MIT guide to APA 7th edition

Instructions and examples for referencing

Version 1. February 2020

Library and Learning Services

Table of Contents

What is referencing? ........................................................................................................................ 3

“Why reference?”: Example of a paragraph written in APA style ................................................... 4

In-text citation .................................................................................................................................. 5

Reference list .................................................................................................................................... 8

Reference list elements and examples ............................................................................................. 9

Books and eBooks ................................................................................................................. 9

Chapter in an edited book ................................................................................................... 11

This guide is adapted from the Publication Manual of the American
Entry in an encyclopedia/dictionary ........................................................................ 13
Psychological Association (7th edition).
Webpages ............................................................................................................................ 14
For further instructions and examples, find copies of the manual in
Journal articles .................................................................................................................... 17 the Otara and Manukau Campus libraries at the Dewey number:
808.06615 PUB
Newspapers, magazines, blogs............................................................................................ 20

Course materials.................................................................................................................. 22
For support with referencing or using this guide, consult your
Grey literature ..................................................................................................................... 24
subject librarian.
Dissertations and Theses ..................................................................................................... 26

Legislation............................................................................................................................ 28

Audiovisual/Audio/Visual media ......................................................................................... 30

Audiovisual Media .................................................................................................... 31

Audio Works ............................................................................................................. 33

Visual Media ............................................................................................................. 35

Social Media ........................................................................................................................ 37

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What is referencing?

Referencing is an essential feature of formal writing in academic and professional contexts. It is the process of crediting other people’s work whose ideas,
words, theories, or research have been used in an assignment or research. A simple formula for what referencing includes is

Referencing = In-text citations + Reference list (or end-text citations)

This means that to reference works completely, all sources used in an assignment must be acknowledged briefly within the assignment’s text (called citations
or in-text citations) AND mentioned in detail at the end of assignment (called reference list or end-text citations).

Difference between reference list and bibliography

Reference list ONLY includes sources cited in the assignment. It is not the same thing as bibliography which contains all material (e.g. background readings)
used to prepare the assignment including those cited AS WELL AS not cited in the assignment. Most undergraduate assignments require a reference list, not a
bibliography; however, it is best to confirm about this requirement from the assignment instructions.

Sources of information

These may include books (printed and e-books), journal articles, web pages, conference proceedings, newspaper articles, lecture notes, government reports,
videos, legal material, social media and other resources depending on the subject and area of study. It is important to locate academic sources, such as
educational books, dictionaries, and peer reviewed articles, to validate any information from non academic sources (such as blogs, newspaper articles, social
media) which may only offer opinions or sometimes contain misleading information.

The APA style of referencing

Started in 1929, the APA style of referencing is the official style of American Psychological Association. It is used to cite sources in education, psychology, and
social sciences. It applies an author-date format to locate the citation in text. Full details are given in a reference list arranged alphabetically at the end of text.

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Example 1: “Why reference?”: Example of a paragraph written in APA style
a) Multiple sources;
b) Parenthetical format; Referencing is vital for several reasons. First, it shows that the student or researcher has read extensively on a
c) Paraphrase topic and considered a range of sources and perspectives to arrive at a well-informed opinion on the topic Example 2:
(Massey University, 2018; Pears & Shield, 2019). Secondly, it provides the tutor or reader evidence of research a) 2 authors;
b) Parenthetical format;
to back up the student’s or writer’s statements, thereby ensuring credibility of their views (Pears & Shield,
c) Paraphrase
2019). According to American Psychological Association (APA, 2020), referencing enables readers to place a
Example 3: researcher’s contribution in context by acknowledging the influence of scholars who preceded the researcher
a) Group author - first and added to existing understanding in field. Further, referencing allows the reader to locate the original Example 4:
citation;
source of facts, ideas and theories and verify that the information is up-to-date and correctly understood a) Secondary source;
b) Narrative format;
b) Parenthetical format;
c) Paraphrase (Pears & Shield, 2019). Also, it ensures the moral right of attribution of authors according to which an author
c) Paraphrase
is entitled to be identified when their work is cited elsewhere. Wallace, Schirato, and Bright (1999) describe
students as academics in training and assignments as a representation of scholarly articles and reports that
Example 5:
are published in academic and professional fields (as cited in Massey University, 2018). Therefore, as Miller et
a) 3 or more authors;
al. (2017) explain, by referencing students and researchers demonstrate “mastery of one of the academic b) Narrative format;
Example 6:
community’s discourses or languages of intercommunication” (p. 2). Finally, referencing enables prevention c) Quotation
a) One author; of plagiarism – a serious academic offence. “Plagiarism is the use or representation of someone else’s idea or
b) Parenthetical format; language as your own”(Beins, 2012, p.13). Plagiarism is avoided by providing appropriate credit to sources
Example 7:
c) Quotation when paraphrasing, summarising, translating, or directly quoting the words of others; and when using data or
a) Group author –
adapting/ reprinting a table or figure from the internet (APA, 2020). subsequent citation;
b) Parenthetical format;
Reference List c) Paraphrase
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th
ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Beins, B. C. (2012). APA style simplified: Writing in psychology, education, nursing, and sociology. John Wiley &
Sons.

Massey University. (2018, October 23). Why reference? http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/why-reference.php

Miller, P. C., Ruegg, R., Araki, N., Agnello, M. F.,& de Boer, M. (2017). The concise APA handbook. Information Age
Publishing.

Pears, R.,& Shields, G. (2019). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide (11th ed.). Red Globe Press.

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 In-text citation

 In-text citation consists mainly of the authors' last name and the year of publication in round brackets and placed within the text. (As shown in Examples
1 to 7 in the paragraph above)

 It may be done in narrative format or parenthetical format.

In narrative citation, the author appears in running text followed immediately by date in brackets (See Examples 3 & 5 in the paragraph above)

In parenthetical citation, both the author and date, separated by a comma, appear in round brackets, generally at the end of a sentence. The full

stop/ period is put after the closing bracket. (See Examples 2, 6 & 7 )

 Quotations involve repeating the words and phrases exactly as they are used by an author in their work. If a direct quotation is made, quotation marks
are used to enclose the words directly taken from the original source and page numbers are included. (See Examples 5 & 6 in the paragraph above)

 When paraphrasing, i.e., stating an idea in your own words, from an original source, no quotation marks or page numbers are required. Only the author
and year need to be included in either a parenthetical or narrative format. (See Examples 1 - 4 & 7)

 Multiple sources cited parenthetically are included inside the same set of brackets. Within brackets, the studies are alphabetized and separated by
semicolons. (See Example 1)

 Secondary/ Indirect source

A primary source provides original content while a secondary source refers to the content first reported in another source. In the text, the primary source
needs to be identified and then the words “as cited in” added before the secondary source. (See Example 4). A reference list entry needs to be provided
only for the secondary source.

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In-text citation

 Number of authors to include in in-text citations

Format of the author element of in-text citation varies with the number of authors and is abbreviated in some cases as illustrated in the table below:
(Refer to the example on p.4 for their use within a paragraph):

Author type Parenthetical citation Narrative citation

One author (Beins, 2012) Beins (2012)

Two authors (Pears & Shields, 2019)* Pears and Shields (2019)*

Three or more authors (Miller et al., 2019) Miller et al. (2019)

Group author with abbreviation

First citation** (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020) American Psychological Association (APA, 2020)

Subsequent citations (APA, 2020) APA (2020)

Group author without abbreviation (Massey University, 2018) Massey University (2018)

*In parenthetical citations, an ampersand (&) is used between names for a work with two authors. In narrative citations, the word “and” is spelled out.

**Abbreviation for a group author is to be explained only once in the text, whether using parenthetical or narrative format. For all subsequent references to
the group author, the abbreviated name can be used.

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 In-text citation

 If there is no date mentioned for the publication, (n.d.) is put after the author’s surname.
e.g., According to Kersley (n.d.)… OR ….(Kersley, n.d.).

 If there is no author, the title of the source and year of publication are used, e.g.,
Book with no author: (Interpersonal Skills, 2019)
Magazine article with no author: (“Understanding Sensory Memory”, 2018)

 Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

If two or more works have the same author and same publication year, a lowercase letter (a, b, c) is included after the year to order the entries in
the reference list. The year-letter combination is also used in the in-text citation.
e.g., Research by Berndt (1981a) revealed strong correlations. However, a parallel study (Berndt, 1981b) resulted in inconclusive findings.

 Personal communications include emails, personal interviews, live speeches, unrecorded class lectures, letters, online bulletin boards, and so on.
These are works that cannot be recovered by readers and therefore, they are not included in the reference list; they are cited in the text only.

Narrative Citation : Initials. Surname (personal communication, Month Date, Year)

e.g., R.E. Shaw (personal communication, June 9, 2019)
Parenthetical citation : (Initials. Surname, personal communication, Month Date, Year)

e.g., (T.S. Kahu, personal communication, May 12, 2019)

 Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples: If not recorded and therefore not recoverable by readers, sources of traditional
knowledge/ oral indigenous traditions are cited using a variation of personal communication citation.

Format: Full name, nation/ specific indigenous group to which they belong, location, personal communication, Month Date, Year)

e.g., Whaia Te Rangi McClutchie(Ngāti Porou, lived in Ruatōria, Gisborne, personal communication, April 9, 1978) spoke about the need…

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Reference list: Brief explanation
All resources cited in an assignment must have an entry in the reference
References
list that matches an in-text citation.
Goldin, I. (2016). The pursuit of development: Economic growth, social change and
 Begin on a new page, at the end of the assignment
ideas. Oxford University Press.
 Title the page References—capitalised, bolded and centered
Goldin-Meadow, S. (2015). Gesture and cognitive development. In L. S. Liben, & U.
 Align to left and use a hanging indent Mueller (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Vol. 2.
 Use double line spacing OR check your assignment requirements Cognitive processes (7th ed., pp. 339-380). John Wiley & Sons. https://
doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy209
 Organise in alphabetical order by the first authors surname name
OR by what appears first in the entry (e.g. Name of Group or Title) Jones, C. (2016). New treaty, new tradition : Reconciling New Zealand and Māori law.
University Press.
 Authors with same Surname— alphabetise according to first initials
Jones, W. (2011). Management: the Aotearoa New Zealand context (3rd ed.). John
 A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique number given to many
Wiley and Sons Australia.
resources. https://doi.org must always be written before a DOI
Oranga Tamariki Ministry for Children. (n.d.-a). How we keep children safe. https://
 No author
www.orangatamariki.govt.nz/how-we-get-involved/how-we-keep-children-
 Alphabetise title, ignoring words: A An The safe/
 If titles include numbers, e.g. 20, alphabetise these Oranga Tamariki Ministry for Children. (n.d.-b). Types of caregiving. https://
how they would be spelt e.g. Twenty www.orangatamariki.govt.nz/caring-for-someone/types-of-caregiving/

 Same author Oranga Tamariki Ministry for Children. (2019). Annual report 2018/19. https://
www.orangatamariki.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Publications/Annual-Report/
 Order: no date (n.d.) and then from earliest to latest
OT1170-Annual-Report-2018-2019-ONLINE.pdf
 Same year but different month/day: year only references
Oranga Tamariki Ministry for Children. (2019, December 12). Kaupapa Māori
first, and then from earliest specific date to latest
approaches in contexts related to youth offending. https://
 Same author and same date www.orangatamariki.govt.nz/research/latest-research/kaupapa-maori-
 Alphabetise title approaches-in-contexts-related-to-youth-offending/

 Give each resource a letter to distinguish between resources Orange, C. (2015). An illustrated history of the Treaty of Waitangi. Bridget Williams
in your in-text citations. Books. http://doi.org/10.7810/9781877242168

 2020a 2020b OR No dates: n.d.-a n.d.-b

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Books and eBooks: Reference elements
① Author ② Date
 Insert Surname, Initial of first name  Insert copyright year in round brackets

OR Name of Group (capitalise each main word)

 More than one author: write a comma after each author and & before last
author
 Note the commas, spaces, and full stops

① ② ③ ④
Orange, C. (2015). An illustrated history of the Treaty of Waitangi. Bridget Williams
Books. http://doi.org/10.7810/9781877242168

③ Title ④ Source (2 parts)

 Italicise title 1. Write the publisher name
 Capitalise first letter of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns 2. Include a URL/DOI if present
 Separate title and subtitle with a colon

In-text citation: Orange (2015) wrote… OR … (Orange, 2015).

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Books and eBooks: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title. Publisher. URL
Book (later edition) available in print / from a library database  Edition: Insert edition information (not in italics) in
round brackets after title of book. It is unnecessary
Krajewski, L. J., Malhotra, M. K., & Ritzman, L. P. (2018). Operations management: Processes and supply
to include edition information for a first edition
chains (12th Global ed.). Pearson Education.
book (1st ed.).

 Publisher: Exclude words relating to the

commercial status of a publisher (Ltd., Inc., etc).
Include words such as “Books” and “Press”.
Book from a library database with DOI  Write DOI after the name of publisher.

Eichhorn, P., & Towers, I. (2018). Principles of management: Efficiency and effectiveness in the private and  Do not write a full stop after the DOI.
public sector. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70902-4 
 If no DOI is provided, finish reference at the
publisher.

Book from website, no DOI  Write the URL of the book after the
publisher if no DOI given.
Holmes, L., Illowsky, B., & Dean, S. (2017). Introductory business statistics. OpenStax. https://open.umn.edu/
opentextbooks/textbooks/introductory-business-statistics-  Do not write a full stop after the URL.

Book from a library database with DOI, author and publisher are the same  Exclude the publisher if author and publisher are
the same.
American Psychological Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). 
https:///doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

eBook published in a different year than the print version of the book  In-text citation: Orange (2013/2015) … OR …
(Orange, 2013/2015).
Orange, C. (2015). The story of a treaty.  Bridget Williams Books. https:///doi.org/7gw (Original work
published 2013)

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Chapter in an edited book: Reference elements
① Author ② Date
 Insert Surname, Initial of first name  Insert copyright year in round brackets

OR Name of Group (capitalise each main word)

 More than one author: write a comma after each author and & before last
author
 Note the commas, spaces, and full stops

① ② ③
Jones, K. B., & Jones, J. P. (2018). Sufficient desire: The disclosure of sustainable
luxury. In C. K. Y. Lo & J. Ha-Brookshire (Eds.), Sustainability in luxury fashion
business (pp. 9-27). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8878-0 ④

③ Title ④ Source (4 parts)

 Capitalise first letter of the chapter title, subtitle, and proper nouns 1. Write editors name in format: Initials. Surname. Follow with (Ed.) OR (Eds.) for
 Separate title and subtitle with a colon multiple editors
2. Write title of book in italics. Insert page range of chapter in brackets (not in
italics)
3. Write the Publisher name
4. Include a URL/DOI if present

In-text citation: Jones and Jones (2018) wrote … OR … (Jones and Jones, 2018).
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Chapter in an edited book: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Chapter title. In Editor (Ed.), Title of the book (page range of chapter).
Publisher. URL
Edited chapters follow a similar format to books. Note the addition of the chapter title, editor and page range.

See Books and eBooks for more examples.

Chapter in an edited book, with DOI, two editors  Always insert DOI after publisher if it is available.

Pineiro-Otero, T., & Martinze-Rolan, X. (2016). Understanding digital marketing: Basics and actions. In S. C.  Always write DOI in format https://doi.org/
Machado & J. P. Davim (Eds.), MBA: Theory and application of business and management principles (pp.
37-74). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28281-7_2

Chapter in an edited print book (or library database), no DOI, later edition, three editors  Insert edition and page numbers of chapter in
round brackets (not in italics) after the title of the
Garland, R., & Ferkins, L. (2012). Sport marketing. In S. Leberman, C. Collins, & Trenberth (Eds.), Sport
book.
business management in New Zealand and Australia (3rd ed., pp. 192-214). Cengage Learning.

Chapter in an edited ebook, from a website, no DOI, republished  Use links that are permanent and not password
protected.
Cowie, D. (2015). The treaty settlement process. In N. Wheen, & J. Hayward (Eds.), Treaty of Waitangi
settlement (pp. 48-64). Bridget Williams Books. https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=UQw9CwAAQBAJ  Use the most recent copyright date for republished
(Original work published 2012) books with the original publication date noted at
the end of the reference.

 In-text citation: (Cowie, 2012/2015).

Chapter in a volume of a multivolume work  For volumes without a title, include the volume
information in brackets.
Anderson, S. W. (2007). Managing costs and cost structure throughout the value chain: Research on
strategic cost management. In C. S. Chapman, A. G. Hopwood, & M. D. Shields (Eds.), Handbook of  If the volume has its own title, include the volume
management accounting research (Vol. 2, pp. 481-506). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1751-3243 number and title after the main title in italics (see
(06)02002-5 Encyclopedias/Dictionaries for example).

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Entry in an encyclopedia/dictionary: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Chapter title. In Editor (Ed.), Title of the book (page range of chapter).
Publisher. URL
Encyclopedias and dictionaries use the same format for referencing as chapters in an edited book.

Entry in a dictionary/encyclopedia with an editor

Franz, J. F. (2015). Water exercise. In A. Kooistra (Eds.), The Gale encyclopedia of senior health: A guide
for seniors and their caregivers (2nd ed., Vol. 5, pp. 2180-2182). Gale.

Entry in an online dictionary/encyclopedia  Use the most recently updated/revised date if one is
available. Do not use a reviewed date because this does
Royal, T.-A. C. (2017). Waikato tribes: Turangawaewe. In Te ara: The encyclopedia of New Zealand.
not imply anything has changed.
https://teara.govt.nz/en/waikato-tribes/page-5
 Note: Editor, publisher and page range not available.

Entry in a dictionary/encyclopedia, continuously updated  Include a retrieval date and use (n.d.) as the publication
year for resources that are continuously updated.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Professionalism. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 30,
2020 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/professionalism  Note: Editor, publisher and page range not available.

Entry in a volume of a multivolume work, multiple publishers  If the volume has its own title, include the volume
number and title after the main title in italics.
Rankin Kawharu, F. (1993). Ngapua, Hone Heke. In C. Orange (Ed.), The dictionary of New Zealand
biography: Vol. 2. 1870-1900 (pp. 355-356). Bridget Williams Books; Department of Internal Affairs.  For volumes without a title, include the volume
information in brackets, e.g. (Vol.2, pp.355-356).
 Separate multiple publishers with a semicolon.

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Webpages: Reference elements
① Author ② Date
 Insert Surname, Initial of first name for authors  Insert the date in round brackets

OR Name of Group (capitalise each main word) Provide the most specific date, in format:
(Year) OR (Year, Month) OR (Year, Month Day) OR (n.d.)

 Use the date the page information was last updated, revised, published

 Do not use Copyright or Reviewed on dates

① ② ③ ④
Ponen, S. (2019, December 15). Amoxicillin. Health Navigator New Zealand.
https://www.healthnavigator.org.nz/medicines/a/amoxicillin/
④

③ Title ④ Source (2 parts)

 Title of webpage in italics
1. Website name (include only when it is different to the Author)
 Capitalise first letter of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns 2. URL link to the source (with no full stop). Use a retrieval date for webpages
 Separate title and subtitle with a colon that are likely to change (See p.16).

In-text citation: Ponen (2019) wrote… OR … (Ponen, 2019).

Use the Year in the in-text citation
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Webpages and Websites: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title of webpage. Website name. URL
Use credible websites. If in doubt about the author or websites credibility check information about the website on the About us tab/info and/ or Google the Author
Use the Webpage category for sources that do not fit into other source types . For example reference an ebook as a book and an online journal article as a journal article,
etc. For reports, guidelines and brochures found online see Grey Literature examples.
Webpage with a Group author—Author and Website name are the same—Omit website name  (n.d.) = no date

Adidas. (n.d.). Culture. https://www.adidas-group.com/en/group/culture/ In-text citation for Group source used multiple times:

First in-text citation:

Ministry of Health. (2017, May 18). Māori health models-Te Whare Tapa Whā. health.govt.nz/our-work/ Ministry of Health (MOH), (2017) … or …(Ministry of
populations/maori-health/maori-health-models/maori-health-models-te-whare-tapa-wha Health [MOH], 2017).

Subsequent in-text citations:

MOH (2017) … or … (MOH, 2017).
 Abbreviate group name in the first in-text citation
 Use the year in the in-text citation

Webpage on a website—Author and Website name are different –Include website name  Always scan websites for author credits

Ponen, S. (2019, December 15). Amoxicillin. Health Navigator New Zealand. https://  URLs can remain live
www.healthnavigator.org.nz/medicines/a/amoxicillin/

Webpage on a news website—No author  No author—The Title element replaces the Author

New Zealand meat production systems 'part of the solution' for climate change - NZ Beef + Lamb. (2019,  Date format: Year, Month day
August 9). RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/country/396339/new-zealand-meat-production-systems-
 In text citation: Use enough of the title (first three
part-of-the-solution-for-climate-change-nz-beef-lamb
significant words) to easily identify the source in
Webpage on a news website—With author the Reference list:

Andalane, L. (2019, August 20). South Auckland children’s hospital Kidz First opens measles isolation ward. .… (New Zealand meat, 2019). OR New Zealand
NewsHub. https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/08/south-auckland-children-s-hospital-kidz-first- meat (2019) confirms …
opens-measles-isolation-word.html

15
Webpages and Websites: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title of webpage. Website name. URL
Retrieval date required for Non archived Webpages and Websites that are created to change  Retrieved format: Month Day, Year.

Stats NZ Tautauranga Aotearoa. (2019, November 6). Unemployment rate. Retrieved January 20, 2020,  Retrieval dates are the exception.
from https://www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/unemployment-rate
 Always check links before submitting.
Trivago. (n.d.). Your ideal accommodation in Queenstown, South Island. Retrieved January 21, 2020 from
 Shortened URL may be used if the URL link is long
https://bit.ly/37cXxtz
and complex.

 Shortened URl site: https://bitly.com/

General mention of a whole website (Periodicals, Common software and Apps)

A Reference list entry and in-text citation is not required as you are not directing the reader to specific information.

Within your text, essay or report:

We used Survey Monkey (https://bit.ly/2NKUZLn) to create our survey.

The Le Va website (https://www.leva.co.nz/) is a

gateway to many mental health wellbeing resources for Pasifika families.

 Include the name of the website in your essay and

 Include the URL in round brackets.

 Shortened URL may be used if the URL link is long and complex.

16
Journal articles: Reference elements
① Author ② Date
 Format: Surname, Initial of first name  Insert the year the volume was published in round brackets
 OR Name of Group (capitalise each main word)
 More than one author: write a comma after each author and & before last
author
 21 or more authors: list first 19 authors followed by … and then name of final
author
 No author: Move title to author position

① ② ③
Huygens, I. (2016). Pākehā and Tauiwi Treaty education: An unrecognised
decolonisation movement? Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences
Online, 11(2), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2016.1148057 ④

③ Title ④ Source (4 parts)

 Capitalise first letter of title, subtitle and proper nouns 1. Journal Name in italics with all words capitalised except for minor words
 Separate title and subtitle with a colon : with 3 or less letters

 Use a full stop at the end of the title. If title ends in an exclamation or 2. Volume number in italics followed by the issue number not in italics
question mark, use in place of full stop 3. Page range of the article or eloctator
4. DOI or URL if present. Hyperlinks can be kept
 DOI format begins: https://doi.org/
 URLs must not be password protected

In-text citation: Huygens (2016) wrote… OR … (Huygens, 2016).

17
Journal articles: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title of article. Name of Journal, volume(issue), page range. URL
Article with a doi, subtitle  Always write DOI in format: https://doi.org/

Nicholson, A. (2019). Hau: Giving voices to the ancestors. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 128(2), 137-  Always include DOI if available, regardless of
162. https://doi.org/10.15286/jps.128.2.137-162 whether article is print, from a database, or from a
website
Print article without a doi, multiple authors  Retrieval address not required

White, J., Hansen, K., Hawkes, K., Redder, B., Lord, W., & Perks, N. (2018). Key teaching (primary caregiving?)
practices during infant transitions to ECEC in Aotearoa New Zealand. The First Years: Ngā Tau Tuatahi:
New Zealand Journal of Infant and Toddler Education, 20(2), 5-14.

Article from a library database, without a doi  Retrieval address not required

Al-Qady, M., & El-Helbawy, S. (2016). Integrating target costing and resource consumption
accounting. Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research, 14(1), 39-54.

Article from a website, without a doi  Use the direct link to the article if it is accessible
(not password protected)
McLachlan, A. D., Wirihana, R., & Huriwai, T. (2017). Whai tikanga: The application of a culturally
relevant value centred approach. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 46(3), 46–54. https://
www.psychology.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/Whai-Tikanga-Māori-centred-values-in-practice-private.pdf

Article with an article number, more than 20 authors  Use article number in place of the page range if
available
Neidecker, J., Sethi, N. K., Taylor, R., Monsell, R., Muzzi, D., Spizler, B., Lovelace, L., Ayoub, .E, Weinstein, R.,
Estwanik, J., Reyes, P., Cantu, R. C., Jordan, B., Goodman, M., Stiller, J. W., Gelber, J., Boltuch, R., Coletta  Write Article followed by the number
D., Gagliardi A., … Inalsingh C. (2019). Concussion management in combat sports: consensus statement
from the Association of Ringside Physicians. Br J Sports Med, 53(6), Article PMC6579496. https://
doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098799  More than 20 authors: List first 19 authors
followed by … and then name of final author

 Abbreviated title as written by journal

18
Journal articles: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title of article. Name of Journal, volume(issue), page range. URL
Article from a proprietary database, no author  For articles only accessible from a specific
database and not published in a journal
Hand hygiene NZ. (2017). Lippincott Procedures: New Zealand Instance. Retrieved January 22, 2019,
from https://procedures-lww-com.ezproxy.manukau.ac.nz/lnp/view.do?pId=4298005  Database name written in place of journal title

 volume(issue) and page range not available

 Note: Title moved to author position if no author

 Retrieval date given because the content is

designed to change over time
 Variation from APA 7 – Ezyproxy link used as your
reader will have access to this link

19
Newspapers, Magazines, Blogs: Reference elements
①Author ②Date
 Format: Surname, Initial of first name  Insert the date in round brackets
 OR Name of Group (capitalise each main word)  Provide the most specific date, in format:
 For more than one author, write a comma after each author and ampersand (Year) OR (Year, Month) OR (Year, Month Day) OR (n.d.)
(&) before last author  If date information is missing:, include what is there, e.g. Year, Month
 Move title to author position if no author is mentioned OR Year, Spring/Summer. Write n.d. for no date

① ② ③
Collins, S. (2019, April 5). Manukau Institute of Technology to build new $55m
trade training school. The New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/
nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12219417 ④

③Title ④ Source (4 parts)

 Capitalise proper nouns, and the first letter of the title and subtitle. 1. Write Title of Periodical in italics with all words capitalised except for minor
words with 3 or less letters
 Separate the article title and subtitle with a colon :
2. Include volume number and issue number if available
 Write a full stop at the end of title. If title ends in an exclamation or question
3. Provide page range or number if available.
mark, use in place of full stop.
4. Insert DOI or URL if available. Hyperlinks can be kept
 DOI format begins: https://doi.org/
 URLs must not be password protected

In-text citation: Collins (2019) wrote… OR … (Collins, 2019).

20
Newspapers, Magazines, Blogs: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title of article. Source, volume(issue), page range. URL
Print Newspaper  Page number of the article is included as given (A10)

Kirkness, L. (2019, November 20). Harbour walk thrills royal fans: ‘It was awesome’. The New Zealand  volume(issue) are not included if not available
Herald, A10.
Online Newspaper  Use this format for articles from a website associated with
a print newspaper.
Collins, S. (2019, April 5). Manukau Institute of Technology to build new $55m trade training school.
The New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?  Articles from online news websites such as stuff.co.nz
c_id=1&objectid=12219417 follow website format (p.—-)

Print Magazine
Baker, G. (2019, September). Organic growth. NZBusiness, 33(8), 10-11.  Volume and issue number are included if available.

Harvey, B. (2019, January/February). Death of the gods. Metro, (421), 36-45.

Duun, M. (2019/2020, Summer). Modernism in the Waikato: Melvin Day comes home. Art New
Zealand, 172, 70-74.
 Date depends on what is provided by the publication.
Note: year comes first.

Online Magazine  volume(issue) and page range are not included if not
available
Beard, C. (2019, November 28). Don’t spread yourself too thin. Exporter Today. https://
exportertoday.co.nz/article/don’t-spread-yourself-too-thin

Blog post  volume(issue) and page range are not included if not
available
Spencer, K. (2015, October). What is digital literacy? CORE Education Tatai Aho Rau. http://blog.core-
ed.org/blog/2015/10/what-is-digital-fluency.html  Use date post published. Do not use copyright date of
blog.

21
Course or classroom resources retrievable on Canvas: Reference elements
① Author ② Date
 Format: Surname, Initial of first name  Insert the date in round brackets
OR Name of Group (capitalise each main word) Provide the most specific date: (Year) for PowerPoint slides OR
(Year, Month Day) for Lecture notes

① ② ③ ④
Manaia, W. (2019). Tikanga Māori best practice [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas. https://
canvas.manukau.ac.nz ④

③ Title ④ Source (2 parts)

 Title in italics with [Description] 1. Write Canvas (the name of the learning management system)
2. MIT Canvas login URL

In-text citation: Manaia (2019) explained … OR … (Manaia, 2019).

22
Course or classroom resources retrievable on Canvas: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title [Description]. Canvas. MIT Canvas login URL
Canvas is a password protected system. APA 7 allows for referencing of internally created course materials as the audience you are writing for e.g. your lecturer or guest
marker will have access to the resource.

Always check with your lecturer for permission to use internally created course materials as sources of information for your Reference list.
Use this category for sources that do not fit into other source types. Chapters of books, video clips, journal articles accessed on Canvas are referenced according to their
source type.

Only use this format when lecturer created course/ class resources are retrievable on Canvas. When a course/class resource is not retrievable via Canvas treat as a
personal communication.
Lecture notes on Canvas  Date of lecture format: (Year, Month Day) .

Matagi, I. (2019, March 3). [Lecture notes on information source types]. Canvas. https://  [Description of lecture notes/materials].
canvas.manukau.ac.nz/

Course handbook on Canvas

Manukau Institute of Technology. (2019). Health science one laboratory workbook [Workbook]. Canvas.
https://canvas.manukau.ac.nz/

PowerPoint on Canvas

Manaia, W. (2019). Tikanga Māori best practice [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas. https://canvas.manukau.ac.nz/
Course or classroom material not on Canvas are treated as Personal communication.  Always check with your lecturer if you can cite
them in your essay as many would expect
Do not include in the Reference list. These materials are unpublished sources and/or not retrieval on Canvas.
students to research and cite other credible
Personal communication—In-text citation: published sources.
N. Zealand (personal communication, June 15, 2019) pointed out the different structural and treatment science  Provide the initial and surname of the author/
of bacteria and viruses. source (lecturer or speaker).
The lab report handout provided the structure to our scientific experiment (N. Zealand, personal  Personal communication followed by a comma,
communication, June 3 2019).
 Provide lecture, lab date. Date format: Month day,
year.
23
Grey literature: Referencing elements
① Author ② Date
 Format: Surname, Initial of first name.  Insert the date of publication in round brackets
OR Name of Group (capitalise each main word) Press release: Write full date available, in format Year, Month Day
 More than one author: write a comma after each author and & before last Other grey literature: Write year only
author
 21 or more authors: list first 19 authors followed by … and then name of final
author
 No author: Move title to author position

① ② ③
Health Promotion Agency. (2018). Alcohol and pregnancy: What you might not
know [Brochure]. https://bit.ly/3baO08C ④

③ Title ④ Source (2 parts)

 Title in italics. Capitalise proper nouns, and the first letter of the title and  Write the publisher name
subtitle  Publisher same as author: Do not write publisher information.
 Optional: description [in square brackets]. Not in italics. For less common 2. DOI or URL if available. Hyperlinks can be kept
types of grey literature, e.g. [Press release]
 DOI format begins: https://doi.org/
 Optional: if the resource has a number write this in (brackets) after the title.
 URLs must not be password protected
Not in italics. e.g. (Report No. 123)

In-text citation: The Health Promotion Agency (2015) recommends…

OR … (Health Promotion Agency, 2015).
24
Grey Literature: Reference list examples
Author Name. (Date). Title [Description]. Publisher Name. URL
Grey literature is a resource that has not been traditionally published. For example, reports, press releases, code of ethics, and brochures.

Report  Year only for reports

Allport, T., Martin, G., & White, H. (2018). Kaumātuatanga: The needs and wellbeing of older Maori. Te Pou  Note capitalisation of title and subtitle
Matakana. https://whanauora.nz/assets/resources/b437437c5d/research-kaumatuatanga-wellbeing-
older-maori.pdf

Press release, author is publisher  Group author

Adidas. (2019, January 21). Adidas to produce more shoes using recycled plastic waste in 2019 [Press  Author is also publisher: Publisher is omitted
release]. http://www.adidas-group.com/en/media/news-archive/press-releases/2019/adidas-to-
 Description of resource in square brackets
produce-more-shoes-using-recycled-plastic-waste/
 Full date for press releases

Code of ethics, author is publisher  English and Māori name of group author used
Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers Te Rōpū Tauwhiro I Aotearoa. (2019). Code of Ethics.  Author is also publisher: Publisher is omitted
https://anzasw.nz/wp-content/uploads/Code-of-Ethics-Adopted-30-Aug-2019.pdf
 Year only

25
Dissertations and Theses: Reference elements
① Author ② Date
 Insert the author’s Surname, Initial of first name  Insert the year of publication in round brackets
 Note the commas, spaces, and full stops

① ② ③
Dai, B. (2018). Study on impedance matching techniques for capacitive power transfer
[Master’s thesis, The University of Auckland]. The University of Auckland Research
Repositories, ResearchSpace. https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/
handle/2292/41842/whole.pdf?sequence=2 ④

③ Title ④ Source
 Italicise the title of the thesis or dissertation.  Insert the name of archive/institutional repository that the thesis/
 Capitalise first letter of title, subtitle and any proper nouns. dissertation is available from
 Within the square brackets — [Insert type of thesis/dissertation, name of  Insert the URL address to the thesis/dissertation
institution awarding the degree].

In-text citation: Dai (2018) wrote… OR … (Dai, 2018).

26
Dissertations and Theses: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title [Type of thesis/dissertation, Awarding Institute]. Database or Archive
name. URL
Published dissertation or thesis from a university archive Published dissertations and theses are retrievable
from a database, university archive or on a personal
Pope, S. T. (2017). The intergenerational views of wellbeing amongst Tongan women in New Zealand
website.
[Master’s thesis, University of Auckland]. The University of Auckland Research Repositories,
ResearchSpace. https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/37066/whole.pdf?
sequence=2

Simati-Kumar, B. (2016). How does the next generation of Pacific diaspora from blended backgrounds
construct and maintain their identities through the spaces they inhabit? [Doctoral dissertation, Auckland
University of Technology]. Tuwhera Open Access Theses & Dissertations. http://
hdl.handle.net/10292/10138
Published dissertation or thesis from a database  When a publication number is included: Insert
within round brackets directly after title and
Augustine, J. (2016). Design and development of an objective, structured management examinations
before [Type information].
(OSMEs) on management skills among pharmacy students (Publication No. 10111583) [Doctoral
dissertation, The University of Arizona]. ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Global.  End with the Source = Database name.

Unpublished dissertation or thesis Unpublished dissertations and theses are usually

only retrievable from the awarding institute in print
Malcolm, J. (2013). Should I stay or should I go?: First semester students' experiences in a tertiary institution
form.
in New Zealand [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Unitec Institute of Technology.
 Do not include the name of the institute awarding
the degree inside the square brackets.

 The name becomes the Source element and is

Inserted after the title element.

27
Legislation: Reference elements
① Title ② Source
 Give complete title of the Act, which includes the year.  Include the date (Month Day, Year) you retrieved the information as there
 A publication date in brackets is not required as year is part of the title. may have been changes to the Act resulting from Amendments.
 Full stop.  State the retrieval information. (e.g. web address of the Act).
 HTML URL too long? — You can copy the PDF link of the legislation and paste
it on your assignment, hover over the Print/Download PDF link with your
mouse, right click and select the Copy link address option.

① ②
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2020, from http://
www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2017/0005/latest/DLM6844033.html

Notes:
 For legislation, the reference elements of author and publication year are irrelevant.
 List all of the resources (books, journal articles, legislation, webpages) that you have cited from or referred to in your Reference list at the end of the assignment.
They should be listed in alphabetical order.

In-text citation: Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017 suggests … OR … (Contract
and Commercial Law Act 2017).
28
Legislation: Reference list examples
Legislation Title. Source
Act of Parliament In-text citation:

Consumers Guarantees Act 1993. Retrieved January 23, 2020, from http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/ Consumers Guarantees Act 1993 suggests that … OR …
public/1993/0091/latest/DLM311053.html (Consumers Guarantees Act 1993).
If you are referring to a particular section of the Act,
give the section number “s. 17” or numbers “ss. 22-
31”.
Consumers Guarantees Act 1993 s 17. indicates … OR
… (Consumers Guarantees Act 1993, ss. 22-31).

Commercial book (print/online) of legislation In-text citation:

If you are using an Act from a book that contains a compilation of legislation, provide the title of the Act, Consumers Guarantees Act 1993 pointed out that …
book title and the publication information. OR … (Consumers Guarantees Act 1993).
Consumers Guarantees Act 1993. (2019). In Introduction to New Zealand commercial legislation. CCH New
Zealand.  

For more information regarding citing and referencing legal sources (e.g. Acts, Bills,
Cases) please refer to the Commercial Law guide.

29
Audiovisual/Audio/Visual Media: Reference elements
① Author ② Date
 Format: Surname, Initial of first name.  Insert the date in round brackets
OR Name of Group (capitalise each main word)  Provide the most specific date, in format:
 Author determined by media type (Year) OR (Year, Month) OR (Year, Month Day) OR (n.d.)
 Include contributor role in brackets after each contributors name

① ② ③
Jackson, P. (Director). (2003). The lord of the rings: The return of the King [Film].
New Line Cinema; WingNut Films. ④

③ Title ④ Source
 Title and subtitle start with a capital letter and are in italics  Production company for films, TV series or podcasts
 Separate title and subtitle with a colon  Label for music albums
 Format follows a pattern based on whether the work stands alone (e.g. a film)  Museum name and location for artwork
or is part of a whole (e.g. TV series episodes)  Name of the streaming video site that hosts a streaming video
 Describe the audiovisual work in square brackets after the title (e.g. [Film],
[Song] , [TV Series episode] )

In-text citation: Jackson (2003) shows… OR … (Jackson, 2003).

30
Audiovisual Media: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title. Source. URL
Film or Video  You do not need to specify how you watched a film
(e.g. on DVD, streaming online, or in the theatre).
Lee, A. (Director). (2005). Brokeback mountain [Film]. River Road Entertainment.
 Author is the Director. If the director is unknown
someone in a similar role can be credited.
Kolbe, U. (Writer & Director), & Wilson, T. (Director). (1995). Mia-Mia A new vision for day care: Part 1 the
 Source is the Production Company.
program for 2-5 year olds [Film; educational DVD]. Summer Hill Films.
 If the version you are referencing is special in some
way, for example it includes special features or is a
limited release you should include that information
within square brackets following the word Film and
a semi-colon.
TV Series  Author is the Executive Producer/s.

Smith, P. (Executive Producer). (2018-present). The Casketeers [TV Series]. Great Southern Pictures.  Source is the Production Company.

 When the series spans multiple years, separate the

years with a dash. If the series is still running, use
“present” for the second year.
TV Series episode or webisode  Author is the Writer and Director of episode.

Balme, T. (Writer), & Frizzell, J. (Director). (2014, October 5). Sour grapes (Series 1, Episode 2) [TV Series  Source is the Executive Producers, the title of the
episode]. In K. Martin & J. Barnett (Executive Producers), The Brokenwood Mysteries. South Pacific TV series and the Production Company.
Pictures.
 Provide the season number and episode number
after the title in brackets.
TED Talk  When the TED Talk comes from TED’s website use
the name of the speaker as the author.
Ryan, P. (2010, December). Don’t insist on English! [Video]. TEDxDubai. https://www.ted.com/talks/
patricia_ryan_don_t_insist_on_english  When the TED Talk is on YouTube, use the owner

TED. (2020, January 18). Jasmine Crowe: What we’re getting wrong in the fight to end hunger [Video]. You of the YouTube account as the author.
Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VasJyDmMafA

31
Audiovisual Media: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title. Source. URL
You Tube or other streaming video  The author is the person or group who uploaded
the video even if they did not create the work.
Ragan Communications. (2014, March 5). Grammar Girl: How to use “who” vs “whom” [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wiy7efyxAE&t=2s
Grammar Girl. (2010, November 6). How to use single quotation marks [Video}. You Tube. https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Xih0b8vWk0

Webinar, recorded  Use this format if the webinar is recorded and

retrievable.
Dyhrberg, S., Hornsby-Geluk, S., & Kynaston, H. (2018). Preventing and dealing with harassment and bullying
[Webinar]. New Zealand Law Society; Continuing legal education (NZLS CLE). https://  If the webinar is not recorded cite it as personal
www.lawyerseducation.co.nz/Courses/Free+Recordings.html#Preventing communication.

32
Audio Works: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title. Source. URL
Music Album  The author of a modern music album or song is the
Recording artist or group.
Dobbyn, D. (1988). Loyal [Album]. CBS Records
 The source is the Record label.

 For classical works use the composer as the author.

Bach, J. S. (2010). The Brandenburg concertos: Concertos BWV 1043 & 1060 [Album recorded by Academy of
include the person or group who recorded the
St Martin in the Fields]. Decca. (Original work published 1721)
version you used in square brackets after the title.
 Note the date of the original work at the end of the
reference.

Single song or track  If the song is not part of an album leave out this
part of the reference.
Dobbyn, D. (1988). Love you like I should [Song]. On Loyal. CBS Records.
 Include a URL if that location is the only means of
retrieval.

Podcast  The author is the host of the podcast. If the host is

not known use the executive producers. Include
Boynton, J. (Host). (2020, January 1). The innovation of indigenous journalism [Audio podcast]. RNZ. https://
www.rnz.co.nz/news/on-the-inside/406538/the-innovation-of-indigenous-journalism
role in brackets.
 Put the type of podcast in square brackets.

 If the URL is unknown leave it out.

Podcast episode  Provide the episode number in square brackets

after the title.
Whelan, M. (Host). (2017) The really big leap (Part 9) [Audio podcast episode]. In Great Ideas. RNZ; Victoria
University. https://www.ngataonga.org.nz/collections/catalogue/catalogue-item?record_id=785437

33
Audio Works: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title. Source. URL
Radio interview recording in a digital archive  For interviews that are housed in archives
(whether in audio or audiovisual form) credit the
Fuata, N. (2019, March 21). A number one hit and a career dedicated to Pacific programming...[Interview].
interviewee as the author.
NZ on Screen. https://www.nzonscreen.com/interviews/screentalk/ngaire-fuata
 Include as much of the date as available in a year,
month day format.

Speech audio recording

Kennedy, J.F. (1963, June 26). Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a ‘Berliner’) [Speech audio recording]. American
Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html

34
Visual Media: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title. Source. URL
Map  Dynamically created maps e.g. Google maps do not
have a title so the map should be described in
Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from MIT Otara to MIT Manukau]. Retrieved January
square brackets and a retrieval date included.
21,2020, from https://bit.ly/3asMmih
 If you have a long URL you can shorten it using this
Stats NZ. (2013). 2013 Census map—Maori ethnic group [Map]. http://archive.stats.govt.nz/StatsMaps/
site https://bitly.com/
Home/Maori%20ethnicity/2013-Census-map-Maori-ethnic-group.aspx

Clip Art or stock image  Use this format to cite but not reproduce clip art or
stock images.
Mihtiander. (2016). Lady with kayak [Stock Image]. iStock. https://bit.ly/2sLfKPP
 If you reproduce the image a copyright attribution
may also be necessary.
 No citation, permission, or copyright attribution is
necessary for clip art from programs like Microsoft
Word or PowerPoint.
Photograph  This format is for citing the image. If you reproduce
the image a copyright attribution may also be
Wycoff, C (2012). Playground primary colors [Photograph]. Flickr. https://bit.ly/2NLC6Ir
necessary.

 The source is the name of the site the photograph

was retrieved from.

 For an untitled photograph include a description in

square brackets in place of a title.

Infographic  Permission and/or copyright permission may be

required to reproduce an infographic.
Share Knowledge. (2012). Skills shortages in New Zealand [Infographic]. Visually. https://visual.ly/
community/infographic/education/skills-shortages-new-zealand

35
Visual Media: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title. Source. URL

PowerPoint slides or lecture notes from the Internet  If the slides come from password-protected
software (e.g. Canvas) and you are writing for an
Hobbs, R. (2020, February 6). Leadership as messy engagement [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://
audience with access to that resource, provide the
www.slideshare.net/reneehobbs/leadership-as-messy-engagement
name of the site and its login page URL (For more
information see Course and class sources).

36
Social Media: Referencing elements
① Author ② Date
 Author format is determined by media type:  Include as much of the date as available, Format: (Year, Month, Day)
Twitter & Instagram list the Surname and Initials OR Name of Group followed  Use (n.d.). if there is no date available
by the [username in square brackets].
Facebook and others — you may use just the Surname and Initials OR the
Name of the Group OR the username OR the Name of the Group with the
[username in square brackets].

① ② ③
APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved January
22,2020, from https://twitter.com/APA_Style ④

③ Title
④ Source (3 parts)
 Content of the post up to the first 20 words—retain all original spelling,
capitalisation, hash tags, links and emoji’s 1. Insert social media Site name
2. Retrieval date if the contents of the page can change over time,
 If the post contains text and audiovisuals add a description of the audiovisuals
Format : Month Day, Year
in square brackets after the first 20 words
3. Insert URL after from
 If there is no text use a description of the audiovisuals in square brackets as
the title

In-text citation: APA Style (n.d.) shows… OR … (APA Style, n.d.).

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Social Media: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title. Social media site name. URL
Generally, social media should not be cited in an academic assignment.
Check with your lecturer before using social media as a resource.

Contact you subject librarian for support in finding quality resources.

Instagram Highlight  Always use n.d. for the date—although each

story within a highlight is dated, the highlight
Manukau Institute of Technology [@manukau.institute). (n.d.). Tuku taonga [Highlight]. Instagram.
itself is not.
Retrieved January 20, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/18049373398015112/
 Insert a retrieval date, Format: Month Day,
Star Wars [@starwars]. (n.d.) Episode IX [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved January 20, 2020, from https://
Year,
www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/18055337632043251/

Instagram photo or video  Date format: (Year, Month Day).

Planting Seeds Podcast [@plantbasedmaori]. (2020, January 19). Tupuānuku food truck at the Opotiki
Lantern Festival [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B7cXSDdhKWf/

CM Health (@countiesmanukauhealth]. (2019, October 17). First year MIT nursing students being welcomed
to Counties Manukau [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B3sYu4_JYLV/
Facebook post  This format can be used for post on other social
media services
Manukau Institute of Technology. (2020, January 22). The new acoustic version of UNSTOPPABLE has just
been released [Smiling face with star eyes] Check out the video by clicking on the link [link and image  If a status update includes images, links etc
attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/pg/manukau.institute/posts/? indicate that in square brackets
ref=page_internal
 Replicate emojis if possible

Facebook page  Use the page title in the reference

Manukau Institute of Technology. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved January 14, 2020,  Include [Facebook page] in square brackets
from https://www.facebook.com/manukau.institute/
 Format can be used for other platforms e.g.
Tumblr, LinkedIn, Instagram

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Social Media: Reference list examples
Author. (Date). Title. Social media site name. URL
Tweet  If a tweet includes items other than text indicate
than in square brackets
Adern, J. [@jacindaardern]. (2019, March 15). What has happened in Christchurch is an extraordinary act of
unprecedented violence. It has no place in New Zealand. Many @jacindaadern [Tweet]. Twitter. https://  Replicate emojis if possible— a full list of emoji
twitter.com/jacindaardern/status/1106397870628847617 names can be found at http://unicode.org/emoji/
charts/index.html
New Zealand [Image attached]. [@PureNewZealand]. (2019, June 16). When you’re one of the first
countries to see the sun each morning, you have a bit of extra time @PureNewZealand [Video attached]  For tweet replies, do not include the “replying to”
[Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/PureNewZealand/status/1140154304096944129 information

Twitter profile  Provide a retrieval date because the contents of

the page can change over time
Bieber, J. [@justinbieber]. (n.d.). Tweets. [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved February 8, 2020 from https://
twitter.com/justinbieber?_ga=2.259498242.908283871.1581222512-87437397.1581222512  A Twitter profile has several tabs “Tweets” is the
default. Use the tab which relates to the material
Ministry of Education NZ [@EducationGovtNZ]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved February
you are referencing
9, 2020 from https://twitter.com/educationgovtnz?lang=en
 Include [Twitter profile] in square brackets

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