First International Conference on

Construction in Developing Countries

“Advancing and Integrating Construction Education, Research and Practice”
August 4-5, 2008, Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract Book

Editors
Sarosh H. Lodi
Syed M. Ahmed
Rizwan U. Farooqi
Muhammad Saqib
 Proceedings of the

First International Conference on

Construction in Developing Countries
“Advancing and Integrating Construction Education, Research
& Practice”

August 4 - 5, 2008
Karachi, Pakistan

Jointly Organized By

Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering &

Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

Department of Construction Management, Florida International

University, Miami, Florida, USA

Supported By

United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

Higher Education Commission Pakistan (HEC)
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
Proceedings of First International Conference on Construction in Developing Countries
“Advancing and Integrating Construction Education, Research & Practice”

Edited By: Sarosh H. Lodi

Syed M. Ahmed
Rizwan U. Farooqui
Muhammad Saqib

Published By:

Department of Civil Engineering,

NED University of Engineering & Technology,
Karachi, Pakistan.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form
(including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means or whether or not
transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written
permission of the copyright holder. Authors of papers in these proceedings are authorized
to use their own material freely. Applications for the copyright holder’s written
permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to:

Prof. Sarosh H. Lodi

Department of Civil Engineering
NED University of Engineering & Technology,
Karachi, Pakistan.
Email: [email protected]

ii
 Steering Committee
Prof. Dr. Sarosh H. Lodi (Chair) NED University, Pakistan
Syed M. Ahmed (Co-Chair) Florida International University, USA
Rizwan U. Farooqui (Technical Chair) Florida International University, USA
Dr. Muhammad M. Rafi NED University, Pakistan
Mr. Muhammad Saqib NED University, Pakistan
Mr. Farhan Saleem Florida International University, USA
Mr. Farrukh Arif NED University, Pakistan

Advisory Committee
Prof. Dr. Sahibzada F. A. Rafeeqi NED University, Pakistan
Irtishad U. Ahmad Florida International University, USA
Yimin Zhu Florida International University, USA
Dr. Mir S. Ali NED University, Pakistan
Dr. Asad-ur-Rehman Khan NED University, Pakistan
Prof. Faheem Ahsan NED University, Pakistan
Dr. Abdul S. Khan NED University, Pakistan
Dr. Fuad H. Mallick BRAC University, Bangladesh

International Scientific Committee

Dr. Bambang Trigunarsyah Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Dr. Sherif Mohamed Griffith University, Australia
Dr. Jian Li Hao Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Dr. Tayyab Maqsood Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia
Dr. Boong Ryoo Florida International University, USA
Dr. Paul H. K. Ho City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
Dr. Jyh-Bin Yang Chung-Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan
Dr. Jose Faria Florida International University, USA
Dr. Zhi Ge North Dakota State University, USA
Dr. Mohamed N. Darwish Alexandria University, Egypt
Dr. Aretoulis N. Georgios Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Dr. Chang T. Hyun University of Seoul, South Korea
Dr. Ashutosh Bhardwaj Construction Industry Development Council, India
Dr. Brian Moore Georgia Southern University, USA
Dr. Vasantha Abeysekera UNITEC, New Zealand
Dr. Hamimah Adnan University Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Dr. Emre Bayraktar Florida International University, USA
Prof. Albert P.C. Chan Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Prof. Dongping Fang Tsinghua University, China
Dr. Theodore C. Haupt Cape Peninsula Uni. of Technology, South Africa
Prof. Michael Hein Auburn University, USA
Dr. Dean Kashiwagi Arizona State University, USA
Dr. Abdul S. Kazi VTT, Finland

iii
Dr. Mohan Kumaraswamy University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Dr. Malik M. A. Khalfan Salford University, UK
Dr. Johnny H. Mok Hong Kong College of Technology, Hong Kong
Dr. Abid Nadeem Hong Kong College of Technology, Hong Kong
Dr. Amarjit Singh University of Hawaii, USA
Dr. Yimin Zhu Florida International University, USA
Dr. Zuhair E. Itr Southern Polytechnich State University, USA
Dr. Khalid Siddiqi Southern Polytechnich State University, USA
Dr. Ronald A. Baier Florida International University, USA
Dr. Mehmet E. Bayraktar Florida International University, USA
Dr. Eugene D. Farmer Florida International University, USA
Dr. Jose D. Mitrani Florida International University, USA

Keynote Speakers
Irtishad U. Ahmad Florida International University, USA
Prof. Dr. Sahibzada F. A. Rafeeqi NED University, Pakistan

iv
 Preface
This volume comprises the abstracts of contributed papers presented at the First International
Conference on Construction in Developing Countries, ICCIDC-I 2008 held on August 4-5
2008, in Karachi, Pakistan.

ICCIDC-I 2008 is jointly organized by Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of

Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan and Department of Construction Management,
Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA. This international conference is
arranged as part of a USAID funded research project entitled “Developing a Strategic Model
for Improvement of Construction Project Management Education, Research, and Practice in
Pakistan” aimed at developing strategic model for improving the construction industry of
Pakistan.

The impact of infrastructure development and construction practices is known to be

significant on the economy of any country. These practices improve the construction project
management of any country. Therefore, this international conference is aspired to promote
construction management practices and create awareness among different industry
professionals. The main aim of this conference is to bring together renowned and qualified
contractors, clients, academics and other professionals from all over the world, for the
presentation and exchange of their thoughts and experiences on concepts, trends and
practices of present-day construction management scenarios.

The conference is aimed at providing a platform for real life case studies contribution and
assessment and evaluation of the current construction engineering, technology, management,
research and education status of the industry in the view of the participants. The conference is
intended to offer a stimulating environment to encourage discussion and exchange of ideas
leading to endorsement of construction engineering, technology and management in
developing countries.

This is a peer reviewed conference and all the papers included in the conference proceedings
have been selected after an intensive review process performed by the international technical
committee.

I would like to extend my appreciation to the Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and
the International Scientific Committee for the devotion of their precious time, advice and
hard work to prepare for this Conference. Special thanks are due to United States Agency for
International Development (USAID), Higher Education Commission Pakistan (HEC), and
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), who have provided us immense support in organizing
the conference. Appreciation is also due to our local sponsors including M/s ER Solutions,
M/s Amreli Steels (Pvt.) Ltd., M/s Principal Builders, and National Foundation for Resource
Development (NFRD). Last but not the least I would like to acknowledge and give special
appreciation to our keynote speakers for their valuable contribution, our delegates for being
with us and sharing their experiences, and our invitees for participating in ICCIDC-I 2008,
Karachi, Pakistan.

Prof. Sarosh H. Lodi

Conference Chair

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface v

1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNICIANS TRAINING: IT’S

RELEVANCE TO THE MODERN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN
KENYA
Obudho S. Omondi 1

2. INTEGRATED TIME AND COST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR

PROJECT MONITORING, EVALUATION AND CONTROL
Edem O. P. Akpan, Ifeoma V. Ihim, Achimba C. Ogbonna and Charles N.
Ononuju 2

3. THE EFFECT OF MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ON PROJECT

(HOUSING) FINANCE IN EMERGING ECONOMIES
Adeboye Akinwunmi, Rod Gameson, Felix Hammond and Paul
Olomolaiye. 3
4. FINDING WAYS FOR ENHANCING POSTGRADUATE LEVEL
EDUCATION IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN
Syed M. K. Huda, Rizwan U. Farooqui and Muhammad Saqib 4
5. MULTIPLE RESOURCE CONSTRAINT TIME-COST-RESOURCE
OPTIMIZATION USING GENETIC ALGORITHM
Habib Fathi and Abbas Afshar 5

6. AN IMPROVED LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR ONE-

DIMENSIONAL CUTTING STOCK PROBLEM
Abbas Afshar, Helia Amiri and Ehsan Eshtehardian 6

7. A FUZZY-BASED MODEL FOR UNBALANCED BIDDING IN

CONSTRUCTION
Abbas Afshar and Helia Amiri 7

8. APPLYING DELPHI METHOD AND DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

FOR BIDDING
Mostafa Khanzadi, Shahin Dabirian and Hossein Heshmatnejad 8

9. SAFETY PERFORMANCE IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OF

PAKISTAN
Rizwan U. Farooqui, Farrukh Arif and Sahibzada. F. A. Rafeeqi 9

10. THE TREND OF BUILD OPERATE AND TRANSFER (BOT)

PROJECTS IN PAKISTAN
Ammad Hassan Khan, Misbah Jamil and Mudassar Sattar 10

vi
11. RESOURCE-CONSTRAINED MULTI-PROJECT SCHEDULING WITH
RESOURCE MOVING TIME FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN
VIETNAM
Hanh Q. Le 11

12. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL IN THE CONSTRUCTION

OF INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES –
A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN
Ammad H. Khan, Salman Azhar and Arshad Mahmood 12

13. BLACKSPOT STUDY AND ACCIDENT PREDICTION MODEL

USING MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
Fajaruddin Mustakim, Haji I. Yusof, Ismail Rahman, Abdul A. A. Samad
and Nor E. B. M. Salleh 13

14. USE OF TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODEL AS INTELLIGENT

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Mir Shabbar Ali and Ammara Ilyas 14

15. ISSUES IN CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT FOR M. TECH IN

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Tazyeen Ahmad, Amjad Masood, Muhammad. Arif and V.P Mital 15

16. AN ASSESSMENT OF GENERAL TRENDS ADOPTED FOR BIDDING

AND PROCUREMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OF
PAKISTAN
Rizwan U. Farooqui, Muhammad Saqib, Farrukh Arif and Sarosh. H. Lodi 16

17. LINEAR PROGRAMMING FOR OPTIMIZING STRATEGIC

CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE MANAGEMENT
Alireza Mohammadpour, Mostafa Khanzadi and Ehsanollah Eshtehardian 17

18. A STOCASTIC-SIMULATION MODEL FOR LOWEST BID PRICE

EVALUATION: A CASE STUDY IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND
REHABILITATION PROJECTS IN LEBANON
Rola Sammoura and Aziz E. Elsayed 18

19. CONSTRUCTION RISK INSURANCE PRACTICES IN PAKISTAN

Farrukh Arif, Uneb Gazder, Nida Azhar and Rizwan U. Farooqui 19

20. FAILURE OF OVERHEAD WATER TANK IN THE STATE OF UTTAR

PRADESH IN INDIA-A CASE STUDY
Amjad Masood, Tazyeen Ahmad, Muhammad Arif and V.P Mital 20

21. OPTIMIZATION OF UNCERTAIN CONSTRUCTION TIME-COST

TRADE-OFF PROBLEM
Ehsan Eshtehardian, Reza Abbasnia and Abbas Afshar 21

vii
22. UNCERTAIN SCHEDULING BASED ON ACCEPTED RISK LEVEL
AND OPTIMISM OF A PROJECT MANAGER
Ehsan Eshtehardian, Abbas Afshar and Reza Abbasnia 22

23. AGGREGATE CHARACTERIZATION - AN IMPORTANT STEP

TOWARDS ADDRESSING CONSTRUCTION ISSUES IN PAKISTAN
Syeda M. Zaidi, Sahibzada F.A. Rafeeqi, Mir S. Ali and Abid M. Khan 23

24. ASSESSMENT OF CRITICAL SKILLS FOR PROJECT MANAGERS IN

PAKISTANI CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Rizwan U. Farooqui, Muhammad Saqib and Syed M. Ahmed 25

25. APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMATERIALS

IN CONSTRUCTION
Zhi Ge and Zhili Gao 26

26. NONLINEAR DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF COLD-FORMED STEEL

PIPE PIER MODEL USING SHAKING TABLE TEST
Abdul Q. Bhatti and Norimitsu Kishi 27

27. ASSESSMENT OF DEMING’S PHILOSOPHY WITH RESPECT TO ITS

LINK TO THE CURRENT SCENARIO IN PAKISTANI
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Syed M. K. Huda 28

28. PRODUCTION OF LOW COST SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

USING RICE HUSK ASH
Shazim A.Memon, Muhammad A. Shaikh and Hassan Akbar 29

29. THE ACPROM MODEL: AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING

THE CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS
Zubair A. Memon 30

30. ROLE OF CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN ECONOMIC GROWTH:

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN ECONOMY
Raza A. Khan 31

31. RISK IDENTIFICATION FOR INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURE

CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Misbah Jamil, Nadeem A. Mufti and Ammad H. Khan 32

32. APPLICATION OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) IN HONG

KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION – THE CRITICS’
PERSPECTIVES
Albert P.C. Chan, Patrick T.I. Lam, Daniel W.M. Chan and Esther Cheung 33

viii
33. MODELING SUBCONTRACTORS COOPERATION IN TIME;
COOPERATIVE GAME THEORY APPROACH
Mohammad S. Asgari and Abbas Afshar 35

34. ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF PERFORMANCE INFORMATION IN

THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Kenneth Sullivan, Dean Kashiwagi and Brad Carey 36

35. MOVEMENT OF THE LATEST CUTTING EDGE PROJECT

MANAGEMENT/DELIVERY SYSTEMS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF
BOTSWANA
Dean Kashiwagi, Kenneth Sullivan and Joseph Ssegawa 37

36. PERCEIVED RISK ALLOCATION IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE-

PARTNERED (PPP) WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS IN INDONESIA
Andreas Wibowo and Sherif Mohamed 38

37. A STRATEGY FOR UPGRADING BRIDGE INFRASTRUCTURE

NETWORK
Bala Muhunthan and Sherif Mohamed 39

38. DEVELOPMENT OF A FUZZY RISK ASSESSMENT AND

CONTRACTUAL ALLOCATION MODEL FOR IRAN'S DAM
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Majid P. Jalal, Parviz Ghoddosi and Mojtaba Hosseinalipour 40

39. COMPARISON OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT OPTIONS UNDER

PPRA-2004 RULES
Attaullah Shah, Ehsan-ul-Haq and Murtaza A. Shah 41

40. THE INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN-BUILD VARIANTS IN

CONSTRUCTION MARKET OF THE PEOPLE’ REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Xia Bo and Albert. P.C. Chan 42

41. ASSESSMENT OF CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR

CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN PAKISTAN
Muhammad Saqib, Rizwan U. Farooqui and Sarosh. H. Lodi 43

42. SKILLED LABORER MANAGEMENT IN HANDLING CONCURRING

BUILDING PROJECTS AT MULTIPLE SITES: THE BAR BENDERS
JOB SCHEDULING PROBLEM
Ming Lu, Hoi C. Lam, S. L. Tang 44

43. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

(CONSTRUCTABILITY AND ITS RELATION WITH TQM, COST
SHIFTING RISK AND COST/BENEFIT)
Tauqir Haider 45

ix
44. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS COST MODEL (CPCM) APPLIED TO
THE TENDERING PROCESS
Raymond T. Aoieong, S. L. Tang and Ying H. Chuck 46

45. BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM): A NEW PARADIGM

FOR VISUAL INTERACTIVE MODELING AND SIMULATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Salman Azhar, Abid Nadeem, Johnny Y. N. Mok and Brian H. Y. Leung 47

46. ROLE OF OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING IN THE EDUCATION

OF ENGINEEERS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN: A CASE
STUDY OF ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
Attaullah Shah, Ihsan-ul-Haq and Nomana Anjum 48

47. RELIABILITY-BASED MODEL FOR ESTIMATING LONG TERM

PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS UNDER
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
Kamalesh Panthi, Rizwan U. Farooqui and Syed M. Ahmed 49

48. A FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY-

BASED WATER PROJECTS USING MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS
Kamalesh Panthi and Shashi Bhattarai 50

49. MALAYSIA IMPROVISED RAPID ALL-WEATHER SHELTER II

(MIRAS II)
Fajaruddin Mustakim, Ismail Rahman, Abdul A. A. Samad, Kamarul A. H.
M. Sari and Syamsul I. Saidin 51

50. ASSESSING THE VIABILITY OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

IMPLEMENTATION IN CONTRACTING FIRMS OF PAKISTANI
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Rizwan U. Farooqui, Rehan Masood and Junaid Aziz 52

51. COST OVERRUN FACTORS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OF

PAKISTAN
Nida Azhar, Rizwan U. Farooqui and Syed M. Ahmed 53

52. GENETIC ALGORITHM APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE RESOURCE

LEVELING AND NET PRESENT WORTH (NPW)
Elmira Kalhor, Ehsan Eshtehardian, Abbas Afshar 55

x
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNICIANS TRAINING: IT’S
RELEVANCE TO THE MODERN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN
KENYA
Obudho S. Omondi
PhD Student, Building Environment Science and Technology (BEST) Department,
Politecnico di Milano, Milano – Italy
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Training of Building construction technicians in Kenya is targeted at offering the

construction industry a competent workforce that is able to perform the various tasks
bestowed upon it within the construction industry. This paper discusses the training
acquired by these technicians from Technical Vocational Educational Training (TVET)
Institutions vis-à-vis the requirements of the construction industry. Areas considered are
the technicians’ performance at work; what they learn and what is required of them; and
the teaching and learning materials used to train them. Data was collected through
questionnaires, interviews and direct observation at construction sites. Respondents were
construction site supervisors, technicians who had undergone the training, and lecturers
in TVET institutions. The statistical tools used for data analysis were chi-square and the
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Arguably, the findings reveal that the requirements of
the construction industry is not in phase with the technicians performance at work, more
is required of them than what they learn; the teaching and learning materials used need to
be upgraded to simulate what is expected in the construction industry and finally proper
collaboration between the construction industry and TVET institutions in the face of
changing technological trends is recommended.

Keywords: Technicians, Workforce, Training, Building Construction.

1
 INTEGRATED TIME AND COST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
FOR PROJECT MONITORING, EVALUATION AND CONTROL
Edem O. P. Akpan
Professor, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
[email protected]

Ifeoma V. Ihim
MSc Student, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

Achimba C. Ogbonna
Senior Lecturer, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

Charles N. Ononuju
PhD Student, Dept. of Building, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

This study presents an integrated time and cost management system for project
monitoring, an essential ingredient for project evaluation and control as improper project
monitoring normally leads to time and cost overruns and sometimes project
abandonment. Project monitoring essentially entails matching cost with time during
project implementation. However, there is no clear method of marrying the two as
different methodologies are always employed to deal with these two parameters. An
implementation plan using network scheduling technique is presented on time-phased
graphs (Gantt charts), one on top of the other, the top displaying the actual durations and
costs of individual activities during the project implementation stage while the one below
shows the budgeted costs and durations of these activities and by extension the
cumulative costs over a period. A vertical line passing through the two graphs is drawn at
certain intervals or milestones to monitor any variation as to time and cost, and
deductions as to the performance of the model is carried out using two UNDP-sponsored
borehole projects in Abia State of Nigeria based on Earned Value Analysis (EVA), a
methodology used in developing Primavera Software package. Even though the EVA
model seems to give impressive results in terms of cost at certain milestones, it lacks the
potential of identifying those activities having those costs. This is where the beauty of the
proposed model lies, matching time with cost with all the associated activities. The model
has helped to curtail the incidence of time and cost overruns and has also proved
invaluable in project cash flow forecasting and monitoring, project cost evaluation and
project control in general.

Keywords: Network Scheduling, Gantt Chart, Activity-Based-Costing, Earned Value

Analysis, BOQ.

2
 THE EFFECT OF MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ON PROJECT
(HOUSING) FINANCE IN EMERGING ECONOMIES
Adeboye Akinwunmi
School of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton,
Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, United Kingdom.
[email protected]

Rod Gameson
School of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton,
Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, United Kingdom.

Felix Hammond
School of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton,
Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, United Kingdom.

Paul Olomolaiye.
School of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton,
Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, United Kingdom.

ABSTRACT

Most countries in the emerging economies have their financial institutions regulated by
government. With the notion that financial institutions have become less regulated in the
developed economies, emerging economies like China, India, Brazil and Nigeria are
gradually adopting deregulation as a pivotal form of governance. Various
macroeconomic policies adopted in these countries using monetary and fiscal instruments
have limited the ability of their financial institutions to provide long term lending in the
form of syndicated loans and bond issuance needed for infrastructural development,
project finance and in particular housing finance. It is obvious that the housing sector is
closely connected to the overall economy, and therefore, macroeconomic instability has a
negative effect on the housing market. This paper examines the impact of various
instruments of macroeconomic policies on lending activities by the financial institutions
to the housing sector. It is concluded that there is the need for the countries in the
emerging world to adopt investment friendly and risk averse macroeconomic policies as
well as develop the bond and pension fund markets in order to provide the needed finance
for the housing sector.

Keywords: Emerging Economies, Developed Economies, Housing Finance,

Infrastructural Development, Macroeconomic Policies.

3
 FINDING WAYS FOR ENHANCING POSTGRADUATE LEVEL
EDUCATION IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN
S. M. Khalid Huda
Deputy Manager, Road Management Unit, Works & Services Department, Govt. of
Sindh, Pakistan
[email protected]

Rizwan U. Farooqui
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering
and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan & Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Construction
Management, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA

Muhammad Saqib
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering &
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

The research paper focuses on the postgraduate level education being imparted in the Engineering
Universities in Pakistan and their contribution in the development of local Construction Industry.
The Construction Industry is in its infancy as regards to the application of professional
management practices in Pakistan. The curriculum of the engineering universities is designed to
cater to the needs of the industry but due to the lack of any interaction or feedback from the
industry, the universities have not been able to either lead the industry or to equip the students
with the knowledge required to meet the demands of this dynamic industry. Moreover, graduates
working abroad also face problems in adjusting to fast paced construction management practices
and in the use of new technology.

This research paper is basically focused in finding ways for the improvement of the construction
industry, primarily based on the development of the human resources in the form of Engineers
and Construction Managers, who in turn will be trained to face the current and future challenges
faced by the industry. A study has been done to ascertain the student’s expectations from these
courses, before and after their completion, their improved skills, market demand, etc. An effort
has also been made to gauge the industry’s perception and expectations from such types of
programs. Recommendations have been given for the improvement of the construction industry
by focusing on the human resource being trained by the engineering universities.

Keywords: Construction Management, Postgraduate Courses, NED University, Construction

Industry, Pakistan

4
 MULTIPLE RESOURCE CONSTRAINT TIME-COST-RESOURCE
OPTIMIZATION USING GENETIC ALGORITHM
Habib Fathi
Construction Engineering and Management Student, Iran University of Science and
Technology, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]

Abbas Afshar
Professor of Civil Engineering Department, Iran University of Science and Technology,
Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT

Simultaneous optimization of time, cost, and utilized resources in a construction project

is vital. This paper presents a GA based model for determination of the best combination
of the time, cost, and resources in a multiple resource constraint problem. The proposed
model considers both resource allocation and leveling simultaneously. Since the problem
is assumed to be resource constraint, resource allocations modify the schedules based on
multiple resource restrictions. Besides, the basic concept of resource leveling,
minimization of Mx (X-moment of resource histogram) is used to minimize resource
fluctuation. In addition to Mx, the paper uses My (Y-moment of resource histogram) in
resource leveling process because simultaneous application of them improves it to take
into consideration the resource utilization period. The paper uses weighted sum method
for handling multi-objective optimization problem. Performance of the model is
illustrated using a simple example project.

Keywords: Time-Cost-Resource Optimization; Genetic Algorithm; Resource Constraint

Scheduling; Resource Leveling.

5
 AN IMPROVED LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR ONE-
DIMENSIONAL CUTTING STOCK PROBLEM
Abbas Afshar
Professor, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]

Helia Amiri
Graduate Student, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Ehsan Eshtehardian
Ph.D. Candidate, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT

High percentage of yearly construction waste belongs to cutting one-dimensional stocks.

Cutting one-dimensional stocks such as steel bars in order to fulfill demanded project
lengths, results in trim losses. Although steel waste is recyclable, its reduction might
increase the company’s profitability.

In construction industry, it is possible to use trim losses from larger diameters for
satisfying partial demands in smaller ones. The existing cutting stock models fail to
account for this permission. This paper presents an improved linear programming model
for cutting stock problem in which trim losses from larger diameters are treated as
supplementary stocks to substitute the smaller demands. The model minimizes the total
trim loss of the work as an objective function. Performance of the model is illustrated by
its application to a hypothetical case example.

Keywords: Cutting Stock Problem, Steel Bars, Linear Programming.

6
 A FUZZY-BASED MODEL FOR UNBALANCED BIDDING IN
CONSTRUCTION
Abbas Afshar
Professor, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]

Helia Amiri
Graduate Student, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT

Existing unbalanced bidding models assume that quantities of work are certain and
deterministic. However in reality some works such as soil and rock excavation cannot be
estimated accurately before the work is completely done. In an unbalanced bid, the
contractor must take the responsibility of uncertainties in quantities of work. It may be
difficult to define probability distribution functions for these parameters due to lack of
data and information. This paper presents a fuzzy linear programming (FLP) model of
unbalanced bidding which assigns fuzzy numbers to the quantity of works. The model
maximizes the present value of the profit as an objective function. Model is applied to a
hypothetical case example and compares the results of fuzzy and deterministic models.

Keywords: Unbalanced Bidding, Fuzzy Modeling, Fuzzy Linear Programming.

7
 APPLYING DELPHI METHOD AND DECISION SUPPORT
SYSTEM FOR BIDDING
Mostafa Khanzadi
Assistant Professor of Structural Engineering, Civil Engineering College, Iran University
of Science and Technology, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]

Shahin Dabirian
Student of MSc in Construction Engineering and Management, Iran University of Science
and Technology, Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Hossein Heshmatnejad
Student of MSc in Construction Engineering and Management, Iran University of Science
and Technology, Tehran, Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT

This essay has been presented a Decision Supporting System with an attempt to enhance
the Contractor’s decision making to participate in tenders based on a logical judgment
instead of stochastic decision making. A survey of 42 local and international authorized
Contractors has been conducted, subsequently, a data base from questionnaire forms has
been created according to Delphi Method, and the practical results established by
statistical and expertise analysis.

In account of conformation of all real aspects of the decision making of Contractors and
the current situation of construction with the model, all factors has been identified
comprehensively, and the Linguistic Variable Tables has been demonstrated to be pointed
out by the users.

The presented model is capable to evaluate the decision based on the defined factors and
linguistic variable tables and the users are able to evaluate their decision even if they be
aware of the value of some of factors.

Keywords: Decision Support System, Delphi Method, Questionnaire, Threshold Value,

Killed Value.

8
 SAFETY PERFORMANCE IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OF
PAKISTAN
Rizwan U. Farooqui
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering
and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan & Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Construction
Management, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
[email protected]

Farrukh Arif
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering and
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

S. F. A. Rafeeqi
Professor & Dean, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, NED University of
Engineering &Tech., Karachi, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Traditional measures of safety are after-the-fact measures; namely, that safety is

measured after injuries have already occurred. These measures are labeled reactive,
trailing, downstream, or lagging indicators because they rely on retrospective data.
Focusing on these measures e.g., accident rates and compensation costs often means that
the “success of safety is measured by the levels of system failure”. In recent years, there
has been a movement away from safety measures purely based on retrospective data or
‘‘lagging indicators,’’ such as accident rates, toward so-called ‘‘leading indicators’’ such
as measurements of safety climate. In this paper, safety performance measurement of
various construction firms as well as the overall construction industry of Pakistan based
on an investigative site survey has been done. Also a comparison of safety performance
in the global scenario with that of Pakistani scenario has been presented. Some
conclusions and reccomendations have been presented based on the statistical analysis of
the data.

Keywords: Safety Performance Measurement, Consatruction Industry, Developing

countries, Pakistan.

9
 THE TREND OF BUILD OPERATE AND TRANSFER (BOT)
PROJECTS IN PAKISTAN
Ammad Hassan Khan
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and
Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
[email protected]

Misbah Jamil
Lecturer, Department of Architectural Engineering and Design, University of
Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

Mudassar Sattar
Chief Executive,BEMSOL Pvt. Limited, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Build operate and transfer (BOT) term in construction management has been gearing up
popularity tremendously in recent times. In developing countries (i.e. Pakistan), where
often the owner do not have enough finances to carry out the infrastructure development
projects, the BOT can provide the unique opportunity to assist both the financer and the
owner. The developing country like Pakistan require extensive infrastructure to meet the
various development challenges of future. The governments in the developing countries
mostly have the budgetary constraints to commence the development projects. The
priorities always remained debatable for the commencement of any government funded
infrastructure development project especially in Pakistan. BOT is an option for financing
the infrastructure and boost the economical growth of the country with out direct
utilization of government finances. In private sector for the owners who have land
resources but no finance to make the sufficient development on these lands BOT can be a
precious alternate. The BOT projects have the potential to serve the government and
private sector with equal effectiveness. BOT projects are also offering attractive
opportunities to foreign investors, which in turn can generate substantial foreign
exchange for economic growth. Today the Pakistan construction industry has lot of
prospects of BOT projects in the fields of power, irrigation, transportation, real estate,
highways, multistory buildings and urban development, which can gain the attention of
foreign investors. This paper highlight the major BOT projects offered in Pakistan in
recent years. This paper will also discuss the major requirements of the BOT projects.

Keywords: BOT, Infrastructure Projects,Developing Countries, Pakistan, Construction

Industry.

10
 RESOURCE-CONSTRAINED MULTI-PROJECT SCHEDULING
WITH RESOURCE MOVING TIME FOR CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS IN VIETNAM
M.Sc. Hanh Quang Le
Research Assistant, Insitute of Numerical methods and Informatic in Civil Engineering-
TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

In the construction project scheduling process, the existing heuristic methods assumed the
resource moving time between activities/projects to be negligible. When multiple projects
are deployed in different places and far from each other, this assumption has many
shortcomings for properly modeling the real-world constraints. Specially with respect to
the Vietnam’s situation, with a transportation system is still in a backward and low
technical standards. Allocating a resource from one project to another is greatly
constrained, and it always involves extra costs and time loss. The multi-project duration
will be significantly impacted by the resource moving time. This paper proposes a new
algorithm named Resource-Constrained Multi-Project Scheduling with Resource Moving
Time (RCMPS-RMT) that aims to solve the problem of minimizing construction multi-
project duration with the moving time and limited available conditions of renewable
resources (labor, machines and equipment). The essence of RCMPS-RMT is based on the
improvement of the existing heuristic method–priority rules. In this paper, the
computational experiments are also presented to demonstrate that the resource moving
time must be included in multi-project scheduling process.

Keywords: Resource Moving Time, Resource Constraints, Multi-Project Scheduling.

11
 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES – A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN
Ammad Hassan Khan
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and
Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
[email protected]

Salman Azhar
Assistant Professor,McWhorter School of Building Science, Auburn University, Auburn,
Alabama, USA

Arshad Mahmood
Engineer,DESCON-CGGC(JV), Lahore,Punkab, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Quality is one of the critical factors in the success of construction projects. Quality of
construction projects, as well as project success, can be regarded as the fulfillment of
expectations (i.e. the satisfaction) of the project participants. The construction industry in
Pakistan has been struggling with quality issues for many years. The construction costs
can be significantly reduced if the construction industry embraces the concept of quality
assurance and control that has been used with great success by service and manufacturing
industries in Pakistan. However, unlike manufacturing and service industries, where a
standard product is regularly produced, most products of the construction industry are
one-offs, specially designed for a specific purpose. Hence, attainment of a quality level
is difficult both to specify and to monitor. In this paper, a case study of the quality
assurance and control during the execution of Taunsa Barrage Emergency Rehabilitation
and Modernization Project contract packages ICB-01 (Sub-weir, downstream floor of
barrage, instrumentation) has been presented. The Taunsa Barrage Project has been
considered as a success story in the construction of infrastructure development projects in
developing countries. The major part of the civil works of the Taunsa Barrage Project has
been completed. This paper is focused on the quality assurance and control using the
concept of quality, quality management system (QMS) and quality management system
standards in the civil construction works.

Keywords: Quality, Quality Assurance, Quality Control, Civil Works, Infrastructure

Projects.

12
 BLACKSPOT STUDY AND ACCIDENT PREDICTION MODEL
USING MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
Fajaruddin Mustakim
Lecturer, Department of Building and Construction Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia
[email protected]

Associate Professor Haji Ismail Yusof

Head of Department, Department of Geotechnical and Transportation Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Dr Ismail Rahman
Deputy Dean, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia

Profesor Ir. Dr. Abdul Aziz Abdul Samad

Dean, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia

Nor Esnizah Binti Mohd Salleh

Undergraduated, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Factor that affect the risk of increased injury in the event of an automotive accident
include reckless driving, environmental factor and roadway condition. The purpose of
this study is to develop an accident prediction model for Federal Route 50 by using
multiple linear regression analysis. The road accident trend and blackspot ranking were
established at Federal Route (FT50) Batu Pahat – Ayer Hitam. It revealed that the percent
accident reduction by changing the measures of each variables are, one access point per
kilometer reduction can reduce accidents by 9.32 %, 5 kilometer per hour speed reduction
can reduce accidents by 27.2%, 100 vehicle per hour volume reduction can reduce
accidents by 4.33 % meanwhile an increment of one second in gap will reduce accident
by 1.20%.

Keywords: Blackspot Ranking, Accident Prediction Model.

13
 USE OF TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODEL AS INTELLIGENT
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Dr. Mir Shabbar Ali
Chairman Urban and Infrastructure Department, NED University of Engg.&Tech.,
Karachi, Sindh,Pakistan
[email protected]

Ammara Ilyas
Research Assistant, Urban and Infrastructure Department, NED University of
Engg.&Tech., Karachi, Sindh,Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Traffic Simulation Models have their applications as decision support system for
management and project evaluations around the world. For example, the policy makers in
Brussels have used simulation models as a decision support to evaluate the strategies for
improving the operational efficiency of inter-modal transport. Road network
infrastructure development and management projects require large amount of finances for
field experiments, which shall prove costlier for developing countries. This paper aims to
discuss the use of simulation tool and its results to support the selection of proposed
strategy in the study area. A methodology for developing countries is presented that
supports the decision of selecting a particular management strategy for improving
existing traffic operational conditions. An Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) based
traffic management model requires a number of decision support systems. Traffic
management is not only a costly but also continues over time. It starts with identification
and prioritization of problems and solutions ranked by stakeholders’ group in the initial
stages. With traffic data of relatively high accuracy being collected from the field using
advanced equipments, simulation models are calibrated for local traffic. Improvements in
operational performance require management strategies to be incorporated into the
system. Results obtained from these simulation tools compare alternate improvement
strategies, and solutions thus giving the best possible solution. This paper presents the
development of traffic simulation model for weaving/merging areas validated by
applications in existing scenarios. It concludes that traffic simulation models have
potential to be used in development of a decision support system as a part of traffic
management model.

Keywords: Traffic Simulation Models, Decision Support System, Traffic Management.

14
 ISSUES IN CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT FOR M. TECH IN
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Tazyeen Ahmad
Reader, Department of Civil Engineering, ZHCOT, AMU, Aligarh-202 002, U.P, India
[email protected]

Amjad Masood
Reader, Department of Civil Engineering, ZHCOT, AMU, Aligarh-202 002, U.P, India

Md. Arif
Reader, Department of Civil Engineering, ZHCOT, AMU, Aligarh-202 002, U.P, India

V.P Mital
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, ZHCOT, AMU, Aligarh-202 002, U.P, India

ABSTRACT

Today if we go through the syllabi of Civil Engineering graduate program, most of the
time we discover that cost and construction aspect are missing or is covered in a very
prosaic manner. The area of construction management has not received its due place in
the Civil Engineering program run in developing countries like India. Since construction
activities are carried out mostly at the construction site, which are usually far flung from
main cities, the academician/authors, and the faculty may not be aware of the practical
difficulties and nuances of construction management. These might be the reason that
construction management has not received due place in the institutes, universities,
colleges and in many management books.

Today, due to increased competition and the capital that is scarce, large constructions like
metro rail, high-rise building cannot be handled without the use of modern construction
equipment and modern construction and management techniques to reduce time and to
maintain higher standards of construction quality. It is necessary to use modern
machinery and latest construction management tools to optimize the construction activity
and to improve the productivity.

This is high time for the countries of Indian sub-continent to pay due attention to this
commercially valued knowledge, which is directly related to infra structure development,
and in turn with national economy. One-way of introducing subject is to copy the
syllabus of any reputed institute. In this paper various issues related with curriculum
development for M Tech in Construction Management has been discussed. The paper
concludes on the theme that such course should be field-oriented and should really add
value to human capital, as opportunity cost of education is very high in developing
countries.

Keywords: Construction Management, Curriculum, Costing and Construction.

15
 AN ASSESSMENT OF GENERAL TRENDS ADOPTED FOR
BIDDING AND PROCUREMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN
Rizwan U. Farooqui
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering
and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan & Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Construction
Management, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
[email protected]

Muhammad Saqib
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering
and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

Farrukh Arif
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering and
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

Prof. Sarosh. H. Lodi

Professor and Chair, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of engineering &
Technology, Karachi, Sind, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

The construction industry and its clients are widely associated with Bid and Procurement
issues. These issues are different depending upon nature of construction business
activities, processes, environment and organization. Bid and Procurement is a substantial
and integral element of Construction project management. It has been the issue of
attention in the construction world. Due to time and cost overruns associated with
construction projects, so many projects fail to accomplish their targets and objectives.
Unmanaged or unmitigated bidding and procurement procedures are one of the
fundamental causes of these overruns. In Pakistan and other under-developed countries,
the most common method of awarding the contract is the Low-Bid or Priced Based
method, which has inherent flaws of high competition and minimum performance. On the
other hand, these days, developed countries are using alternate bidding systems such as
Best Value Procurement method for awarding a contract with basic characteristics of high
performance and high competition to meet the main objective of quality of the
Construction Industry. The core objective of presenting the study is to highlight the
trends and flaws in the bidding and procurement practices in construction industry of
Pakistan, specifically in government sector projects. A set of recommendations has been
presented based on surveys results and interviews for improvement of these trends.

Keywords: Construction Management, Bid Procurement, Lowest Bidding Environment,

Best Value Procurement, Pakistan

16
 LINEAR PROGRAMMING FOR OPTIMIZING STRATEGIC
CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE MANAGEMENT
Alireza Mohammadpour
Student of MSc in Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil
Engineering ,Iran University of Science and Technology,Tehran, Iran
[email protected]

Mostafa Khanzadi
Assistant of professor, Department of Civil Engineering ,Iran University of Science and
Technology,Tehran, Iran

Ehsanollah Eshtehardian
Candidate of Ph.D in Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil
Engineering ,Iran University of Science and Technology,Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT

One of the most important factors in construction project management is to provide

skilled labor relevant to the technical project requirements. Major problem in this field is
shortage of skilled labor. A key reason for this problem is the absence of human resource
management strategy for construction project. To choose an optimized strategy for
making the best use of available workforce with the intent to reduce project costs. This
paper presents a model to combine training and hiring workforce in different levels of
skills. Linear programming is used for solving this model to achieve optimized solution.
The input data to proposed model consists of certain available labor pool, cost configures
for training workforce in different skills, the cost of hiring workforce, hourly labor
wages, and estimates of affinities among the different considered skills and their levels.
Therefore, project manager or decision maker by using this model and paying attention to
condition of training and hiring workforce will be able to make best decision to minimize
project costs.

Keywords: Resource Management, Linear Programming, Training, Hiring.

17
 A STOCASTIC-SIMULATION MODEL FOR LOWEST BID PRICE
EVALUATION: A CASE STUDY IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND
REHABILITATION PROJECTS IN LEBANON
Rola Sammoura
Ph.D, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Beirut Arab University,
Beirut, Lebanon
[email protected]

Aziz Ezzat Elsayed

Professor, Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Arab Academy for
Science and Technology (AAST), Alexandria, Egypt

ABSTRACT

Competitive bidding is required by law in all public construction projects in Lebanon.

The qualified contractor submitting the lowest bid price is awarded the contract.
Evaluating the lowest bid price at a pre-contract stage is of a great concern to any
contractor working in the Lebanese highly competitive market. This enables the
contractor to make a strategic decision in choosing an appropriate bid price that will offer
a satisfactory profit with a greater probability to win. A stochastic-simulation model for
the lowest bid price evaluation in the bidding process adopted in Lebanon especially in
public road construction and rehabilitation projects is developed in this study. The model,
built using Crystal ball decision-engineering software, considers two main factors
influencing bidding behavior, namely the project size represented by the average bid
price and the competition presented by the number of qualified participating bidders.
Historical data of 275 bidding attempts collected from the archived records of the
Council of Development and Reconstruction in Lebanon (CDR) formed the basis of the
data analyzed. A regression relationship between the lowest bid price, the average bid
price, and the number of qualified bidders is also developed and used in building the
model. The validity of the model is checked. Results show a mean deviation of only
2.6% between the actual lowest bid price and the evaluated values. The proposed model
also provides a framework that can be used by a specific contractor to decide on his bid
price with associated certainty levels in a scientific method.

Keywords: Competitive Bidding Process, Simulation, Lowest Bid Price.

18
 CONSTRUCTION RISK INSURANCE PRACTICES IN PAKISTAN

Farrukh Arif
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering and
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
[email protected]

Uneb Gazder
Lecturer, Department of Urban and Infrastructure Engineering, NED University of
Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

Nida Azhar
Lecturer, Department of Urban and Infrastructure Engineering, NED University of
Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

Rizwan U. Farooqui
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering
and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan & Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Construction
Management, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA

ABSTRACT

Construction works by nature are hazardous and accidents are frequent and often severe.
The annual toll of deaths, bodily injuries and property damage in construction world is
very high. Not only this but construction works involve large amount of investment
especially in public projects. All of this increases the risk of construction business and
makes handling of financial matters more critical. Insurance and Surety are some of the
methods utilized by the contractors and client as risk controlling mechanisms.

Risk insurance helps the contractor transferring its risk related to unforeseen
circumstances which has a potential risk of damage to life, property, material or
equipment. The study aims at highlighting the current insurance practices of the
construction industry of Pakistan. A distinguishing approach of targeting insurance
companies will be used for data collection in this regard.

The study will be beneficial for developing sets of recommendation for the construction
industry and financial institutions to highlight and improve the shortcomings of the
current practices. It will serve as an initiative to academia for further research.

Keywords: Construction Industry, Risk, Insurance, Risk Transfer, Pakistan

19
 FAILURE OF OVERHEAD WATER TANK IN THE STATE OF
UTTAR PRADESH IN INDIA-A CASE STUDY
Amjad Masood
Reader, Department of Civil Engineering, ZHCOT, AMU, Aligarh-202 002, U.P, India
[email protected]

Tazyeen Ahmad
Reader, Department of Civil Engineering, ZHCOT, AMU, Aligarh-202 002, U.P, India

Md. Arif
Reader, Department of Civil Engineering, ZHCOT, AMU, Aligarh-202 002, U.P, India

V.P Mital
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, ZHCOT, AMU, Aligarh-202 002, U.P, India

ABSTRACT

The state government of Uttar Pradesh had launched the safe drinking water project for
rural population living in remote areas. The job of implementation of the scheme was
given to the corporation “JAL NIGAM” which deals with the public water management
in the state. However the project was a failure. At last the problem was referred to the
department of civil engineering for the remedial measures. After minute study of the
problem, it was observed that various phases of project life cycle were not tested on the
test stone of money, man, material, machine, maintenance and lastly wrong selection of
technology for constructing the tank. In this paper it has been concluded and emphasized
that in civil engineering projects, availability of raw material at site, regular cash flow,
availability of suitable human resource, appropriate technology, availability of sinking
fund, local sociology and psychology of the local people should never be ignored for
making the project a success.

Keywords: Project, Water Management, Human Resources and Maintenance.

20
 OPTIMIZATION OF UNCERTAIN CONSTRUCTION TIME-COST
TRADE-OFF PROBLEM
Ehsan Eshtehardian
Ph.D. Candidate of Construction Management, Department of Civil Engineering of
IUST, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]

Reza Abbasnia
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering of IUST, Tehran, Iran

Abbas Afshar
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering of IUST, Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT

Time–cost optimization (TCO) may be defined as a process to identify suitable

construction activities for speeding up, and for deciding “by how much” so as to attain
the best possible savings in both time and cost. In reality due to different uncertainties,
the actual cost and time of each option is not certainly known for the manager in advance.
Therefore, total time and cost of project may differ significantly because of these
uncertainties. In this paper, fuzzy logic theory is employed to consider affecting
uncertainties in total time, direct and indirect cost of a construction project. A multi
objective optimization algorithm based on genetic algorithm (GA), is applied to provide a
trade-off between implementation time and total cost. Project manager can also have
different non-dominated solutions or Pareto solutions which are dependent on his
measure of accepted risk through applying α-cuts methods in fuzzy logic theory. The
proposed model leads the decision maker to select the desirable Pareto front solution
through acceptable value of α-cut.

Keywords: Time-Cost, Trade Off, Fuzzy Theory, GA, Decision Making.

21
UNCERTAIN SCHEDULING BASED ON ACCEPTED RISK LEVEL
AND OPTIMISM OF A PROJECT MANAGER
Ehsan Eshtehardian
Ph.D. Candidate of Construction Management, Department of Civil Engineering of
IUST, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]

Abbas Afshar
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering of IUST, Tehran, Iran

Reza Abbasnia
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering of IUST, Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT

Uncertainties in scheduling are an issue that is addressed in the PERT or GERT to

complement CPM. PERT and GERT are probabilistic approaches that consider
variability in the duration of each activity. For new activities or the lack of statistical
data, probability distributions for some activity duration times may be unknown or just
partially known. In this case, probability theory may be replaced by fuzzy set theory. In
this research, a new approach is presented to scheduling, which employs fuzzy sets
theory to considering uncertainties in activities execution times. The model fully embeds
fuzzy presentation of the uncertainties in duration of activities into the model structure.
Accepted risk level and optimism of the project manager in decision making are defined
through α-cut approach and optimism index (β) respectively. Different values of α and β
leads to different scheduling. In order to test the performance of the model, an 18 activity
problem has been modeled and the results are discussed. Solution to the model provides
the project manager with an implementation time and corresponding membership
function, which may help him in decision modeling process.

Keywords: Scheduling, Fuzzy Theory, Uncertainty, Risk Acceptance Level, Optimism.

22
 AGGREGATE CHARACTERIZATION - AN IMPORTANT STEP
TOWARDS ADDRESSING CONSTRUCTION ISSUES IN
PAKISTAN
S. M. Zaidi
Research Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering &
Tech., Karachi, Pakistan
[email protected]

S.F.A. Rafeeqi
Professor & Dean, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, NED University of
Engineering &Tech., Karachi, Pakistan

M. S. Ali
Professor & Chairman, Department of Urban and Infrastructure Engineering, NED
University of Engineering & Tech., Karachi, Pakistan

A. M. Khan
Professor & Chairman, Department of Petroleum Engineering, NED University of
Engineering & Tech., Karachi, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Aggregate is a material vastly used in the construction industry related to concrete

structures, asphalt bases and pavement. To achieve required dimensional stability,
durability and strength of structures, aggregate characteristics and related engineering
properties is one of the main issues needed to be addressed. The city of Karachi is
receiving massive quantities of aggregates supplied by several sources present within and
along its periphery, however, no concerted effort has been witnessed to document
aggregate characteristics, leading to all sort of durability problems and threatening
service life of structures. There is a dire need to develop a data-base that contributes to
the suitability of material in asphalt and concrete mix. Aggregate characterization
technique is a forefront vision to enhance the quality of HMA and concrete along side
being a pioneering move to select construction materials. It focuses on quality and
performance in roads and buildings and determines suitability of their use in Hot Mix
Asphalt and Concrete Mix Design, thus addressing issues related to applicability in given
situation, strength, durability and maintenance and monitoring and rehabilitation.

This paper aims to present a methodology for aggregate characterization based on their
physical properties, petrography examination and engineering properties. Visits of
construction sites in all eighteen towns of Karachi city revealed that Hub River is the
major source of raw material. Based on experimental design formulated to evaluate the
physical properties and engineering behaviour of rocks and crushed rock respectively,
statistical techniques have been applied to ascertain significance of relationships between
various properties governing aggregate characterization. Conclusions are drawn

23
regarding suitability of characterization of aggregates in relation to their construction
application and ability to address construction related problems. The aggregate
characterization model thus developed has the capacity and potential to be utilized and
extended for various scenarios.

Keywords: Aggregate Characterization, Engineering Properties, Petrographic Studies.

24
ASSESSMENT OF CRITICAL SKILLS FOR PROJECT MANAGERS
IN PAKISTANI CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Rizwan U. Farooqui
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering
and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan & Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Construction
Management, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
[email protected]

Muhammad Saqib
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering &
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

Syed M. Ahmed
Associate Professor & Graduate Program Director, Department of Construction
Management, Florida International University, USA

ABSTRACT

An effective project manager is the cornerstone in any successful project. The three
parties involved in design and execution (owner - architect/engineer - contractor) are
always looking for effective project managers in order to successfully deliver projects.
However, the opinions about the qualitative skills that are evidenced by successful
project managers are subjective. The purpose of this study was to identify the most
important skills of successful project managers as perceived by the major stakeholders in
the construction industry. A questionnaire was circulated among owners, developers,
general contractors, subcontractors, architect/ engineers and construction managers
wherein they were asked to give importance rating to twenty skills usually required in a
project manager. Based on the results of the survey, it is anticipated that patterns will
emerge regarding the key characteristics of effective project managers. These results
could then be used in the identification and development of effective project managers.

Keywords: Critical Project Management Skills, Construction Industry, Pakistan

25
 APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND
NANOMATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION
Zhi Ge
Assistant Professor, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
[email protected]

Zhili Gao
Assistant Professor, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA

ABSTRACT

Nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas with both novel science and
useful applications that has gradually established itself in the past two decades.
Expenditure on nanotechnology research is significant; however, the research is
continuously moving forward motivated by immediate profitable return generated by
high value commercial products. The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction
(A/E/C) industry might accommodate broad applications of nanotechnology and
nanaomaterials. It has been demonstrated that nanotechnology generated products have
many unique characteristics, and can significantly fix current construction problems, and
may change the requirement and organization of construction process.

This paper examines and documents applicable nanotechnology based products that can
improve the overall competitiveness of the construction industry. The areas of applying
nanotechnology in construction will be mainly focus on: (1) lighter and stronger
structural composites, (2) low maintenance coating, (3) better properties of cementitious
materials, (4) reducing the thermal transfer rate of fire retardant and insulation, and (5)
construction related nano-sensors.

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomterails, Construction.

26
 NONLINEAR DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF COLD-FORMED STEEL
PIPE PIER MODEL USING SHAKING TABLE TEST
Dr. Abdul Qadir Bhatti
Assistant Professor, National University of Sciences & Technology, Risalpur, N.W.F.P.
Pakistan,
[email protected]

Dr. Norimitsu Kishi

Professor, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan

ABSTRACT

An experimental program comprising static cyclic loading and dynamic loading tests of
steel pier models is undertaken. In order to establish a rational design method of steel
bridge piers against severe earthquakes, the experimental program is aimed to address
some fundamental questions concerning the correlation between the two loading modes
with reference to capacity of measuring the dynamic responses. To that end, the effects of
loading modes on strength and ductility of steel pier are examined on the basis of the
experimental results. Some of the results clearly point that the static cyclic loading test
has an inadequate ability to evaluate the seismic performances of steel piers under
dynamic loading.

Keywords: Seismic Design Method, Cyclic Loading Test, Dynamic Loading Test,
Shaking Table Test.

27
ASSESSMENT OF DEMING’S PHILOSOPHY WITH RESPECT TO
ITS LINK TO THE CURRENT SCENARIO IN PAKISTANI
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
S. M. Khalid Huda
Deputy Manager, Road Management Unit, Works & Services Department, Govt. of
Sindh, Pakistan
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Deming, who is known as the father of Total Quality Management, gave his fourteen
points on Quality Management which are still regarded as milestones in this field.
Although it is a management theory but it can be applied to any industry which deals with
the provision of products and services. Deming advocates a constant improvement in the
quality of products and services by effective management and by using statistical control
tools and procedures. In this research paper an effort has been made to link Deming’s
fourteen points with the Construction Industry in Pakistan and to find ways for the
improvement of the industry both in terms of its image as well as in terms of products
and services that it offers. Each point has been discussed in the context of the Deming’s
Philosophy and the prevailing conditions in the Construction Industry in Pakistan, the
current practices and the management framework. The methodology adopted for this
research paper has been desk study, personal observations and collection of data from the
construction industry in Pakistan. Finally, recommendations have been given based on
the analysis and feedback.

Keywords: Deming, Total Quality Management, Quality Management, Construction

Industry, Pakistan.

28
 PRODUCTION OF LOW COST SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
USING RICE HUSK ASH
Shazim Ali Memon
Lecturer, National Institute of Technology, National University of Sciences and
Technology, Pakistan
[email protected]

Muhammad Ali Shaikh

Lecturer, Military College of Engineering, National University of Sciences and
Technology, Pakistan

Hassan Akbar
Student, Military College of Engineering, National University of Sciences and
Technology, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Self Compacting Concrete—as the name implies—is the concrete requiring a very little
or no vibration to fill the form homogeneously. Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is
defined by two primary properties: Ability to flow or deform under its own weight (with
or without obstructions) and the ability to remain homogeneous while doing so.
Flowability is achieved by utilizing high range water reducing admixtures and
segregation resistance is ensured by introducing a chemical viscosity modifying
admixture (VMA) or increasing the amount of fines in the concrete. The study explores
the use of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) to increase the amount of fines and hence achieve self-
compactibility in an economical way, suitable for Pakistani construction industry.

The study focuses on comparison of fresh properties of SCC containing varying amounts
of RHA with that containing commercially available viscosity modifying admixture. The
comparison is done at different dosages of superplasticizer keeping cement, water, coarse
aggregate, and fine aggregate contents constant.

Test results substantiate the feasibility to develop low cost SCC using RHA. Cost
analysis showed that the cost of ingredients of specific SCC mix is 42.47 percent less
than that of control concrete.

Keywords: Self Compacting Concrete, Rice Husk Ash, Flow ability, Segregation
Resistance.

29
 THE ACPROM MODEL: AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR
EVALUATING THE CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS
Dr. Zubair Ahmed Memon
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering
and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

A persistent problem in construction is to documenting changes which occur in the field

and preparing the as-built schedule. In current practice, deviations from planned
performance can only be reported after significant time has elapsed. And manual
monitoring on construction sites is costly and error prone. Availability of advanced
portable computing, multimedia and wireless communication allows, even encourages
fundamental changes in many jobsite processes. However a recent investigation indicated
that there is a lack of systematic and automated evaluation and monitoring in construction
projects. Consequently the aim of this study is to identify techniques, which are used in
the construction industry for monitoring and evaluating the actual physical progress, and
to establish how the current computer technology can be used for monitoring the
construction physical progress on site. This research presents a prototype expert system,
namely Automated Construction PROject Progress Monitoring (ACPROM) system,
developed for integrating construction drawings, digital images of construction site
progress and construction schedule. Using emerging technologies and information
systems ACPROM model suggests new process or reengineer the traditional AEC field
inspection process This system can automatically interpret the CAD drawing of a
building and extract data of its structural components and develop the data base and
simultaneously extract the information from digital images and by simulating these two
databases the percentage of progress will be calculated and actual physical progress bar
chart will be developed automatically. ACPROM provides a bridge for storing structural
design information in an integrated construction relational data-base management system
that can be shared by a range of computer applications. ACPROM model is part of
developing the Tele-Construction base site management system, which retrieves the
status of construction work in progress and develop the actual progress bar-chart of work.
The application of ACPROM model in monitoring the progress enables project
management teams to better track and controls the productivity and quality of
construction projects. The use of the ACPROM can help resident engineer, construction
manager and site engineer in monitoring and evaluating project performance. This model
will improve decision-making process and provides better mechanism for advanced
project management.

Keywords: As-Built Schedule AutoCAD, Digital Photographs, Progress Reporting, and

Project Monitoring.

30
 ROLE OF CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN ECONOMIC GROWTH:
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN ECONOMY
Raza Ali Khan
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering &
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Construction sector and construction activities are considered to be one of the major
sources of economic growth, development and economic activities. Construction and
engineering services industry play an important role in the economic uplift and
development of the country. It can be regarded as a mechanism of generating the
employment and offering job opportunities to millions of unskilled, semi-skilled and
skilled work force. It also plays key role in generating income in both formal and
informal sector. It supplements the foreign exchange earnings derived from trade in
construction material and engineering services.

Unfortunately construction sector is one of the most neglected sectors in Pakistan.

Although the construction sector has only a 2.3 percent share in GDP, its share of the
employed labor force was disproportionately large at 6.1 percent in FY07.

The construction sector is estimated to have grown by 17.2 percent in 2006-07 as against
5.7 percent of last year. The higher demand for construction workers is also reflected in a
continued double-digit rise in their wages since FY05. Their wages increased by 11.1
percent in FY07.

The purpose of this study is:

• To examine the contribution of construction sector in Pakistan economy.

• To identify the relationship between construction sector and economic growth in the
case of Pakistan and

• To identify whether there is a unidirectional or bidirectional causal relationship.

Keywords: Construction Sector, GDP, Causal Relationship, Co-integration.

31
 RISK IDENTIFICATION FOR INTERNATIONAL JOINT
VENTURE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Misbah Jamil
Lecturer,Department of Architectural Engineering and Design, University of Engineering
and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
[email protected]

Nadeem Ahmad Mufti

Professor, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of
Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

Ammad Hassan Khan

Assistant Professor,Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and
Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Risk identification is very important for all construction projects and its importance
become significant on international level especially in multicultural environment. It
includes identification of risks and probable impact of these identified risks in
construction projects. It plays a vital role for successful project delivery and increase
efficiency and profitability of construction projects. New opportunities are continuously
emerging as a result of globalization in construction sector to have projects
internationally. Joint venture construction projects are now very common which results in
increased organizational exposure to worldwide business market.

Risks in international construction projects are more critical as compared to domestic

projects. And they become more critical when developing countries like Pakistan
involved in international joint venture construction projects. That’s why it is desirable for
construction firms in Pakistan to identify the risks and find probable impact of these risks
as early as possible, so that suitable strategies are made before actual execution of project
on international level. Objective of this paper is to identify risks and find the impact of
these risks in international construction joint ventures. This paper presents the findings of
survey conducted through questionnaire, to identify the risks significant for international
construction projects and impact of these risks as perceived by stakeholders involved
including; clients, consultants and contractors. In addition it includes meaningful
recommendations and conclusions.

Keywords: Risk Identification, Globalization, Construction Projects, Cross Cultures,

Joint Ventures.

32
 APPLICATION OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) IN
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION – THE
CRITICS’ PERSPECTIVES
Albert P.C. Chan
Professor and Associate Head, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong
Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
[email protected]

Patrick T.I. Lam

Associate Professor, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong
Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China

Daniel W.M. Chan

Assistant Professor, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong
Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China

Esther Cheung
Research Associate, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong
Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China

ABSTRACT

The term Public Private Partnership (PPP) indicates the two main parties who are
involved in the process. Although the views from the public and private sectors are
important, it is also interesting to realise the critics’ perspective on conducting PPP
projects in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (referred to as Hong Kong
from here onwards). Therefore as part of a comprehensive research study looking at
implementing PPPs in Hong Kong, face-to-face interviews with experienced local
industrial practitioners were conducted. Amongst these interviews, three were launched
with experts from outside the public or private sectors. These interviewees included an
academic and two legislative councillors from Hong Kong. This paper presents the
analysis of these interviews which helps to fill in the gaps unrealised by the public and
private sectors. The academic view is that further research was needed on how to decide
on the concessionary period of the projects. Also, relational contracting could be
considered in PPP projects. A regulation system for projects was necessary and a public
sector comparator should be adopted. Projects with fewer competitors would be
appropriate for PPP such as infrastructure, power transmission or network, and water and
gas supply. In addition, due to the high costs involved in PPP projects those with a larger
project sum would be considered to provide a better business case for the private sector.
The legislative councilors suggested that the most ideal projects would be those that were
task specific, and where the timeline and milestones would be foreseeable. The project
nature itself would not be important. Critical success factors identified by the academic
included: Government to leave more flexibility rather than prescribing specification;
Clear legal structure and regulation mechanism; Business case; Technical and financial

33
capability of concessionaire; and Fair handling of risks. The legislative councilors also
suggested that PPP must have Clear objectives; Transparent approach; Adequate public
consultation; Clear output specification and timeframe; Political environment; and
Administration / financial services lead. Other problems related to PPP projects raised by
one of the legislative councilors included the tendency in Hong Kong for projects to be
labeled as ‘PPP’ when actually they are not of the same nature.

Keywords: Public Private Partnerships (PPP), Procurement, Infrastructure Projects,

Hong Kong.

34
 MODELING SUBCONTRACTORS COOPERATION IN TIME;
COOPERATIVE GAME THEORY APPROACH
Mohammad Sadegh Asgari
Student, Iran University of Sciemce & Technology, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]

Abbas Afshar
Professor, Iran University of Sciemce & Technology, , Tehran, Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT

Time, as one of most important factors in a successful construction project, can be traded
between subcontractors in sequential projects. In optimal case for trading time,
subcontractors have reasonable incentive to cooperate. In this paper we introduce a new
problem in field of subcontractors cooperating and then we propose a model to solve it.
Finally, a case study is represented to more comprehensively illustrate the problem.
Results from utilization of the propossed model show that while optimizing total cost, all
subcontractors can negotiate to fairly distribute benefits from cooperation in core space.
The Shapley value and the nucleolus concepts can be suggested as well.

Keywords: Construction Management, Subcontractor, Cooperative Game Theory, Cost

Allocation.

35
 ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF PERFORMANCE INFORMATION IN
THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Kenneth Sullivan, PhD
Assistant Professor, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Dean Kashiwagi, PhD, PE

Professor, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
[email protected]

Brad Carey
Graduate Student, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

ABSTRACT

In 2006, the CIB commissioned the formation of Task Group 61, which was charged with
capturing the use and impact of performance information in the construction industry
around the world. This paper documents what the initial efforts of the group and a
literature review have discovered and presents a model for a “living literature database”
that is linked directly to a new CIB journal in performance information. The key findings
of the research focused on identifying where performance information is used with the
express objective to change the expected behavior and performance of the contractor on
specific construction projects. There are three main groups of research which chronicle
the use of performance information in construction: 1) Research that identifies a need for
performance information to be used in the industry, 2) Research that propose a system or
method for gathering and using performance information and ran a case study or test, and
3) Research that chronicles a system whose users are continuously implementing
performance information to increase performance within the industry. A search of over 3
million articles, with 4,500 of those reviewed in detail, revealed that over the past 15
years, only 16 research articles have been published that chronicle a performance
information system that has sustained usage and results. There is a need for performance
information research in construction.

Keywords: Performance Information, Performance Measurements, Benchmarking,

Contractor Performance.

36
 MOVEMENT OF THE LATEST CUTTING EDGE PROJECT
MANAGEMENT/DELIVERY SYSTEMS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF
BOTSWANA
Dean Kashiwagi, PhD, PE
Professor, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
[email protected]

Kenneth Sullivan
PBSRG, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Joseph Ssegawa
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Botswana, Botswana

ABSTRACT

A new project management (PM) model for construction and other services delivery, the
Performance Information Procurement System (PIPS), has been developed at Arizona
State University. The leadership based model varies from traditional management by
using principles of simplicity, logic, efficiency, alignment, accountability, and
preplanning. The new PM model minimizes many of the issues of more developed
construction industries, and has the capability to assist less developed countries in
avoiding ineffective, management based practices. The hypothesis being proposed is that
a country without years of experience and mature project management programs can
utilize the simplicity and logic of the new process that minimizes the need for very
experienced construction/project management and motivates the less mature construction
industry to more quickly and efficiently build its construction workforce. The PBSRG
group also hypothesizes that the new PM model may be easier to implement in a
developing industry rather than in a well developed industry, which has years of
implementing the traditional PM model. The Fulbright program is sponsoring the
movement of the new PM model into the African continent.

Keywords: New PM Model, leadership Based PM Model, Technology Transfer.

37
 PERCEIVED RISK ALLOCATION IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE-
PARTNERED (PPP) WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS IN INDONESIA
Andreas Wibowo
Senior Researcher, Research Institute for Human Settlements, Ministry of Public Works,
Indonesia

Sherif Mohamed
Professor, Centre for Infrastructure Engineering and Management Griffith University,
Australia
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

A Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) water supply project typically involves a plethora of

risks. Because a PPP is nothing other than a transfer of project risks traditionally borne by
the government to the private sector, proper risk identification and allocation is a key to
successful PPP project implementation. This paper presents and discusses the industry’s
perception of the optimal risk allocation in the context of Indonesian PPP water supply
projects. The paper has identified a total of 39 project risks, classified them into six
categories. Qualitative assessments of individual risks were elicited from an industry
survey of respondents’ opinions via a mail-based questionnaire. The central tendency of
risk allocation as measured by the mode value confirms the intuition and theory that risk
must better rest with the party who has control or better manage it. However, the findings
also suggest that balancing project risks remain elusive, which is indicated by a high
disagreement level amongst respondents.

Keywords: Indonesia, Public/Private/Partnership, Water Supply Projects, Risk

Allocation.

38
 A STRATEGY FOR UPGRADING BRIDGE INFRASTRUCTURE
NETWORK
Bala Muhunthan
Managing Director, Neilly Davies & Partners Pty. Ltd.,Sydney, Australia, and
Post graduate research student Griffith University, Queensland, Australia

Sherif Mohamed
Professor, Centre for Infrastructure Engineering and Management Griffith University,
Australia
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Bridges are important links in the road network. Over the years, bridges have been
designed to various standards as they were built in different periods. The road
infrastructure grew as the country developed and the population spread out. The
technology also has significantly developed resulting in better understanding of bridge
structures and their behaviour. As funds availability is tightened, road authorities are
facing challenges related to the implementation of optimal bridge management programs
based on lifecycle cost, remaining life and bridge capacity considerations. In this context,
this paper presents the Australian experience in managing bridges, and proposes a
strategy to upgrade bridges on sub-networks in a proactive way in anticipation of new
operational loads or legal limits being imposed. The paper also provides an example
illustrating the applicability of proposed strategy.

Keywords: Bridges, Capacity, Infrastructure, Lifecycle Costing, Road Network.

39
 DEVELOPMENT OF A FUZZY RISK ASSESSMENT AND
CONTRACTUAL ALLOCATION MODEL FOR IRAN'S DAM
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Majid Parchami Jalal
Ph.DCcandidate of Construction Management, Department of Civil Engineering, IUST,
Iran
[email protected]

Parviz Ghoddosi
Assistatnt Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IUST, Iran

Mojtaba Hosseinalipour
Assistatnt Professor, Department of Urban and Architecture, Building Eng and
Management Section, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT

On-time completion and conformity with assigned costs of every project or plan is one of
the most important factors in success of that project or plan. No completion or overrun
cost leads to not meeting the employer's requirements need or goals of the plan or the
project. This issue is of greater importance in large and national projects in which the
period of execution is long even in normal conditions and takes more than 6 years
averagely.

Dam construction projects are of especial importance regarding on-time completion and
assigned funds because of their importance in operation size, great investment,
complicated nature and many uncertainties in them like underground conditions, natural
disasters, and high cost of construction. So, inspection, identification and evaluation of
causes of cost and time overrun and representations of solutions for obviating them have
great benefits for economy of the country. Besides in most cases precise and sufficient
information is not available for this purpose and opinions of experts and professionals in
this project (in fuzzy theory framework) should be used. This study presents schedule
delay analysis methodology based on fuzzy theory and represents contractual allocation
of risk based on type of contracts in dam construction projects. For analysis purpose the
data collected from nine dams in Iran.

Keywords: Time and Cost Overrun, Fuzzy Risk Assessment, Risk Allocation, Delays,
Dam Construction Projects.

40
 COMPARISON OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT OPTIONS UNDER
PPRA-2004 RULES
Engr. Attaullah Shah
Director –Projects, Allama Iqbal Open University-Islamabad, Pakistan
[email protected]

Engr Ehsan-ul-Haq
Director Capital Development Authority-Islamabad, Pakistan

Engr Murtaza Ali Shah

Director Resource Development Instititute-Rawalpindi-Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (PPRA), has been constituted thorough an Act
of Parliament of Pakistan in 2004. The major objective of PPRA-2004 rules is to ensure
transparent and cost effective procurement of quality goods and services in the public
departments. The rules provide various procurement options, which can be applied to the
construction and infrastructure projects as well. In this paper, different procurement
options have been analyzed in terms of their strengths and weaknesses for construction
project in Pakistan. It has been observed that if these rules are carefully followed, with
professional knowledge, technical skills and ethical integrity, the procurement process
can be made more effective and results oriented.

Keywords: Public Procurement, Construction Projects, Pakistan.

41
 THE INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN-BUILD VARIANTS IN
CONSTRUCTION MARKET OF THE PEOPLE’ REPUBLIC OF
CHINA
Xia Bo
Ph.D. Ccandidate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

Prof. Albert. P.C. Chan

Associate Head of Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hong Kong, China

ABSTRACT

Design-Build (DB) system has been widely adopted overseas but it has not received the
same popularity yet in the People’s Republic of China. The selection of design-build
variant is regarded as one of the critical obstacles to the application of this alternative.
This paper investigates categories of design-build variants in the construction market of
China. The develop-and-construction, enhanced-design-build, traditional-design-build
and engineering-procurement-construction (EPC) are the four current design-build
variants adopted by clients. Each of them is developed to meet a varying set of
circumstances and has its own advantages and disadvantages. The develop-and-
construction is mostly used in large, complex projects in housing industry and it will
guarantee client’s great control over the project while still leave some design room for the
contractor. The traditional-design-build and enhanced-design-build systems are mostly
applied in projects that are comparatively simple, small-scale, and the DB contractors
will have greater control of the projects. The EPC is the extension of pure design-build
method and is widely adopted in the petrochemical, metallurgical and electronic fields
because of the high-technique requirements and the necessity for one entity to control the
design, construction, procurement and commissioning etc. Four corresponding design-
build projects are also presented in this paper in order to better illustrate the operational
process and provide the insight for understanding the design-build variants in Mainland
China.

Keywords: Design-Build, Variants, Case Study, China.

42
 ASSESSMENT OF CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN PAKISTAN
Muhammad Saqib
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering
and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
[email protected]

Rizwan U. Farooqui
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering
and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan & Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Construction
Management, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA

Prof. Sarosh. H. Lodi

Professor and Chair, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of engineering &
Technology, Karachi, Sind, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

The construction industry is dynamic in nature due to the increasing uncertainties in

technology, budgets, and development processes. Nowadays, building projects are
becoming much more complex and difficult. The project team is facing unprecedented
changes. The study of project success and the critical success factors (CSFs) are
considered to be a means to improve the effectiveness of project. However the concept of
project success has remained ambiguously defined in the mind of the construction
professionals. Consequently, this research is conducted in order to make an attempt to
identify which variables influence the success of project implementation. Based on the
results of the survey, we anticipate that patterns will emerge regarding the key
performance indicators for measuring project success. These results could then be used in
effecting successful projects. This study has chosen seventy seven (77) factors
categorized in seven (7) groups that the questionnaire respondents were asked to rank and
score.

Keywords: Critical Success Factors, Construction Projects, Pakistan, Key Performance

Indicators

43
 SKILLED LABORER MANAGEMENT IN HANDLING
CONCURRING BUILDING PROJECTS AT MULTIPLE SITES: THE
BAR BENDERS JOB SCHEDULING PROBLEM
Ming Lu
Associate Professor, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

Hoi-Ching Lam
Research Associate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

S.L. Tang
Associate Professor, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to address the challenges in single-skilled labor resource
management and scheduling under the functional organization structure. The problem of
skilled laborer scheduling in a multi-project context is elucidated through a case study of
allocating bar-bender resources to three concurring sites. Factoring in technological
constraints, repetitive building cycles, alternative method options, limited quantity of
skilled laborers, and labor work calendars, we resort to computer power (including
simulation and optimization algorithms resulting from recent research) in search of the
best combination of construction methods at individual sites and the optimum size of
labor force that would lead to the shortest duration of completing the jobs at all site. The
resulting substantial reduction in the job's duration comes solely from improvements in
the efficient use of time and budget. That would deliver cost savings to the subcontractor
and justify a pay raise increase for the laborers.

Keywords: Project Scheduling, Resource Allocation, Optimization Analysis.

44
 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
(CONSTRUCTABILITY AND ITS RELATION WITH TQM, COST
SHIFTING RISK AND COST/BENEFIT)
Tauqir Haider
Consultant & Faculty Member, LUMS.UCP.UMT & PU, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Financial Management, Book Keeping and Recognition of Construction contracts is now

considered as a unique professional job due to its recognition by IASB (International
Accounting Standard Board) through IAS (International Accounting Standard) 11. IAS
11 specifically deals with Construction Contracts. This very standard has provided the
basis for Constructability. Constructability has received considerable attention from
researchers and practicing engineers and other professionals. This is a fact that
Constructability has been associated with Total Quality Management (TQM) and Value
Engineering. This paper attempts to conceptually describe Cost shifting Risk,
Cost/Benefit analysis as well as the evolution of constructability in relation to IAS 11.In
addition, the paper presents a framework to measure recognition of Cost and revenues
related to Construction Contracts.By providing professionals with this framework, the
parameters will be visible and defined, thus removing skepticism as to the financial
management as well as enable more consistent and uniform results to be obtained.
Additionally, this paper will provide Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of
Financial Statements to determine when contract revenue and expenses in the income
statement.

Keywords: Financial Management, Construction Contracts, Constructability.

45
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS COST MODEL (CPCM) APPLIED TO
THE TENDERING PROCESS
Raymond T. Aoieong
Assistant Professor, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China

S. L. Tang
Associate Professor, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
[email protected]

Ying Ho Chuck
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China

ABSTRACT

Continually improving the quality of a project has always been one of the major concerns
to construction companies. Quality improvement of a project helps construction
companies to avoid unnecessary construction expenses and lengthy delay. A
Construction Process Cost Model (CPCM), based on Part 1 of the British Standard BS
6143 – Process cost model (PCM), has been introduced in previous studies as one of the
tools to measure quality improvement of construction processes. Users of the model
could choose particular process(es) in a construction project for monitoring and therefore
resources could be more effectively utilized. Previous researches in the application of
CPCM to non-construction/non-technological processes such as planning, design and
staff training have been successfully conducted. It can be shown that the application of
CPCM is not only feasible in construction processes but also in non-construction/non-
technological processes. As a further work of the previous studies, this paper discusses a
case study on using CPCM to monitor the quality of another non-construction/non-
technological process ⎯ the tendering process of a construction project in Hong Kong.
The case study verifies that CPCM is both applicable and practical. It can also be used as
a tool to monitor the “process continual improvement”, a requirement stated in the latest
(year 2000) version of the ISO 9000 quality management system.

Keywords: Construction Process Cost Model, CPCM, Tendering, Quality Cost, Quality
Management, Hong Kong.

46
 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM): A NEW
PARADIGM FOR VISUAL INTERACTIVE MODELING AND
SIMULATION FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Salman Azhar
McWhorter School of Building Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
[email protected]

Abid Nadeem
Hong Kong College of Technology International, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Johnny Y. N. Mok
Hong Kong College of Technology International, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Brian H. Y. Leung
Hong Kong College of Technology International, Kowloon, Hong Kong

ABSTRACT

The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industries have long sought
techniques to decrease project cost, increase productivity and quality, and reduce project
delivery time. Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers the potential to achieve these
objectives. BIM represents the development and use of computer-generated n-
dimensional (n-D) models to simulate the planning, design, construction and operation of
a facility. It helps architects, engineers and constructors to visualize what is to be built in
simulated environment and to identify potential design, construction or operational
issues. BIM represents a new paradigm within AEC, one that encourages integration of
the roles of all stakeholders on a project. It has the potential to bring about great
efficiency as well as harmony among players who all too often in the past saw themselves
as adversaries. In this paper, the benefits of Building Information Modeling (BIM) for the
AEC industries are discussed with the help of two case studies. These case studies
illustrate the various tangible and intangible benefits achieved by all stakeholders by
implementing BIM in their projects. At the end, light is thrown on various BIM related
risks and future challenges for the AEC industries.

Keywords: Building Information Modeling (BIM), Virtual Design and Construction

(VDC), n-Dimensional Modeling, Parametric Modeling, Facilities Management (FM).

47
 ROLE OF OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING IN THE
EDUCATION OF ENGINEEERS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING
DESIGN: A CASE STUDY OF ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN
UNIVERSITY
Attaullah Shah
Project Director and PhD Scholar , Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad Pakistan
[email protected]

Ihsan-ul-Haq
Director CDA, and Part time faculty member Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
Pakistan

Dr. Nomana Anjum

Assocaite Professor , Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Open and Distance Learning (ODL) provides a unique opprtunity to prefessionals for
their continuing education and capacity building. Allama Iqbal Open University ( AIOU),
Pakistan had been a succesful enterprise with an objective to addresses the education
needs of masses in the country. Contiuing education of Civil Engineers in Pakistan is the
most neglected part of our education System. AIOU in collboration with British Council
of Paksitan, tailored a post graduate degree and diploma program in Environmental
design for Engineers, Archeticts, town Planners and interior designers in 2003, which
presents a number of futuristic strategies that can be used in the process of design to
improve the harmony between the user, the building and the environment in which it is
placed. In this paper, the effectiveness of the post graduate program in the environmental
design has been studied through SWOT analysis and recommendations have been made
for improvement of the program.

Keywords: Open and Distance Learning, Continuing Education, Environmental Design.

48
RELIABILITY-BASED MODEL FOR ESTIMATING LONG TERM
PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS UNDER
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
Kamalesh Panthi
Ph.D. Candidate, Florida International University ,Miami, Florida, USA
[email protected]

Rizwan U. Farooqui
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering
and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan & Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Construction
Management, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA

Syed M. Ahmed
Associate Professor & Graduate Program Director, Department of Construction
Management, Florida International University, USA

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a model through which the cost associated with pavement warranty in
performance based maintenance contracts are analyzed and quantified. Performance
based maintenance contracts are eventually getting popular among the Highway
agencies.These are long term pavement warranty contracts where the contractors are
responsible for maintaining the pavement condition upto a certain specified level over the
period of warranty. The trend now is to award the maintenance contracts for a longer
period of time, generally upto ten years or even more in some cases unlike the short
warranty contracts. With the evolution of these new form of contracts, the challenge is to
estimate the cost associated with these contracts for a specified performance period.
Unlike the deterministic approach of cost estimation for new products, the maintenance
contracts have probabilistic cost estimation approach. Since maintenance action is
required when the performance threshold is exceeded, the time to failure of the product
(when the performance threshold level is exceeded) is a random variable. This
necessiates a different cost estimation approach for maintenance contracts of product
(pavement) which is presented in this paper. The developed model can be used by the
Highway Agencies as well as the contractors to estimate the cost of performing such long
term pavement performance contracts based on stipulated performance criteria.

Keywords: Performance, Contract, Pavement, Warranty, Specification.

49
 A FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS SUSTAINABILITY OF
COMMUNITY-BASED WATER PROJECTS USING MULTI-
CRITERIA ANALYSIS
Kamalesh Panthi
Ph.D. Candidate, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
[email protected]

Shashi Bhattarai
C.E.O., Development Dynamic, Kathmandu, Nepal

ABSTRACT

The application of Monitoring and Evaluation systems to assess water facility projects
has provided decision makers to plan for the sustanability of the future projects based on
the performance of the existing projects. There are many subjective and objective
opinions while determing the effectiveness of these projects. For the community–based
projects, sustainability is a major cause of concern to all the stakeholders. Inorder to
monitor and evaluate the sustainability of these projects, different indicators are identified
for measuring their effectivenes. A framework for an integrated evaluation system is
developed in this study using analytical hierarchy process for multiple-criteria decision
making. There is much subjective information that needs to be quantified inorder to
remove any bias in evaluator’s assesment of qualitative measures. A framework
developed in this study in this study is then applied to assess the sustainability of the
sixteen chosen water facility projects in Nepal. The results have shown that there is
significant value of such framework in providing information and input for different
decision-making levels.

Keywords: AHP, Sustainability, Evaluation, Monitoring, Multi-Criteria Analysis.

50
 MALAYSIA IMPROVISED RAPID ALL-WEATHER SHELTER II
(MIRAS II)
Fajaruddin Mustakim
Lecturer, Department of Building and Construction Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia
[email protected]

Dr. Ismail Rahman

Deputy Dean, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia

Profesor Ir. Dr. Abdul Aziz Abdul Samad

Dean, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia

Kamarul Aini bte Hj Mohd Sari

Lecturer, Department of Building and Construction Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia

Syamsul Izwan Saidin

Undergraduated, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia

ABSTRACT

The destruction due to earthquake in certain parts of the world had created problem of
shelter to the survivors. Countries likes Indonesia, China, Japan, Iran and Pakistan which
are prone to earthquake have severe weather condition. The people need immediate
shelter to protect from this weather. Under these circumstances rapid shelter all weather
is the best option to help the survivors. This paper presents a model of rapid shelter
known as Malaysia Improvised Rapid All-Weather Shelter or MIRAS. It discusses the
construction aspect of the model and proposed MIRAS kit that is easily mobile and
measurement of thermal comfort. The measurements showed that the indoor environment
of the shelter suitable to protect from severe outside weather. The study revealed that the
reduction of the high temperature was 17.7% between outdoor and indoor heat
meanwhile the reading of relative humidity is 61.2%.

Keywords: Malaysia Improvised Rapid All-Weather Shelter.

51
 ASSESSING THE VIABILITY OF TOTAL QUALITY
MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION IN CONTRACTING FIRMS
OF PAKISTANI CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Rizwan U. Farooqui
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering
and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan & Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Construction
Management, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA

Rehan Masood
Site Engineer, Paragon Constructors (Pvt) Ltd.,Karachi, Pakistan

Junaid Aziz
QC Engineer, Izhar (Pvt) Ltd, Karachi, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

This paper aims at analyzing the significance and willingness of contracting firms
regarding implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) to Pakistani construction
industry; the problems and conclusions are weighed and assessed respectively. An in-
depth analysis and statistical sorting of data were based on extensive industry surveys via
questionnaires and one-to-one interviews with key contractors of the existing market. The
current practices infer the average attitude of the contractors towards the importance of
adopting TQM. The aspects that were targeted such as quality in the organization
employee training, and organizational culture, seem to be slightly appreciable. Also
partnering is known by almost everyone in the industry but they show a low response in
this regard. Lacking of having a concise and exact definition of quality was also
observed. The fragmented nature of the industry is a big hurdle in TQM application. Lack
of education is also one of the reasons why TQM would fail. In addition, corruption,
negligence and irresponsibility are also critical issues. Contractors are apprehensive in
adopting TQM philosophy as they have a myopic view and are unable to realize its long
term benefit. Implementing TQM requires a major organizational change that would
transform the culture, process, strategic priorities and belief of an organization. Apart
from commitment top management must educate its employees on the need of TQM so
that it will help to reduce the amount of work for employees if they no longer need to
attend the customer complaints and defect problems.

Keywords: Total Quality Management, Employee Training, Organizational Culture,

Strategic Priorities, Pakistan.

52
 COST OVERRUN FACTORS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OF
PAKISTAN
Nida Azhar
Lecturer, Department of Urban and Infrastructure Engineering, NED University of
Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
[email protected]

Rizwan U. Farooqui
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering
and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan & Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Construction
Management, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA

Syed M. Ahmed
Associate Professor & Graduate Program Director, Department of Construction
Management, Florida International University, USA

ABSTRACT

Cost is among the major considerations throughout the project management life cycle and
can be regarded as one of the most important parameters of a project and the driving
force of project success. Despite its proven importance it is not uncommon to see a
construction project failing to achieve its objectives within the specified cost. Cost
overrun is a very frequent phenomenon and is almost associated with nearly all projects
in the construction industry. This trend is more severe in developing countries where
these overruns sometimes exceed 100% of the anticipated cost of the project.

In Pakistan, construction sector is an important sector although not working to its fullest
potential but still of prime significance to the country. Growth in this sector is critical for
growth in national income as it is among the largest sectors that generates employment
within the country as well as a key driver for economic development of Pakistan. Like
many other developing countries, Pakistan is also facing critical project management
related issues among which cost overrun is quite prominent. There are several factors that
are responsible for these cost overruns.

This paper attempts to identify the major cost overrun factors in the construction sector of
Pakistan, which can serve as the way forward for future work in coping with these
overruns. A thorough literature review was done and also expert opinions from
developing countries were taken, through which a number of cost overrun causes were
identified in global construction industry scenario. In total forty two (42) factors were
short-listed to be made part of the survey questionnaire and the survey was conducted
with representatives from local general contracting firms.

Results indicated that the majority of cost overrun factors (88%) lie in medium severity
impact zone (with a rating between 5 to 7.5 out of 10), signifying that major attention

53
needs to be given to these factors as they collectively cause considerable cost overrun. It
is evident from the findings that both internal and external aspects of business setting are
present as the prime contributors to cost overruns. The top ten cost overrun factors found
were: fluctuation in prices of raw materials, unstable cost of manufactured materials, high
cost of machineries, lowest bidding procurement procedures, poor project (site)
management/ poor cost control, delays between design and procurement phases,
incorrect/ inappropriate methods of cost estimation, additional work, improper planning,
and unsupportive government policies. An additional finding is that medium sized
construction firms experience a greater percentage of cost overrun owing to their
tendency to assume greater risk for the purpose of business development. Major
recommendations include: stabilizing cost of materials, increasing supply of materials
and machinery, more involved cost estimation processes, vigilant project planning, close
observance and documentation of cost variation trends in the sector and the country,
adoption of alternative procurement strategies such as design-build contracts, and best
value procurement.

Keywords: Cost overrun, Macro Economic Factors, Management Factors, Business and
Regulatory Environment Factors, Pakistan.

54
 GENETIC ALGORITHM APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE RESOURCE
LEVELING AND NET PRESENT WORTH (NPW)

Elmira Kalhor,
M.S. Student of Construction Management, Department of Civil Engineering, IUST,
Iran
[email protected]

Ehsan Eshtehardian,
Ph.D. Candidate, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abbas Afshar
Professor of Civil Engineering Department, Iran University of Science and Technology,
Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT

Total float is a by product of the CPM calculations. It represents the length of time a
none-critical activity's finish date may be delayed without affecting the completion date
of the entire project. Contractors think of total float as time contingency to cope with
unanticipated conditions. Consuming each day of each activity's total float and
consequently choosing an allowable start date for it, leads to a new schedule for a project.
This paper aims to optimize two objectives simultaneously using start dates of none-
critical activities as decision variables. First objective deals with resource leveling,
minimizing deviation between daily resources rates. Second objective aims to maximize
net present worth of benefit for contractors. A multi-objective GA is used to solve this
multi-objective problem.

Keywords: Float, CPM, Multi-Objective, Genetic Algorithm

55
 Department of Construction Management
Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering & Computing
NED University of Engineering & Technology Florida International University (FIU)
Karachi, Pakistan Miami, Florida, U.S.A
Telephone +92 21 9261261 Ext. 2205 Telephone +1 (305) 348-3172
Fax +92 21 9261255 Fax +1 (305) 348-6255