 7.1 Schedule of further work

MONTH WORKING PROCESS

January 2021 Material Collection

February 2021 Testing of materials and Preparation of specimen

March 2021 Experimental investigation on beams and comparing

analytical results.
April 2021 Preparation of report and Journal Publishing

May 2021 Submission of report

 36

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Yingwu Zhou (2020) “Eco-friendly and mechanically reliable alternative to
synthetic FRP in externally bonded strengthening of RC beams: Natural
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 37

(2017)“Strengthening of RC beams using prestressed fiber reinforced

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Tamimi(2014) “Behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with
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