PAKISTAN STUDIES

10
 All right reserved with Gohar Publishers, Lahore.
This book has been approved by Punjab Curriculum Authority Wahdat Road, Lahore,
vide letter No. PCA/12/164 date: 06-12-2012. No part of this book can be copied or translated
nor made part of test paper, guide book, key book or helping book without prior permission.

Author:
Professor Aftab Ahmad Dar (retd.) Contents
Editors:
Tariq Mehmood Syan
M. Zubair Waine
Aamir Mahmood Awan
Shaukat Abbas
Designers:
Saifullah
Mian Zahoor Ellahi
Prepared by:
Gohar Publishers,
11-Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

Members of Review Committee

Prof. Dr. Arif Mahmood: Faculty of Pakistan studies, the Quaid-e-Azam University,
Islamabad.
Prof. Asim Hameed Butt: Dean Faculty of Political Science, Govt. Dial Singh College.
Lahore.
Prof. Mahtab Ali Khan: Ex-Principal, Govt. College, of Science Education, Township,
Lahore.
Prof. (R.) Rasheed Ahmad Chaudhry: Govt. Shalimar College, Baghbanpura, Lahore.
Prof.(R.) Javed Iqbal Chaudhry: Govt. College of Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore.
Muhammad Idrees Asad: Desk Officer, Currculum and Textbook Wing, CADD,
Islamabad
Attar-ur-Rahman: Govt, High School, Murree.
Ms. Farida Sadiq: Deputy Director Textbook Wing (Curriculum Department),
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore. Desk Officer,
Punjab Curriculum Authority, Wahdat Road, Lahore.
Mehr Safdar Waleed: Subject Specialist (Social Studies), Punjab Textbook Board,
Lahore

Printing Date Edition Impression Copies Price

Feb 2018 1st 1st 20,000 63.00
 Chapter 6
History of Pakistan – II

Student’s Learning Outcomes

After studying this chapter the students will be able to:
1. Explain the main aspects of the economic reforms during 1971-77.
2. Discuss impact of nationalization on industry, education, commerce and
trade.
3. Identify the key aspects of 1973 constitution.
4. Comprehend the major aspects of the Islamization process during 1977-88
5. Explain the functioning of the Junejo government (1985- 1988).
6. Analyse the Afghan jihad and the refugee problem and their impact on
Pakistani society.
7. Discuss the functioning of the Benazir government.
8. Discuss the functioning of the Nawaz government.
9. Discuss Pakistan’s emergence as a nuclear power.
10. Comprehend the causes of military take-over of 12th October 1999.
11. Define the devolution of power process initiated by Pervez Musharraf’s
government, with particular emphasis on the local self-government.
12. Discuss the 2002 elections and restoration of democracy.
13. Define enlightened moderation.
14. Describe the privatization and industrialization during the Musharraf era.
15. Describe the impact of privatisation.
16. Discuss the economic reforms introduced by Pervez Musharraf and
Shaukat Aziz.

3
 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Era

20th December 1971 to 5th July 1977

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took over the office of President of
Pakistan as well as Civil Martial Law Administrator on
20th December 1971. He was the first civilian Martial Law
Administrator of the country. To create a new spirit in the
nation, enable them to face the challenging conditions and to
make people aware of his policies, he made his first speech
the same day which gave new determination and zeal to
the morale of the Pakistani people. He said, “The country
is facing a serious crisis. I have taken over at a time when
the history of Pakistan has reached its turning point. I have
to build a new and progressive Pakistan which the Quaid-e-
Azam dreamed . It is my belief that it will definitely be done.”

Main aspects of the economic reforms during 1971-77

1. Nationalization of industries
By 1971, 60% of the country’s industrial assets and 80% of the insurance business were
owned by 22 families. On December 22nd, 1971 passports of the 22 capitalist families
were confiscated. Industrial licenses of more than Rs. 100 million worth issued to 19
companies were declared illegal.
Z.A. Bhutto considered industrial development and stability essential for the
development of the people of Pakistan. His main goal was the betterment of the people.
He disagreed with the policies of capitalists, the wealthy and the industrialists. To save
the people from their injustice, Mr. Bhutto issued an ordinance on 2nd January, 1972
under which ten heavy industries were nationalized by the government. The industries
taken over by the government are as under:
i. Automobile industry
ii. Chemical industry
iii. Consumer goods industry
iv. Steel industry
v. Heavy equipment industry
vi. Petrochemical industry
4
 vii. Cement industry
viii. Social welfare services industry
ix. Tractor industry
x. Heavy electrical equipment industry

automobile industry chemical industry

cement industry iron industry

Under the industrial reforms, directors of 20 industrial units were terminated and
their managing agencies were closed. Separate managing directors were appointed for
each industrial unit. In the interest of the country, eleven more industrial units were
nationalized on 16th January,1972. The above mentioned actions of Bhutto’s government
gave strength to economic stability and encouraged industrial development.

2. Nationalization of banks and insurance companies

The big capitalist families had their own banks and insurance companies which were
encouraging the capitalist system. The government was not gaining any considerable
profit from these units. For the economic stability of the country, all insurance
companies were nationalized and merged under the control of State Life Corporation
5
on 19th March, 1972.
All the scheduled banks were also taken over by the government of Pakistan on 1st
January, 1974. Nationalization of banks and insurance companies proved very fruitful
for the economic stability and prosperity of people of Pakistan. The profit gained was
spent for the betterment of the public.

3. Labour reform
Bhutto’s government announced the new labour policy on 10th February, 1972. The
important points are as under:
1. The representatives of the labourers
were included in the administrative
committee which was responsible for
running the affairs of the factory. Their
representation was 20% of the total
strength and they had the right to check
the accounts and stores.
2. Annual bonus equal to one month’s
salary was announced for labourers.
Special bonuses were also announced
in case the production increased.
3. The working time of the labourers
was rescheduled. 48 working hours
within a week were regulated instead labourers
of 54 hours. They would be given extra
remuneration if they willingly worked
overtime.
4. Every labourer would have the rights of old age pension, insurance and gratuity.
Medical facilities under the social security scheme would be given to the
labourers and it would be paid for by the owners.
5. Every labourer would be provided with residential and educational facility.
Medical check-up would be mandatory. Free education up to matriculation of
at least one child was the responsibility of the factory.
6. An Industrial Relations Commission was set up for the settlement of the
disputes among the labourers through trade unions. Junior courts were set up
in this respect so that labourers could have the right to take their cases to the
labour courts.
7. A post of “Stewardship” was created who was responsible for settling differences
between the mill owners and the labourers.
8. Mill owners were bound to give solid reasons before termination of a labourer
for job security purpose so that unfair terminations could be avoided.
6
4. Agricultural reforms
Agriculture is the profession of a majority of
population in Pakistan. To save the farmers from
exploitation, Bhutto’s government announced the
following agricultural reforms:
1. The limit of land ownership irrigated by
canals, was fixed up to 150 acres and land
irrigated by natural rains was up to 300 acres.
The land beyond these limits was confiscated
and distributed among farmers and peasants.
By March 1976, 1.5 million acres of land was
distributed to the farmers. labourers protesting
2. The land purchased by Govt. servants
during their services of two years after their
retirement, was limited up to 100 acres. The
surplus land, would be taken over by the
Govt. The army officers were exempted from
this policy.
3. No one except for educational institutions
was allowed to cross this limit of land.
4. Only landlords would pay the land and water
tax. The peasants would be exempted from it.
5. No extra land was allowed for livestock
farms, stables and gardens. a green field
6. All hunting grounds except for those with the
historical background were taken over by the
government.
7. The landlords were not allowed to evict the
peasants one-sidedly. Only those peasants could
be evicted who did not give apportionments or
violated the rules.
8. Fragments of land were combined under a new
scheme named consolidation of land.
9. Financial aid was given to Anjuman Imdad-
e-Bahami to support mechanised farming
in Pakistan, and its services and work were ploughing with tractor
recognized.
10. For the purchase of agricultural machinery
like tractors, loans were granted to the farmers and landlords on easy instalments.
7
 Impact of Nationalization on Industry, Education,
Commerce and Trade
1. Industry
Here are the positive and negative impacts of nationalization of industry.
Positive impacts
1. Due to the Labour Reforms of 1972, the exploitation of the labourers was ended.
Their salaries and other benefits were increased.
2. The industrial institutions began to pay all duties and taxes to the government,
which increased the national income, and the country advanced towards
progress.
3. The mill owners showed better attitude with the labourers. Strikes were
gradually decreased.
4. The hold of 22 families in the industrial circle ended and the capitalist class was
discouraged.
5. The control over the industrial units helped the government to maintain the
prices of the industrial goods.
Negative impacts
1. Since the industries came under government control, the capitalists set up only
few industries in Pakistan, due to which the industrial development slowed
down. By taking the control of industrial units, the government expenditure
increased tremendously.
2. The labour unions took advantage of the political freedom and went on strikes
and demonstrations frequently for seeking increase in benefits, which greatly
affected the performance of the units.
3. Political appointments of the labourers were made in the industrial units for
nothing who were interested more in benefits than in work. So the speed of
work became slow gradually.
4. The salaried staff did not shoulder their responsibilities seriously which
promoted corruption in the country.
5. Due to government control, many low-production units were also running
which increased the burden on the national treasury.

2. Education
Here are the positive and negative impacts of nationalization of education:
8
Positive impacts
1. The government of Mr. Bhutto nationalized many of the private educational
institutions in the country in 1971. The salaries of the educational staff working
in these institutions were very low. Due to nationalization, the financial benefits
of the employees were brought on a par with those of the government educational
institutions.
2. Students were given special concessions in transport fares which encouraged
the poor parents for sending their children to the government schools. The
student scholarships were also increased four times.
3. Many medical, engineering and professional universities were established for
the better development of the country. Schools and colleges were upgraded
which opened the door for higher education.
4. Training institutions for the school teachers were established in the entire
country, and thousands of untrained teachers were given proper training.
5. Approval was given to set up Allama Iqbal Open University, which provided the
students with an opportunity to study through correspondence and educational
electronic media centers for adults were also opened.
Negative impacts
1. By nationalization of the private educational institutions the government had
to pay the salaries of the staff from the national treasury. This financial burden
increased the difficulties of the government.
2. The owners of the private institutions were unhappy for this nationalization and
they started a struggle to get back their educational institutions.
3. By providing concession to the students in transport fares, tension developed
between the transport owners and students.
4. The unlimited liberty made the students negligent in their educational activities
which was a great concern for the parents.
5. The student unions were organized in the institutions through political parties,
which were a great threat to peace and security.

3. Commerce and trade

Here are the positive and negative impacts of nationalization on commerce and trade:
Positive impacts
1. The nationalization of industrial units increased the production of the state
industries.
2. The Bhutto government encouraged the import of machinery and raw material
for industrial expansion. The trade balance of Pakistan improved and the country
was advanced towards progress. Economic growth started in the country.
9
 3. The export was increased. Even the vegetables and onions began to be exported.
4. Agricultural reforms increased farm produce which enhanced national and
foreign trade.
Negative impacts
1. Inflation affected the salaried class the most. Devaluation of currency though
increased export, but also increased the price of commodities.
2. The import of luxury goods increased. There was an increase in the import
expense of machinery which affected the balance of payment.
3. Due to the burden on the national treasury, the secure reserves of foreign
exchange started decreasing.
4. The increase in oil prices tumbled the trade balance of Pakistan in 1973.

Key Aspects of the Constitution of 1973

1. Preamble
Like the constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the Objectives
Resolution has been included in the preamble of the
constitution of 1973 according to which sovereignty belongs
to Allah Almighty. The people’s representatives would use
their powers as a sacred trust, within the limits of the Quran
and the Sunnah. It was made a regular part of the 1973
constitution through an amendment in 1985.

2. Written Constitution
Like the previous constitutions it is also a written document
which comprises 280 articles, 12 sections and 6 judicial
records.

3. Federal Constitution
Like the previous constitutions, Pakistan has been declared a federal state in the 1973
constitution. The federation of Pakistan consists of four provinces, Federal capital and
adjoining tribal areas which are called FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas) and
PATA (Provincially Administered Tribal Areas).

4. Semi-Rigid Constitution
It is a semi-rigid constitution. The method of amendment is neither too difficult nor
too easy. A two-thirds majority of the Parliament (National Assembly and Senate) is
required to make an amendment in the constitution.
10
5. National Language
Urdu has been declared the national language. In a period of 15 years arrangements will
be made to implement the status of Urdu as the official language. During this period
English will be used as the official language. This has not been possible so far.
6. Islamic Constitution
Islam has been declared as the state religion in the constitution of Pakistan. It has been
declared essential for the President and the Prime Minister to be Muslims. The official
name of the state is the ‘Islamic Republic of Pakistan’. It encourages the practice of the
Islamic mode of life among the citizens. Steps will be taken to abolish interest. Zakat,
Auqaf and Ushr will be enforced.
7. Independent Judiciary
A guarantee has been provided for an independent judiciary. The judges are paid
handsome salaries and have job security. The judiciary has been separated from the
Executive. The judges will perform their duties without any fear or pressure.
8. Parliamentary Constitution
According to the Constitution of 1973, the National Assembly will have a tenure of
five years. The parliamentary form of government was implemented in the country.
The head of the country is the President, and the Prime Minister is the head of the
government. The President is elected by the Parliament and the Provincial Assemblies,
whereas the Prime Minister is elected by a majority in the National Assembly.
9. Supremacy of Constitution
If any person abrogates the constitution or tries to abrogate it, he will be charged with
high treason and prosecuted accordingly.
10. Constitutional Institutions
The constitution of 1973 has set up several institutions like the Council for Common
Interest, National Economic Council, National Finance Commission, Election
Commission of Pakistan and Federal Ombudsman, etc. These institutions work within
their limits and prefer national interest.

11. Bicameral Legislature

The parliament will consist of two houses according to 1973 constitution. The Upper
House is called the Senate and the Lower House is the National Assembly. The provinces
have been given equal representation in Senate and it is a permanent House. Its tenure
is of six years. It consists of 104 members. The National Assembly comprises of 342
members. The total number of the members of the Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) is 446.
11
12. Fundamental Rights
The citizens have all the fundamental rights. The Parliament and Provincial Assemblies
cannot make any law that negates any fundamental right.

General Zia-ul-Haq
Era (1977-1988)
During the elections of 1977, all the political parties in
the country had decided to fight against People’s Party.
All the parties formed an alliance called ‘Pakistan
National Alliance’. Maulana Mufti Mahmud was its
Head. The National Assembly elections were held on
7th March, 1977 in which People’s Party won with
a great majority. The National Alliance blamed it of
rigging the polls and boycotted the provincial elections
held on 10th March. The elections were declared invalid. General Zia-ul-Haq
A movement called ‘Nizam-e-Mustafa’ was started.
When the situation was beyond control, Mr. Bhutto invited the National Alliance for
negotiations. The negotiations were still in progress. When army’s Chief, Zia-ul-Haq,
overthrew the Bhutto government and declared martial law on 5th July 1977. He ruled
over the country for about 11 years from July 1977 to August 1988. General Zia-ul-
Haq was killed in an air crash on 17th August, 1988. The Chairman of Senate, Ghulam
Ishaq Khan, took over as the Caretaker President of Pakistan.

Major Aspects of the

Islamization Process During 1977-88
The major aspects of the Islamization process during 1977-1988 are as under:
1. The Setting up of Shariah Courts
Shariat Benches were set up in all the High Courts on 10th Feb. 1979. Ulema were
appointed as judges in them. Federal Shariat Courts instead of Shariat Benches were
set up in 1980 which hears appeals against the decisions of their subservient courts and
interprets Islam. The appeals against the decisions of the Federal Shariat Courts are
heard by the Shariat Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court.
2. Implementing Shariat Ordinance
The government passed Shariat Ordinance in 1979. All the matters of stealing, drinking,
alcohol, rape and other crimes would be dealt with under Shariat Law.
12
3. Zakat and Ushr Ordinance
According to this ordinance 2.5% of Zakat is deducted from the bank accounts of all
the Muslims on the first of Ramazan every year. This Zakat money is distributed among
the deserving people by the Zakat Councils. 10% ushr deduction from the annual
agricultural produce was started in 1983.

4. Abolition of interest
For abolition of interest, accounts were opened on the basis of profit and loss on 1st
Jan. 1981 and all saving accounts were converted to PLS account from 1st July 1984.

5. Islamiat and Pakistan Studies as Compulsory Subjects

The study of Islamiat and Pakistan Studies were made compulsory up to B.A. in all the
educational institutions. This step was taken to harmonize the educational system with
Islam.

6. Prayer arrangements
Arrangements were made in all the educational institutions and government offices
for offering of Zuhr prayers. Prayer committees were formed to attract the people to
prayers.

7. Ehtram-e- Ramazan Ordinance

Ehtaram-e-Ramazan Ordinance was passed. The people not observing the sanctity of
the month of Ramazan could be jailed for three months and fined 500 rupees.

8. Religious Schools
In Zia’s regime, many religious schools were looked after by the government and they
were given annual grants. Their degrees were considered equal to M.A.

9. Compulsory study of Arabic

The study of the Arabic language was made compulsory from Grade 6 to Grade 8.

10. The International Islamic University

The International Islamic University in Islamabad was started in 1981 for Islamic
learning and law research.

11. The setting up of a Shariat faculty

A shariat faculty was set up in the Quaid-e-Azam University in Islamabad which would
provide teaching of Hadith, Fiqh and Islamic law.

13
 The Era of Government of
Muhammad Khan Junejo
(1985-1988)
General Zia-ul-Haq amended 1973 Constitution from
parliamentary to a presidential system. The President took
complete powers and the powers of the Parliament were
curtailed. Non-party elections were held for the National
Assembly in 1985. The first session of the National Assembly
was called on 23rd March, 1985. General Zia-ul-Haq took the
oath as the President for the next five years, and Muhammad Muhammad Khan Junejo
Khan Junejo took the oath as the Prime Minister.
Following are the important events of Muhammad Khan Junejo era.

Lifting of martial law

General Zia-ul-Haq’s martial law had completed eight years in 1985. After becoming
Prime Minister, Muhammad Khan Junejo declared that martial law should be lifted.
Then the Parliament and Provincial Assemblies passed bills to lift it which was done
on 30th Dec. 1985.
Muhammad Khan Junejo as President of the Muslim League
All the non-party members of the National Assembly formed an official parliamentary
group in January 1986 which was named as the ‘Pakistan Muslim League’. Muhammad
Khan Junejo was elected its president. He started to expand Muslim League membership
in the entire country. The Provincial Chief Ministers became Muslim League’s provincial
presidents and its offices were opened all over Pakistan. The Muslim League was
organized as a political party and its primary units started enrolment at the lower level.
Foreign tours
The lifting of martial law and the restoration of democracy was welcomed by the
foreign world. Muhammad Khan Junejo made successful tours of Turkey, Germany
and the United States of America in 1986. Different agreements of mutual interest were
signed during these tours.
Development programmes of Muhammad Khan Junejo’s
government
Muhammad Khan Junejo’s modesty, honesty and national spirit were very much liked
by the public. The 7- marla housing scheme, 5- point development programme and
14
plans to raise the literacy rate were appreciated, which played an important role for the
development of the country.
Ojhri Camp Disaster
A sudden fire broke out in an arms depot located between Rawalpindi and Islamabad in
1988. Many citizens were killed in this disaster. After hectic efforts of one week, it was
brought under control. The Prime Minister was on a tour of Sindh, and the President on
a tour of Kuwait. Both returned immediately to Islamabad. The Prime Minister formed
an investigation committee and its report was presented to President Zia-ul-Haq.

The dismissal of the Junejo government

Due to some political changes, differences developed between the President and the
Prime Minister in 1988.
After returning from foreign tour, the Prime Minister called a press conference on 29th
May, 1988 at the airport and answered the questions of the news reporters. On the same
day, the President declared dismissal of the Junejo Government and dissolution of all
assemblies in a press conference held in Army House. This is how three years’ regime
of Muhammad Khan Junejo ended.

Afghan Jihad, Refugee Problem and Their

Impact on Pakistani Society
The invasion by Russian forces into Afghanistan in 1979 created a new challenge for
Pakistan. General Zia-ul-Haq adopted a firm policy with great confidence and courage,
and stood against the intervention of the Russian forces.

The beginning of jihad

Afghan nation bravely, stood against the Russian attack, and started jihad. The moral
support of the Government of Pakistan raised the morale of Afghan Mujahideen.
The Mujahideen inflicted heavy defeats on Russian forces in every field. Russia was
completely demoralized and became helpless in 1986, but the jihad was continued. The
continuous defeats disappointed the Russians tremendously.

Geneva Accord
America and Russia signed an accord in April 1988 in Geneva. The Prime Minister of
Pakistan, Muhammad Khan Junejo also participated and signed it. Russia accepted its
defeat and withdrew its forces from Afghanistan on 15th February, 1989. This was the
end of Afghan Jihad.
15
The impact on Pakistani society
The migration of Afghan refugees to Pakistan during Russian attack had far-reaching
effects on Pakistani society. More than 30 lakh Afghan refugees migrated to Pakistan.
Pakistan gave shelter to the refugees and looked after them properly out of Islamic
brotherhood and human sympathy. The services of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
are praiseworthy in Afghan jihad. Pakistan was appreciated internationally for the
successful Afghan policy.

Benazir Bhutto’s First

Government Era (Dec. 1988
to Aug. 1990)
General elections were held in 1988 in Pakistan. People’s
Party’s leader Benazir Bhutto was elected Pakistan’s and
Islamic world’s first woman Prime Minister. The following
are the important events of Benazir Bhutto’s first term:

1. The dissolution of the Balochistan Benazir Bhutto

Assembly
The Chief Minister of Balochistan, Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali, had just not gained
the vote of confidence from the Balochistan Assembly in 1988 that the Benazir Bhutto
government dismissed it. The Balochistan High Court took up the case, declared it as
unconstitutional and restored the house.

2. Presidential elections
Ghulam Ishaq Khan won the presidential elections against Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan
in Dec 1988 and took the oath for the office.

3. Pakistan rejoins Commonwealth

After separation from the Commonwealth in 1972, Pakistan rejoined it in 1989.

4. Foreign Policy
The Govt. of Benazir Bhutto adopted a ‘no-confrontation policy’ with India. When
Rajiv Gandhi visited Pakistan to participate in the fourth SAARC Conference, Benazir
Bhutto joined hands for establishing good relations with him.

5. Social Welfare
The government had launched the Peoples Works Programme for development and
social welfare of the country. For providing employment to the public, a department,
16
Placement Bureau, was set up. Thousands of people got employment through it.

The dismissal of the Benazir Bhutto government

President Ghulam Ishaq Khan using the powers under Section 58-2-B of the constitution
dismissed the Benazir Bhutto government on the charges of corruption and dissolved
the National Assembly on 6th August, 1990. Her first government lasted for about 20
months.

Benazir Bhutto’s Second Government Era

(Oct. 1993 to Nov. 1996)
Benazir Bhutto was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan for the second time in October
1993.
The following are the important events of the second term.

1. Development Programmes
During Benazir Bhutto’s second term, construction of Karachi Flyover Bridge and
Lahore Bypass was started.
2. Plans for farmers and women
Benazir Bhutto set up Kissan Bank for providing loans to farmers and launched the
National Tractor Scheme. Social and health policies were framed for women. Women
police stations and courts were set up for providing legal facilities to this class.
3. 8th 5 -Year Plan
The government launched the Eighth 5-Year Plan which resulted in rapid development
and prosperity of the country.
4. Foreign visits and the Kashmir issue
Mrs. Bhutto made successful visits to Iran and Turkey. She gained moral support of
these countries on the Kashmir issue. Many agreements of cooperation in different
fields were signed.
5. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government
The government of the Chief Minister, Pir Sabir Shah of the Muslim League and the
Assambly were dissolved in 1994 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Aftab Ahmad Sherpao
of the People’s Party was elected as Chief Minister.
The dismissal of the government of Benazir Bhutto
Differences on different matters were developed between President Mr. Farooq Ahmed
Leghari and Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. He dismissed the government on charges
17
of corruption by using the powers under 58-2-B of the constitution. Benazir Bhutto
ruled over the country for about 3 years this time.

Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s Government

Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif enjoyed two terms for ruling the country:
First government term (November 1990 to July 1993)
Second government term (February 1997 to October 1999)

Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s first government

Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif of Pakistan Muslim
League took the oath as Prime Minister of the country on
November 1990. The important events of his first term are
as under:
1. Announcement of Agricultural Policy
Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif government announced
Agricultural Policy for the betterment of the farmers in
1991. 10 crore rupees were allocated for this policy.
2. Privatization Commission
The government constituted Privatization Commission Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif
in 1991. Official banks and financial institutions were
reformed accordingly. Banks in private sector were encouraged. Some banks and
other institutions were sold out through this Privatization Commission which created a
positive impact on the national economy.
3. Agreement among provinces on water distribution
A moot dispute was going on the water distribution of the River Indus among the four
provinces of Pakistan. Through the efforts of the government, an agreement was signed
among the provinces and the dispute of water was resolved forever.
4. Baitul Maal
The government of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif established Baitul Maal in 1992
which provided financial help and aid for the poor.

5. Foreign Policy
The government brought many positive changes in its foreign policy. Peace was
brought in Afghanistan through negotiation with different Afghan leaders. Efforts
were continued for patching up among different groups. India was officially invited for
resolving Kashmir issue, but these negotiations were not successful. When extremists
18
in India demolished Babri Mosque in 1992, National Assembly of Pakistan passed
a condemnation resolution. The government of Pakistan made its best efforts for
establishing good relations with America and the rest of the world. Pakistan adopted a
defensive policy at the American invasion of Iraq.
6. National plans
The government started national schemes like National Construction Programme, Self-
Employment Scheme, Motorway Project and Yellow Cab Scheme for betterment of
people which proved to be quite successful.
The dismissal of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif government
President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed Nawaz Sharif’s government under section 58-
2-B of the constitution in April 1993. He had ruled for about years. Mr. Balakh Sher
Mazari was appointed as caretaker Prime Minister. The Muslim League filed an appeal
against this presidential decision in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court cancelled
the presidential decision and restored Nawaz Sharif’s government. But differences
between Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Nawaz Sharif got more tense. At last, Nawaz Sharif
resigned as the Prime Minister of Pakistan and Ghulam Ishaq Khan resigned from the
post of the President of Pakistan in July 1993. Moeen Qureshi was selected as caretaker
Prime Minister and announced elections in the country.
Second Term of Government of Mr. Nawaz Sharif
New elections were conducted and Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was again elected
as PM in February 1997. Here are some important events of the government.

1. The resignations of Justice Sajjad Ali Shah and Farooq

Ahmed Khan Leghari
After one month, differences developed between Chief Justice of Pakistan, Sajjad Ali
Shah, and Nawaz Govt. The confrontation was resolved through army intervention and
Chief Justice had to resign from his office. President of Pakistan, Farooq Ahmed Khan
Leghari, also resigned from the Presidency later on.

2. Justice (Retd) Rafiq Tarar elected as President of Pakistan

Justice (Retd) Rafiq Tarar was elected as President against Aftab Shaban Mirani of
People’s Party in Dec. 1997 and became the President of Pakistan.

3. ‘Retire debt, adorn the country’ scheme

Economic condition of the country was not improving and the government had to take
loans from the IMF for its budget. Nawaz Sharif started a scheme called ‘Retire debt,
adorn the country’ and appealed to the nation to pay off the foreign loans. The nation
welcomed this scheme and about 17 billion rupees were collected till June 1999 in this
head.
19
4. Rights of vote to Pakistanis abroad
The government gave the right to vote to Pakistanis living abroad which developed
their interest towards Pakistan.

5. Restriction on floor crossing

The government imposed restriction on party floor crossing by the members of the
Assembly under 14th amendment of the 1973 constitution. Through this amendment
the elected member of the Assembly was bound to give the vote of confidence only to
their own party leader. Violator was to be expelled from the party.
6. Census of 1998
The census of the people was conducted in 1998. The population of the country reached
over 13 crores according to this census.
7. The announcement of an education policy
Syed Ghous Ali Shah, Federal Minister for Education announced the new educational
policy in 1998, which was aimed at opening many new academic institutions.
8. Lahore-Islamabad Motorway
The Lahore-Islamabad Motorway, one of the longest motorways of South Asia, was
a great achievement of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif. It was planned in his first
term, but was completed in his second term. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif himself
inaugurated the Motorway in 1998.
9. The repeal of clause 58-2-B from the 1973 constitution
Clause 58-2-B of the constitution which gave president the power to dissolve the
National Assembly at any time, was removed from the 1973 constitution by Nawaz
government with the support of the opposition through the 13th Amendment.
10. Atomic blasts
The Nawaz government had shattered the dreams of superiority of India in the atomic
field by doing atomic blasts on 28th May 1998. This made Pakistan the 7th atomic
power of the world.

11. Lahore Declaration

The Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, visited Lahore by bus with a message
of peace and goodwill. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif welcomed him at Wagah
Border. Both leaders announced many plans to normalize mutual relations. A joint
communiqué was signed which was called ‘Lahore Declaration’.

20
12. The entry of the army into WAPDA
WAPDA was handed over to army by the Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif goverment.
to root out its corruption and to reduce load-shedding in 1999. This produced very
encouraging results.

13. Kargil invasion

In 1999, a war broke out between India and Pakistan on Kargil. Later, on intervention
of the American President, Bill Clinton, both countries declared ceasefire.

The removal of Nawaz Sharif Government

General Parvez Musharraf removed the democratic government of Mian Muhammad
Nawaz Sharif and took over the country on 12th October 1999. The ‘Plane Hijack Case’
was filed against Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif. He was sentenced to imprisonment
and was declared unfit for any public post by a special court. On the intervention of
Saudi Government, he was sent in exile to Saudi Arabia.

Pakistan as a Nuclear Power

When Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took over powers in 1971, he declared that atomic energy
is necessary for our progress and defence but we want atomic energy not for war or
destruction but for our prosperity and development. The first atomic plant of Pakistan
was set up in Karachi in 1971 but it was not fulfilling the country’s needs. For the
development of the growing industries in Pakistan, it was very essential to obtain more
atomic energy.
When India did its first atomic blast in the Rajasthan Desert in 1974, it became an
atomic power. With this blast, the balance of power in South Asia was disturbed;
therefore, Pakistan had to make its efforts to become an atomic power. Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto wished to obtain an atomic re-processing plant from France. An agreement was
signed between the two countries for a plant in 1976. Out of the total cost of 40 crore
dollars for the plant, the first instalment of 10 crore dollars was paid but India, Russia,
America and other atomic powers did not appreciate this. They pressurized France, due
to which France refused to provide the plant to Pakistan.
France refused to provide the plant to Pakistan. General Zia-ul-Haq’s government
continued this programme under Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan’s supervision. He announced
that Pakistan had obtained the technique of uranium enrichment in 1984.
On this announcement the enemies of Pakistan started their propaganda movement
against Pakistan’s nuclear programme. It was blamed that Pakistan could use the atomic
weapons through American F-16 and French Aircraft Mirage which had access to big
cities of India. Dr. Qadeer Khan claimed in 1989 that Pakistan had gained the capability
to build an atomic bomb or device.
21
India and Pakistan had kept their programmes secret from each other, but with its atomic
blast in 1974, it was exposed to the world that India was an atomic power. America was
completely silent but when Pakistan proceeded in this field, the Pressler Amendment
was enforced rapidly.
When the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power in India in 1998, it conducted
five atomic blasts in Pokhran (Rajasthan) on 11th May, 1998 to establish its atomic
supremacy in the region. President Bill Clinton forced Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif
not to reply the Indian aggression and threatened to curtail economic aid to Pakistan if
it conducted blasts in return, but Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif refused to accept Bill
Clinton’s threat.
In spite of international pressure, and the government demonstrated courage on the
demand of the public and conducted 7 blasts in the Chaghi Hills of Balochistan in reply
to the five blasts of India.
Pakistan became the world’s seventh and the Islamic world’s first atomic power. As soon
as ‘Allah-o-Akbar’ sounded over the Chaghi Hills, the Pakistani nation was excited
with pride and the enemy’s arrogance dashed to ground. 28th May was declared Youm-
e-Takbeer. The nation celebrates this day with full honour and enthusiasm every year.

The Causes of the Military Take-over

of 12th October, 1999
1. On 12 October 1999, the Chief of Army Staff General Pervaz Musharraf suspended
the constitution, overthrew the government of Prime Minister Mian Muhammad
Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and dissolved the national and provincial assemblies.
The Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s decision of appointing
General Zia-ud-Din, Chief of Army Staff was also declared unconstitutional.
2. Later on, Supreme Court, in a decision, gave General Pervez Musharraf’s government
a period of three years so he could bring constitutional and social reforms in the
country.

The System of Devolution of Powers

Initiated by Pervez Musharraf with
Particular Emphasis on Local Self-
Government
Local Government
A government by the local people who formulate and
implement domestic policies at the local level is called G. Pervez Musharraf

22
the local self-government.

Historical background
The following is the historical background of the system of the local government in
Pakistan.
Viceroy Lord Rippon’s system of local governments
Viceroy Lord Rippon enforced the Local Government system through an act in 1884 in
South Asia and established local boards at district and tehsil levels. Their responsibility
was to solve the problems of local people, but these institutions failed to solve the
problems because they had neither the powers nor the financial resources.

President Ayub Khan’s Basic Democracies System

President Ayub Khan issued an order for Basic Democracies on 27th October, 1959 which
introduced a system of local government in Pakistan. It was called ‘Basic Democracy’
system. Its main aim was to transfer the power at the lower level through their own
representatives. This system could not bring any substantial changes and came to an end.
The system of local governments was not even successful in the Bhutto regime.

General Zia-ul-Haq’s Local Government System

When Zia-ul Haq came to power, the Local Government system was enforced again and
the elections of Local Governments were conducted twice. This system was established
on a firm basis and it kept on progressing step by step but the majority of people could
not get reasonable benefit from this system.

Local Government Plan 2000

General Pervez Musharraf promised to bring visible changes in the system of local
governments soon after coming to power on Oct.12, 1999. The power was to be
transferred to the lower level of the public. The local government in Pakistan was
divided into three parts – union government, tehsil government and district government.

1. Union Government
A Union Government comprises a Nazim, Naib Nazim, Union Council and Union
Administration. People elect 13 members of a Union Council among which are: one
Nazim, one Naib Nazim, four male General Councillors, four female General Councillors,
two male Farmers/Labour Councillors, two female Farmers/Labour Councillors and one
Minority Councillor.
The duties of a Union Council include the security arrangements within its boundary,

23
making the annual development programme for the area, imposing taxes at the local level
and solving the criminal and civil cases of small nature, and land and family disputes.
2. Tehsil Government
The tehsil government comprises Tehsil Nazim, Naib Tehsil Nazim, Tehsil Council and
Tehsil Administration. The educational qualifications of the Tehsil Nazim and the Naib
Nazim shell be at least matric. They will be elected by all the union councillors present
in Tehsil. The Tehsil Nazim is the administrative head of the tehsil government.
The Naib Nazims of all the Union Councils of the Tehsil are included in the Tehsil
council. 33% of the seats in the Tehsil Council are for women, 5% seats will be for
farmers and labourers and 5% seats will be reserved for the minorities.
The Tehsil Nazim will be the head of the Tehsil Government. A Tehsil Municipal Officer
(TMO) will work under the Tehsil Nazim.
Four Tehsil Officers (TOs) will work under the Tehsil Municipal Officer and supervise
the affairs of the different departments. These departments include finance, budget and
accounts, record of land revenue, planning, rural and urban development, municipal
coordination and its stages etc.
3. District Government
The district government comprises Nazim, Naib Nazim, Council and Administration.
The head of the district government is the District Nazim. In one district, the Nazims of
all the Union Councils are included in the District Council.
Out of the total seats in a district council, 33% seats are for women, 5% seats for
farmers and labourers and 5% seats are reserved for the minorities.
From one district, all the elected union councillors, Nazims and Naib Nazims together
elect the District Nazim and Naib Nazim. The District Nazim is the head of all the
administrative powers. The district police and administration are answerable to the
District Nazim. The District Nazim provides political leadership and is responsible for
the development and prosperity of his district.
The administration of the district is run by the District Coordination Officer (D.C.O).
The District administration is comprised of different departments and the head of every
department is called the Executive District Officer (EDO). The district administration
frames the rules and regulations for the district. After getting the approval of the District
Nazim and the District Council for the different programmes and budget, it gets them
implemented in the district. The district government also has the powers to impose tax.
It can increase or decrease them.

24
 2002 Elections and Restoration of Democracy
Condition of B.A. (graduation)
Elections were held in October 2002. General Pervez Musharraf took the oath as the
President of the country for the next five years in November 2002. For the first time in
Pakistan, it was declared mandatory for a candidate to be a graduate.

Absolute authority of General Pervez Musharraf

According to the Legal Framework Order (LFO), General Pervez Musharraf was given
unlimited powers. He could appoint governors, three heads of the armed forces, Chief
Election Commissioner and the Chairman of Federal Public Service Commission. He
could dissolve the assemblies.

LFO as a cause of dispute and elections 2008

LFO became the main cause of dispute between the government and the opposition.
Prime Minister Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali made utmost efforts for reconciliation
between the government and the opposition. All the opposition parties A.R.D. published
a white paper in 2003 on the price hike, unemployment, waiving off the loans of
favourite people and failure of Musharraf government on internal and external fronts.
The National Assembly again elected General Pervez Musharraf on 1st Jan 2004. He
announced elections in January 2008 with the condition that he would be elected as
President for the next five years before dissolution of the present assembly.
General Pervez Musharraf was re-elected as President for the next five years. Elections
were held in February, 2008. The People’s Party and The Muslim League (N) gained
the majority in these elections, but The Muslim League (Q) failed miserably. Syed
Yousaf Raza Gilani was elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan.

General Musharraf’s Concept of Enlightenment

After coming to power, General Pervaz Musharraf introduced a concept of enlightened,
inspired by the ideas of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. In view of this concept, he made some
changes in the educational curriculum which were opposed by the religious scholars.
Restrictions on newspapers and magazines were lifted. Due to which, many private
television channels started their operations. For the first time in the history of Pakistan
a female doctor, Shamshad Akhtar, was appointed the Governor of the State Bank of
Pakistan. Women were appointed, for the first time, fighter pilots in the Air Force by the
government. Women were allowed to contest on general seats despite having reserved
25
seats in the national and provincial assemblies. Women were given small loans without
guarantees on easy terms by the banks. Women were appointed traffic wardens in main
cities of Punjab. A direct commission was made possible for the women in the army.

Privatisation and Industrialization during

the Musharraf era
Before Pervez Musharraf, Benazir Bhutto and Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif started
privatisation process. Its aim was to end poverty and the payment of foreign loans. In
Musharraf and Shaukat Aziz’s government, the income from privatization was spent on
the payment of foreign loans and social welfare.

The Habib Bank was sold for only Rs. 22 billion and the UBL was sold for only 13
billion rupees in Dec. 2004. The Privatisation Commission sold 26% shares of the PTCL
to Etisalaat, a Dubai company, Pak-Arab Fertilizer of Mirpur Mathelo for 8 billion, the
Pak-Arab Fertilizers of Multan for 13 billion, and Pak American Fertilizers, the largest
government factory, was sold for 16 billion rupees. The Musharraf and Shaukat Aziz’s
government earned 2.5 billion dollars in a year through privatisation.

Setting up of new Industries

During Musharraf’s government, many new industries were set up in the country. Car
assembly plant industry, motorcycle assembly plant industry, sugar industry, chemical
industries, industries for making goods of basic needs, electrical equipment industries,
cement industries and steel making industry are worth mentioning.

Impact of privatisation
Positive impacts:
●● The government income increases by privatisation.
●● The load on the government to run the institutions is reduced or comes to zero.
●● Private institutions are encouraged and investment in the country increases.
●● Quality goods are produced in factories and the work capacity of the employees
is increased.
Negative impacts:
●● Unemployment increases and employees lose their jobs.
●● The country’s capital decreases and the personal capital increases.
●● The cost of goods increases.
26
 ●● Privatization creates unrest and insecurity among the employees working in an
institution.
Economic Reforms Introduced by Pervez Musharraf
and Shaukat Aziz

Shaukat Aziz G. Pervez Musharraf

1. Increase in GDP and setting up of new industries

Pervez Musharraf and Shaukat Aziz paid special attention to Gross Domestic Product
(GDP). There was a 7% increase in it. They made economic policies and set up new
industries in the country.

2. Incentives of Investment
The overseas Pakistanis were advised to make investment in different fields of their
country for future development. The foreign investors were also advised to make
investments in Pakistan. 22% increase in the investment was achieved.

3. Reduction in country’s deficit

Before the Musharraf period the country’s deficit was 7%, which was brought down to
4.5%. He took many positive measures to reduce poverty from 32% to 20%.

4. Obtaining energy
In order to get continuous supply of electricity and obtain energy, plans were made to
increase hydel power production, and change thermal plants to gas and coal plants.

27
 Exercise

(Part-1)
1 Four options are given for every question. Tick () the correct option.

i. On 20th December,1971 took the oath of president of Pakistan and Chief Martial
Law Administrator.
(a) Muhammad Khan Junejo (b) Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
(c) Muhammad Nawaz Sharif (d) Benazir Bhutto
ii. Youm-e-Takbeer is celebrated on:
(a) 23rd March (b) 15th June
(c) 1st May (d) 28th May
iii. In South Asia, through an act, the Viceroy Lord Rippon implemented the system
of local governments in:
(a) 1854 (b) 1864
(c) 1874 (d) 1884
iv. Zakat is deducted from the Muslim account holders at the percentage of:
(a) 2½% (b) 3%
(c) 3½% (d) 4%
v. 33% of the total seats of district council is reserved for:
(a) women (b) farmers
(c) minorities (d) social workers
vi. The total members of the National Assembly are:
(a) 322 (b) 342
(c) 382 (d) 442
vii. Pakistan did atomic blasts in:
(a) 1993 (b) 1995
(c) 1998 (d) 2001
viii. In 1993 government of the Benazir Bhutto started five year plan.
(a) fifth (b) sixth
(c) seventh (d) eighth
ix. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif himself inaugurated the motorway on its
completion ceremony in.
(a) 1998 (b) 1996
(c) 1994 (d) 1992

28
2 Give short answers.
1. Write two duties of the Union Council.
2. Why was Washington Declaration made?
3. Why did President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismiss the Benazir Bhutto overnment?
4. Write two measures taken for women in the Musharraf government.
5. Under which law did America discontinue the supply of defence armaments to
Pakistan?
6. What is meant by Lahore Declaration?
7. Why is the 1973 Constitution called the federal constitution?
8. What was the limit of the agricultural land which Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto fixed for the individual holding?
9. Under which amounts were the Habib Bank and the UBL privatized?
10. In which election was graduation made conditional for the candidates?
(Part-2)
3 Give detailed answers.
i. Narrate the formation of a District Government and its duties.
ii. Explain the efforts made for Islamization between 1977 and 1988.
iii. Explain the Nuclear Programme of Pakistan.
iv. Write comprehensive notes on the following:
a. Tehsil Council b. Tehsil Administration
c. Tehsil Nazim and Naib Nazim
v. Narrate the important events of the Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif Government.
vi. State the important events of the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto Government.
vii. Describe the important aspects of the 1973 Constitution.
viii. Explain the following:
a. Jihad-e-Afghanistan
b. The nationalization of industries in Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto period.

Activity Discuss the voting procedure with your teacher.

29