CRT LEARNING MODULE

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

Module (Week 1-2)

Course Code MATH 02

Course Title STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

Module Title SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 1

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 College for Research & Technology of Cabanatuan
HOW TO USE THIS DIGITIZED / PRINTED LEARNING MODULE

Welcome to the module in STATISTICS & PROBABILITY. This module contains materials
and activities for you to complete this module.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each
learning outcome of the module. Each of the learning outcomes is provided with Modules.
Follow these activities on your own and answer the self-check at the end of each learning
outcome. You may remove a blank answer sheet at the end of each module (or get the answer
sheets from the facilitator) to write the answers for each self-check. If you have questions, do
not hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required learning competency in
Statistics & Probability subject. This will be the source of Information for you to acquire
knowledge and skill in this particular trade independently and at your own pace, with minimum
supervision of help from your facilitator.

• Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section. Read
Modules and complete self-check. Suggested references are included to supplement the
materials provided in this module.
• Most probably your facilitator will be your supervisor or manager. Your online facilitator
will support and correct you.
• Your facilitator will tell you about the important things you need consider when you are
completing activities and it is important that you listen and take notes.
• You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions.
• Talk to more experienced classmates and ask for their guidance. You may join the
forum sessions for question and answer at the Facebook (FB) Group: CRT SHS
STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Ask your facilitator work through the activities: ask
for written feedback on your progress. Your facilitator keeps feedback/pre-assessment
reports for this reason. When you have successfully completed each element, ask the
facilitator to mark on the reports that you are ready for assessment.

IMPORTANT NOTES:
1. Use this module with care. Do not write anything on this module. Do
not put unnecessary marks on any part of the material.
2. Damaged or lost modules will be charged at your expense.
3. Upon finishing this module, kindly return with your quizzes, activity
outputs in long plastic envelope (clear) with Name, Grade and Track.
4. Read and comprehend the directions for every lessons, exercises and
other activities.
5. Observe honesty in answering the tests and exercises.
6. Try to finish a given activity before proceeding to the next.
7. Allot 3-5 hours per week per subject to read lessons, answer the
exercises and do assignments and output.

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

Contents of this Learning Module (Week 1-2)

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 2

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 No. Module Title Topic

4 SAMPLING AND
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION Lesson 1:
Sampling
Distribution of
sample Means
Lesson2: Finding
the Mean and
Variance of the
Sampling
Distribution
Lesson 3: Solving Problems
Involving Sampling
Distribution of the sample
means
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

Researchers in different fields want to learn about a population and describe its properties
and characteristics. For instance, educators would like to describe the mathematics performance
of grade school pupils in the entire country to enable them to plan and prepare instructional
activities and materials appropriate for them. Businessmen would like to find out the most
wanted brand of cell phone in the market. Medical laboratories would like to determine the most
effective and most popular brand of paracetamol to the consumers. Political analysts would like
to find out the acceptability and popularity ratings of prominent leaders in the country. However,
it may be impossible or at least impractical to obtain data from the whole population.
In your earlier study of statistics, you have learned about frequency distribution. In
Chapter 1 of this book, you also learned about probability distribution. In this chapter, we will
discuss another kind of distribution, which is sampling distribution of the means. You will learn
how to describe the sampling distribution of the means by computing its mean and standard
deviation.

Lesson One : SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS

Lesson Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

Illustrate random sampling,
Distinguish between parameter and statistic; and
Construct sampling distribution of sample means.

Starting Point

You have learned in your previous lessons how to construct frequency distribution and
probability distribution. In this lesson, you will learn how to construct sampling distribution of
sample means.
Getting Ready
What is the average height of Grade 11 students? What is the average weight of Grade 11
students? What is the average daily allowance of Grade 11 students? Grade 11 students? What is
the average daily allowance average performance of Grade 11 students in mathematics? If you
COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 3
FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
will answer is the average performance of questions, will you consider the entire Grade 11
students to find their heights, weights, daily allowance, and performance?
Researchers use sampling if taking a census of the entire population is impractical. Data
from the sample are used to calculate statistics, which are estimates of the corresponding
population parameters. For instance, a sample might be drawn from the population, , its mean is
calculated, and this value is used as a statistic or an estimate for the population mean. Thus,
descriptive measures computed from a population are called parameters while descriptive
measures computed from a sample are statistics. We say that the sample mean is an estimate of
the population mean u.

Activity 1

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10, and 5. Let us list all possible samples of size 3
from this population and compute the mean of each sample.

Sample Mean
2,4,9 5.00
2,4,10 5.33
2,4,5 3.67
2,9,10 7.00
2,9,5 5.33
2,10,5 5.67
4,9,10 7.67
4,9,10 6.00
4,10,5 6.33
9,10,5 8.00
There are 10 possible samples of size 3 that can be drawn from the given population.
The number of samples of size n that can be drawn from a population of size N is given by NCn.

This time, let us make a frequency distribution of the sample means. We shall this
frequency distribution, the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Sample Mean Frequency
3.67 1
5.00 1
5.33 2
5.67 1
6.00 1
6.33 1
7.00 1
7.67 1
8.00 1
Total n = 10

A sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution using the means computed
from all possible random samples of specific is taken from a population.

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 4

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. Thus, any mean based on the sample
drawn from a population is expected to assume different values for the samples. So, this leads us
to a conclusion that sample mean, is a random variable, which depends on a particular sample.
Being a random variable, it has a probability distribution. The probability distribution of the
sample means, Refer to Table 3.1.
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
3.67 1 1/10 = .10
5.00 1 1/10 = .10
5.33 2 2/10 = .20
5.67 1
6.00 1 1/10 = .10
6.33 1 1/10 = .10
7.00 1 1/10 = .10
7.67 1 1/10 = .10
8.00 1 1/10 = .10
Total n = 10 1.00

Observe that the means of the samples are less than or greater than the mean the
population. The difference between the sample mean and the population mean is called the
sampling error. It is the error due to sampling.
Activity 2
Drawing Cards
Samples of three cards are drawn at random from a population of eight numbered from 1
to 8.
a. How many possible samples can be drawn?
Steps Solution
Identify the given. Here N =8 and n = 3
Use the formula NCn to find the number of 8C3 = 56
possible samples that can be drawn.
So, there are 56 possible samples that can be drawn.
b. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.
Table 3.2. Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean Probability Probability

P(X)

2.00 1 1/56
2.33 1 1/56
2.67 2 1/28
3.00 3 3/56
3.33 4 1/14
3.67 5 5/56
4.00 6 3/28

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 5

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 4.33 6 3/28
4.67 6 3/28
5.00 6 3/28
5.33 5 3/28
5.67 4 1/14
6.00 3 3/56
6.33 2 1/28
6.67 1 1/56
7.00 1 1/56
Total 56 1.00

Mathematical Journal
In this lesson, you learned how to construct the sampling distribution of the ample means
of size n drawn from a population. Enumerate the steps in constructing ne sampling distribution
of means.

Steps in Constructing the Sampling Distribution of the Means

1. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the population using the formula:
NCn
where N = size of the population
n = size of the sample
2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample.
3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample.

Assessment
1. How many different samples of size n =3 can be selected from a population with the
following sizes?
a. N = 4
b. N = 8
c. N = 20
2. A group of students got the following scores in a test; 6, 9, 12,15, 18, and 21. Consider
samples of size 3 that can be drawn from this population.
a. List all the possible samples and the corresponding mean.
SAMPLE MEAN

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 6

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean Frequency Probability

Lesson Two : FINDING THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING

DISTRIBUTION OF MEANS
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson you are expected to
find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means ;and
state and explain the Central Limit Theorem.
Starting Point
You have learned how to find the mean and variance of a frequency distribution and
probability distribution. In this lesson, you will learn how to find the mean and variance of a
sampling distribution of the sample means.
Getting Ready
Statisticians do not just describe the variation of the individual data values about the
mean of the population. They are also interested to know how the means of the samples of the
same size taken from the same population vary about the population mean
In this lesson, you will learn how to describe the sampling distribution of the sample
means by computing its means and variance. You will also make a general conclusion regarding
the mean, variance, and shape of the sampling distribution of the sample means
Activity 1
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size 2 drawn
from this population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample mean
 What is the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
 Compare these values to the mean and variance of the population.
 Draw the histogram of the sampling distribution of the population me.
Steps Solution
1. Compute the mean of the population u = Σx/N
(u). = 1+2+3+4+5 / 5
= 3.00
So, the mean of the population is 3.00
2. Compute the variance of the X x–u (x – u)2
population (σ)
1 -2 4

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 7

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 2 -1 1
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
Σ(x – u)2 = 10

σ2 = Σ(x – u)2 / N
= 10/5
=2
So, the variance of the population is 2.
.
3. Determine the number of possible Use the formula NCn. Here N = 5 and n = 2.
samples of size n = 2.
5C2.

So, there are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can

be drawn.
4. List all possible samples and their Samples Mean
corresponding means. 1,2 1.50
1.3 2.00
1,4 2.50
1,5 3.00
2,3 2.50
2,4 3.00
2,5 3.50
3,4 3.50
3,5 4.00
4,5 4.50
5. Construct the sampling distribution of Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
the sample means. Sample Frequency Probability
Mean (x̅) P(x̅)
1.50 1 1/10
2.00 1 1/10
2.50 2 1/5
3.00 2 1/5
3.50 2 1/5
4.00 1 1/10
4.50 1 1/10
Total 10 1.00

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 8

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 6. Compute the mean of the sampling Sample Probability x̅ ● P(x̅)
distribution of the sample means Mean (x̅) P(x̅)
(ux̅).Follow these steps: 1.50 1/10 0.15
a. Multiply the sample mean by the
2.00 1/10 0.20
corresponding probability.
b. Add the results. 2.50 1/5 0.50
3.00 1/5 0.60
3.50 1/5 0.70
4.00 1/10 0.40
4.50 1/10 0.45
Total 1.00 3.00

Ux̅ = x̅ ● P(x̅) = 3.00

So, the mean of the sampling distribution of
the sample mean is 3.00.

7. Compute the variance (σ2x̅ ) of the x̅ P(x̅) x̅ - u (x̅ - P(x̅) ● (x̅ -

sampling distribution of the sample u)2 u)2
means. Follow these steps: 1.50 1/10 -1.50 2.25 0.225
a. Subtract the population mean (u) from
2.00 1/10 -1.00 1.00 0.100
each sample mean (x̅). Label this as x̅ -
u. 2.50 1/5 -.50 0.25 0.050

b. Square the difference Label this as (x̅ 3.00 1/5 0.00 0.00 0.000
- u)2 3.50 1/5 0.50 0.25 0.050
c. Multiply the results by the 4.00 1/10 1.00 1.00 0.100
corresponding probability. Label this as
4.50 1/10 1.50 2.25 0.025
P(x̅) ● (x̅ - u)2
Total 1.00 0.750
d. Add the results

σ2x̅ = P(x̅) ● (x̅ - u)2 = 0.75

So, the variance of the sampling distribution is
0.75.

8. Construct the histogram for the

sampling distribution of the sample
means.

Try to think about the answers to these questions:

 How do you compare mean of the sample means and the mean of the population?

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 9

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
  How do you compare variance of the sample means and the variance of the
population?
Activity 2
Sample Means from a Finite Population
Consider a population consisting of 1.2.3.4 and 5. Suppose samples of size 3 are drawn
from this population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means. What is the mean
and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means? Compare these values to the
mean and variance of the population.
Steps Solution
1. Compute the mean of the population. u = Σx/N
= 1+2+3+4+5 / 5
= 3.00
So, the mean of the population is 3.00
2. Compute the variance of the population. X x–u (x – u)2
1 -2 4
2 -1 1
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
Σ(x – u)2 = 10
σ2 = Σ(x – u)2 / N
= 10/5
=2
So, the variance of the population is 2.
3. Determine the number of possible samples of Use the formula NCn. Here N = 5 and n = 3.
size n = 3
5C3.

So, there are 10 possible samples of size 3 that can

be drawn.
4. List all possible samples and their corresponding Samples Mean
means. 1,2,3 2.00
1,2,4 2.33
1,2,5 2.67
1,3,4 2.67
1,3,5 3.00
2,3,4 3.33
2,3,5 3.00
3,4 3.33
2,4,5 3.67
3,4,5 4.00

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 10

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
5. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
means. Sample Frequency Probability
Mean (x̅) P(x̅)
2.00 1 1/10
2.33 1 1/10
2.67 2 1/5
3.00 2 1/5
3.33 2 1/5
3.67 1 1/10
4.00 1 1/10
Total 10 1.00
Sample Probability x̅ ● P(x̅)
Mean (x̅) P(x̅)
2.00 1/10 1/5
2.33 1/10 7/30
2.67 1/5 8/15
3.00 1/5 3/5
3.33 1/5 2/3
3.67 1/10 11/30
4.00 1/10 2/5
Total 1.00 3.00
ux̅ = x̅ ● P(x̅) = 3.00
So, the mean of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean is 3.00.
7. Compute the variance (σ2x̅ ) of the sampling x̅ P(x̅) x̅ - u (x̅ - P(x̅) ● (x̅ -
distribution of the sample means. Follow these u)2 u)2
steps: 2.00 1/10 -1 1 1/10
a. Subtract the population mean (u) from each
2.33 1/10 -2/3 4/9 2/45
sample mean (x̅). Label this as x̅ - u.
2.67 1/5 -1/3 1/9 1/45
b. Square the difference Label this as (x̅ - u)2
3.00 1/5 0 0 0
c. Multiply the results by the corresponding
probability. Label this as P(x̅) ● (x̅ - u)2 3.33 1/5 1/3 1/9 1/45
d. Add the results 3.67 1/10 2/3 4/9 2/45
4.00 1/10 1 1 1/10
Total 1.00 1/3 = 0.33

σ2x̅ = P(x̅) ● (x̅ - u)2 = 0.33

So, the variance of the sampling distribution is 0.33.
8. Construct the histogram for the sampling
distribution of the sample means.

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 11

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
Try to think about the answers to these questions:
 How do you compare mean of the sample means and the mean of the population?
 How do you compare variance of the sample means and the variance of the
population?
Let us summarize what we have done for the preceding activities by comparing the
means and variances of the population and the sampling distribution of the mean
Activity 1 Activity 2
Population Sampling Population Sampling
(N=5) Distribution of (N=5) Distribution of
Mean the Sample the Sample
Variance Means (n=2) Means (n=3)

Standard 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Deviation 2.00 0.75 2.00 0.33
1.41 0.87 1.41 0.57

Observe that the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is always
equal to the mean of the population. The variance of the sampling distribution is obtained
σ2 𝑁−𝑛
by using the formula, σ2x̅ = ● 𝑁−1 . This formula holds when the population is finite.
𝑛
The examples shown in the preceding activities are all finite population.
A finite population is one that consists of a finite or fixed number of elements,
measurements, or observations; while an infinite population contains, hypothetically at
least, infinitely elements.
𝑁−𝑛
The expression, is called the finite population correction factor. In general
𝑁−1
when the population is large and the sample size is small, the correction factor is not used
since it will be very close to 1.
We summarize the properties of the sampling distribution below.

Properties of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean

If all possible samples of size n are drawn from a population of size N with mean u and variance σ2, then
the sampling distribution of the sample means has the following properties:
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to the population mean u. That is, u x̅ = u
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means σ given by:
σ2 𝑁−𝑛
 σ2x̅ = ● 𝑁−1 for finite population, and
𝑛
σ2
 σ2x̅ = for infinite population
𝑛

3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:
σ2 𝑁−𝑛 𝑁−𝑛
 σx̅ = ● for finite population where is the finite population correction factor
𝑛 𝑁−1 𝑁−1

σ
 σx̅ = for infinite population
𝑛

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 12

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is also known as
the standard error of the mean. It measures the degree of accuracy of the sample mean as an
estimate of the population mean.
A good estimate of the mean is obtained if the standard error of the mean is small or close
to zero, while a poor estimate, if the standard error of the mean is large. Observe that the value of
the sample mean depends on the size of the sample .What happens to the sample mean when
sample increases?
Thus, if we want to get a good estimate of the population mean, we have to make sample
sufficiently large. This fact is stated as a theorem, which is known as The Central Limit
Theorem.
The Central Limit Theorem
If random samples of size n are drawn from a population, then as n becomes larger, the
sampling distribution of the mean approaches the normal distribution, regardless of the shape of
the population distribution
Activity 3
Describing the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means from an Infinite Population
Example 1: A population has a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 3. A random sample of 16
measurements is drawn from this population. Describe sampling distribution of the sample
means by computing its mean and standard deviation.
We shall assume that the population is infinite.
Steps Solution
1. Identify the given information Here u = 60, σ =5, and n = 16
2. Find the mean of the sampling ux̅ = u
distribution. Use the property that ux̅ = 60
=u
σ
3. Find the standard deviation of the σx̅ = 𝑛
sampling distribution. Use the 5
σ =
property that σx̅ = 𝑛 5
16
=4
= 1.25

Example 2. The heights of male college students are normally distributed with mean of 68 inches
and standard deviation of 3 inches. If 80 samples consisting of 25 students each are drawn from
the population, what would be the expected mean and standard deviation of the resulting
sampling distribution of the means?
We shall assume that the population is infinite.
Steps Solution
1. Identify the given information Here u = 68, σ =3, and n = 25.
2. Find the mean of the sampling ux̅ = u
distribution. Use the property that ux̅ = 68
=u
σ
3. Find the standard deviation of the σx̅ = 𝑛
sampling distribution. Use the 3
σ =
property that σx̅ = 𝑛 25

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 13

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 3
=5
= 0.6
Mathematical Journal
Think about the answers to the following question. Discuss your answer with your
classmates
If a sample is drawn from a population, what happens to the standard error of the mean if
the sample size is:
1. increased from 50 to 200?
2. increased from 25 to 225?
3. increased from 200 to 400?
4. decreased from 600 to 40?
Assessment
A. Find the finite population correction factor given the following:
a. N=200, n = 10
b. N=2000, n=10
c. N=400. n= 40
d. N = 500, n = 10
e. N= 200, n = 20
B. Consider all samples of size 5 from this populations
2 5 6 8 10 12 13
1. Compute the mean and standard deviation of the population.
2. List all samples of size all samples of size 5 and compute the mean for each sample.
Sample Mean

3. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean Frequency Probability

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 14

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
4. Calculate the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Compare this to the
mean of the population.
5. Calculate the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Compare
this to the standard deviation of the population.
Lesson Three : SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
OF THE SAMPLE MEANS
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
solve problems involving sampling distribution of the sample means.
Starting Point
In the previous chapter, you have learned how to use the normal distribution to gain information
about an individual data value obtained from the population. In this lesson, you will use the
sampling distribution of the mean to obtain information about the sample mean.
Getting Ready
The Central Limit Theorem is of fundamental importance in statistics because it justifies
the use of normal curve methods for a wide range of problems. This theorem applies
automatically to sampling from infinite population. It also assures us that no matter what the
shape of the population distribution of the mean is, the sampling distribution of the sample
means is closely normally distributed whenever n is large. Consequently, it justifies the use of
the formula

when computing for the probability that x̅ will take on a value within a given range in the
sampling distribution of
where; x̅= sample mean
u = population mean
σ = population standard deviation
n = sample size
Activity 1
Time to Complete an Examination
Example 1. The average time it takes a group of college students to complete examination is 46.2
minutes. The standard deviation is 8 minutes. Assume that the variable is normally distributed.
a. What is the probability that a randomly selected college student complete the examination in
less than 43 minutes?
b. If 50 randomly selected college students take the exam, what is the probability that the mean
time it takes the group to the test will be less than 43 minutes?
c. Does it seem reasonable that a college student would finish the examination in less than 43
minutes?
d. Does it seem reasonable that the mean of the 50 college stud could be less than 43 minutes?

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 15

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
Activity 2
6Cholesterol Content
Example 2. The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand on
ice cream is 660 mg, and the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is normally
distributed.
a. If a cup of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that the cholesterol content will be
more than 670 mg?
b. If a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that the mean of the
sample will be larger than 670mg?
3. Why is the probability in part a larger than part B?
*This lesson will be discuss on our meeting. Problem solving will be given, right after the
discussion *
Module Summary
 Descriptive measures computed from a population are called parameters while
descriptive measures computed from a sample are called statistics.
 The number of samples of size n that can be drawn from a population of size N is
given by the NCn .
 A sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution using the
means computed from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a
population.
 The probability distribution of the sample means is also called the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
 The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is also
known as the standard error of the mean. It measures the degree of accuracy of
the sample mean (x̅) as an estimate of the population mean (u).
Steps in Constructing the Sampling Distribution of the Means
1. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the population using the
formula:
NCn
where N = size of the population
n = size of the sample
2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample.
3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means obtained in Step 2.

Properties of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean

If all possible samples of size n are drawn from a population of size N with mean u and
variance σ2, then the sampling distribution of the sample means has the following properties:
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to the population mean u.
That is, u x̅ = u
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means σ given by:
σ2 𝑁−𝑛
 σ2x̅ = ● 𝑁−1 for finite population, and
𝑛
σ2
 σ2x̅ = for infinite population
𝑛

3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 16

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 σ2 𝑁−𝑛 𝑁−𝑛
 σx̅ = ● for finite population where is the finite population
𝑛 𝑁−1 𝑁−1
correction factor
σ
 σx̅ = 𝑛 for infinite population

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 17

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY