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4.1 Foundation Settlement

This document discusses various methods for estimating settlement of deep foundations, including single piles and pile groups. It covers theoretical, semi-empirical, and empirical approaches. The theoretical elastic method is described for single piles in single and double soil layers using settlement factors. Consolidation methods are presented for pile groups in clay. Semi-empirical methods separate settlement into components for a single pile in sand. Empirical methods from Vesic are also summarized.

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Radifan Halif
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170 views49 pages

4.1 Foundation Settlement

This document discusses various methods for estimating settlement of deep foundations, including single piles and pile groups. It covers theoretical, semi-empirical, and empirical approaches. The theoretical elastic method is described for single piles in single and double soil layers using settlement factors. Consolidation methods are presented for pile groups in clay. Semi-empirical methods separate settlement into components for a single pile in sand. Empirical methods from Vesic are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Radifan Halif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Settlement
of deep foundation
Introduction (1) 2
Foundation design:
- bearing capacity
- deformation
- cost
- Constructibility
Introduction (2) 3
Settlement of deep foundation:
Single pile
Pile group
Method to estimate deep foundation settlement:
Theoretical
Semi-Empirical
4

Single pile:
Theoretical approach – Methode of
Elastic Poulos & Davis
Modulus of Deformation (1) 5
Theoretical approach (elastic method): Modulus of
Deformation (Es).
In case of sand, modulus of drained condition (E’s) is used.
In case of clay, modulus of undrained condition Eu will be used
for short term period. In long term period modulus of drained E’s
is used
Modulus of Deformation(2) 6
Correlation between E’s and Eu :
Eu = (3 · E’s) / [2 (1 + u’s)]
where u’s is Poisson’s Ratio in the range of 0,10 to 0,45.
It could be concluded from equation above that Eu is greater
than E’s.
Modulus of Deformation`(3) 7
Modulus of Deformation (4) 8
Refer to Poulos dan Davis, elastic modulus of driven pile in :
Loose sand: 27 – 55 MPa
Medium sand: 55 – 70 MPa
Dense sand: 70 – 110 MPa

Notes: those values above are greater than that of values in


slide (3), which indicated that values in slide (3) most suitable for
shallow foundation and bored pile.
Modulus of 9
Deformatio
n (5)
Drained
Modulus
Modulus of Deformation (6) 10
Modulus deformation of soil most often shown to the relative
ratio towards modulus of pile’s material :

K = Epile / Esoil
K= pile stifness factor
Poisson’s Ratio 11
Theoretical approach (elastic method): Poisson’s Ratio (us).

Sand: u’s = 0,25 – 0,35


Clay:

with drained condition(u’s)


Soft NC clays 0,35 – 0,45
Medium clays 0,20 – 0,35
Stiff OC clays 0,10 – 0,20
with undrained condition : uu = 0,50
Single pile : Elastis Method in single layer12
(1)
Pile settlement:

sbutt = (Qc × I) / (Es × B)

whrere
Qc = applied axial load
I = factor of settlement
Es = soil modulus
B = pile diameter
Single pile : Elastis Method in single layer13
(2)
Factor of I is multiplication of :

I = Io × R K × R h × R n

Where Io = settlement influence factor for incompressible


pile in semi-infinite mass (slide 4)
RK = correction factor for pile compressibility
(slide (5)]
Rh = correction factor of finite depth of layer on a
rigid base [slide (6)]
Rn = correction factor of Poisson’s Ratio
[slide(7)]
Single pile : Elastis Method in single layer14
(3) B or
d
D or L
h
Es
νs

Db or Bb

Es-this layer >>>>


(very hard layer )
Single pile : 15
Elastis Method
in single layer
(4)

D/B
Single pile : 16
Elastis
D/B
Method in
single layer
(5)
Single pile : 17
Elastis
Method in
single layer
(6)

h= total depth of soil layer

h/D D/h
Single pile : 18
Elastis
Method in
single layer
(7)
Single pile : Elastic Method in double layer (1) 19

Soil ground may have more than one layer soil


condition. Elastic method for 2 layer derive as
the following:
Pile settlement:
sbutt = (Qc × I) / (Es × B)
where
Qc = applied (external) load
I = settlement factor for two layer
Es = soil modulus
B = pile diameter
Single pile : Elastic Method in double 20
layer(2)
B

Es D or L
ns

Eb Bb
nb
Single pile : Elastic Method in double layer (3)
21
Factor of I is multiplication of:

I = Io × R K × R b × R n

where
Io = standard factor
RK = similar to that factor in one layer condition
Rb = correction factor for stiffness in bearing stratum
Rn = correction factor of Poisson’s Ratio
22
Single pile –
Elastic
Metode in 2
layer (4a)
D/B
Single pile
23
– Elastic
Metode in
2 layer (4b)
24

Pile Grup :
Fundamental
Single pile v. Group pile (1) 25
In the pile group exist pile to pile interaction.
It can be shown in slide (2), due to pile to pile interaction the
total settlement in the pile represents of settlement due to
applied load PLUS settlement due to other pile in the group.
Single v. Group (2) 26

Q Q Q
Q
s >s
27

Pile Grup :

THEORETICAL APPROACH – METHOD OF ELASTIC


POULOS & DAVIS
CONSOLIDATION (SEMI-EMPIRICAL)
Group – Elastic Method (1)
28
Group settlement is given as follow:
sgrup = ssingle × RS
where
ssingle = settlement of single pile
and RS = npile × RG
where Rs = settlement ratio
RG = group reduction factor
npile = number of pile in the group
Group – Elastic Method (2) 29
L=D

s/B
s/d d/s
B/s
Grup – Metode Elastis (3) 30

L=DB

B
Group – Consolidation (1) 31
Clay soil mass deformation, in the long term, should consider
the process of cosolidation ( Cc-Cr)
In soft clay the secondary consolidation might be occurred
and existed
Review course content of consolidation process !!!
Group – Consolidation (2) 32

Consodation settlement for normally


consolidation soil with OCR = 1:

sc = [Cc/(1+eo)] × H × log[(σ’vo+∆σ’v)/σ’vo]

Consolidation setllement for over consolidation soil


with OCR > 1 and (σ’vo+∆σ’v) < σ’p :

sc = [Cr/(1+eo)] × H × log[(σ’vo+∆σ’v)/σ’vo]

What should be concidered if OCR > 1 and


(σ’vo+∆σ’v) > σ’p??
Group – Consolidation (3a) 33
Grup – Konsolidasi (3b) 34
Grup – Konsolidasi (3c) 35
Semi-empirical method 36
single pile on sand layer

ST = SS + SP + SPS
WHERE ST = TOTAL PILE SETTLEMENT FOR A SINGLE PILE
SS = SETTLEMENT DUE TO AXIAL DEFORMATION OF PILE SHAFT

SP = SETTLEMENT OF PILE BASE CAUSED BY LOAD TRANSMITTED AT THE BASE


SPS = SETTLEMENT OF PILE CAUSED BY LOAD TRANSMITTED ALONG THE PILE SHAFT

SS = (QPA + ΑS QFA ) L /(AP EP )


WHERE
QPA = ACTUAL BASE OR POINT LOAD TRANSMITTED TO THE PILE BASE IN WORKING STRESS RANGE
QFA = ACTUAL SHAFT FRICTION TRANSMITTED BY THE PILE IN THE WORKING STRESS RANGE
L = PILE LENGTH
AP = PILE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
EP = MODULUS ELASTICITY OF THE PILE
ΑS = CONSTANT NUMBER DEPENDS ON DISTRIBUTION OF SKIN FRICTION ALONG THE PILE SHAFT
VESIC ,1977 RECOMMENDED ΑS =0.5 FOR THE UNIFORM OR THE PARABOLIC SKIN FRICTION ALONG THE PILE
SHAFT AND ΑS =0.67 FOR FOR TRIANGULAR FORM SKIN FRICTION DISTRIBUTION
Semi-empirical method (cont’) 37
single pile on sand layer

SP = CP QPA /BQP
SPS = CS QFA /(DF QP )
WHERE :
CP = EMPRICAL COEFICIENT
CS = 0.93 + 0.16 (DF /B)1/2 CP
QPA = NET POINT LOAD UNDER WORKING CONDITIONS OR ALLOWABLE
QFA = PILE SHAFT LOAD UNDER WORKING CONDITIONS OR ALLOWABLE
QP = ULTIMATE END BEARING CAPACITY
B = PILE DIAMETER
Typical
D =L values of coefisient
= EMBEDDED Cp
PILE LENGTH
F
Soil type Driven piles Bored piles
Sand (dense to loose) 0.02-0.04 0.09-0.18

Clay (stiif to soft) 0.02-0.03 0.03-0.06

Silt (dense to loose) 0.03-0.05 0.09-0.12


Empirical method 38

Vesic, 1970:

St = B/100 + (Qva L)/(Ap Ep )

where
S= settlement of pile head
B = pile diameter
Qva = applied load
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = pile length
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pile material (lb/in2 )
Empirical method
Vesic, 1977: 39
S = Sp + Sf
where:
S= total settlement
Sp = settlement of pile tip
Sf = settlement due to deformation of the pile shaft

Qp = point load, Qf = friction load,


d = diameter of the pile at the base, L = pile length,
q u - ultimate point resistance per unit area, A = cross-sectional area of the pile,
Dr = relative density of the sand, E = modulus of deformation of the pile shaft,
Cw = settlement coefficient, a,= coefficient which depends on the
= 0.04 for driven piles distribution of skin friction along the shaft
= 0.05 for jacked piles and can be taken equal to 0.6.
= 0.18 for bored piles,
Settlement of Pile Groups in Sand 40

Curve showing the relationship between group settlement ratio and


relative widths of pile groups in sand (Vesic, 1967)
Settlement of Pile Groups in Sand 41

Curve showing relationship between group settlement


and pile group width (Skempton, et al., 1953)
Example: consolidation settlement
It is required to construct a pile foundation comprised of 20 piles arranged 42
in 5 columns at distances of 90 cm center to center. The diameter and
lengths of the piles are 30 cm and 9 m respectively. The bottom of the pile
cap is located at a depth of 2.0 m from the ground surface. The details of
the soil properties etc. are as given below with reference to ground level as
the datum. The water table was found at a depth of 4 m from ground level.

Compute the consolidation settlement of the pile foundation if the total


load imposed on the foundation is 2500 kN.
43
44
Example
45
46
47
48
49

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