Mathematical Modeling of Electronic Devices

and Circuits
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 1324, 65 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3526268
Published Online: 03 December 2010

B. P. Singh, Meena Singh, and Sanjay Kumar Roy

ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN

Performance Evaluation of AODV with Blackhole Attack

AIP Conference Proceedings 1324, 70 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3526269

The use of mathematics and electric circuit simulator software in the learning process of
wireless power transfer for electrical engineering students
AIP Conference Proceedings 1887, 020017 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5003500

Using mathematical software to design power electronic converters

AIP Conference Proceedings 1910, 060018 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5014012

AIP Conference Proceedings 1324, 65 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3526268 1324, 65

© 2010 American Institute of Physics.

 Mathematical Modeling of Electronic Devices
and Circuits
Dr. B. P. SINGH+, Mrs. MEENA SINGH++, SANJAY KUMAR ROY+++
+
Professor, Deptt. of ECE, Mody Institute of Technology and Science, Lakshmangarh, Rajasthan (INDIA)
++
Lecturer, Deptt. of ECE, University Polytechnic, B.I.T. Mesra, Ranchi (INDIA)
+++
Senior Manager, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur (INDIA)
([email protected], [email protected], [email protected])

Abstract:-The necessity of modeling lies in the nature of technology and its advancement. The modeling minimizes time and cost
of the process involved. The mathematical model provides an insight into the behavior of the physical system that reduces the
problem to its essential characteristics. The floating admittance matrix (FAM) approach is an elegant method of mathematical
modeling of electronic devices and circuits.
its mode and application has changed from passive to
I. INTRODUCTION active and finally to digital type.
In order to appreciate the effectiveness of
The mathematical modeling is a powerful tool in mathematical modeling in the engineering field, we must
engineering education that provides guidelines to show the connectivity or dependency of the engineering
minimize time and cost in the design process. The use of field to mathematics and modeling.
mathematical modeling also facilitates the process of
redesign, a relatively new field in engineering education. A. Mathematics
The engineers must constantly adjust their approach to the Mathematics helps engineers in forming the ideas,
art of design and be able to continuously modify and analyzing the system, and optimizing the functionality of
redesign in order to stay competitive in the global market. the phenomena, in order to design and develop a system.
This is best accomplished through adoption of scientific Mathematics enhances the ability to engage in abstract
approach to design. The scientific approach to design is thinking. It also arouses their imagination. An innovative
nothing but mathematical modeling [1]-[3]. However, to engineer is the one who is creative; and creativity comes
equip engineers with the art of design, the engineering from good imagination and abstract thinking. Therefore, a
education must address the problem properly to infuse the successful innovative engineer is one who has most likely
attitudinal change towards the acceptance level of equipped himself/ herself with substantial knowledge of
mathematics and modeling. mathematics.
The necessity of modeling for engineering lies in the
nature of technology and its advancement. As technology
B. Modeling
approaches its limit, fundamental changes do not occur at
Modeling means study of processes and objects in another
the same pace as it used happen previously. For an
physical environment as models that duplicate the
instance; the sudden announcement of BJT as the
behavior of the systems under observations. Although
replacement of vacuum tubes came as a cultural shock and
modeling is an effective tool that can be easily applied to
surprise; for both engineers and industries to have
any field of study, it is "a natural requirement of almost
achieved such results. The shock for the industrialist was
any engineering course". In essence; modeling is the part
‘what to do with huge investment they made in their
of the management process at every stage of human
foundry and inventory’. The surprise was for most of the
involvement. For instance, to investigate the efficiency
people that ‘whether the BJT of mm size would be able to
and effectiveness of an engineering curriculum,
sustain the requirement of voltage, current and power of
engineering colleges/ institutes should:
gigantic tubes’. But it proved mighty with the
• Be able to predict the program performance under the
development of technology. However, changes in
proposed curriculum.
technology are more horizontal. Changes are mostly
transformation from analog to digital world, from • Evaluate and assess the proposed curriculum.
hardware to software, from a multiple-chip to single-chip • Identify the points of deficiencies.
design, and computerization of all aspects of engineering
from design to production. In other words, the concepts of The modeling becomes a powerful tool to accomplish
engineering have remained virtually the same while their above mentioned tasks. An effective engineering program
modes and applications are under constant revision. For can be modeled as in Figure 1 This model helps
example, the concept of electronic filters has remained engineering colleges to continuously evaluate their
exactly the same as it was introduced for the first time, but proposed program, identify its deficiencies, improve
and modify it in a timely manner.
CREDIT LINE (BELOW) TO BE INSERTED ON THE FIRST PAGE OF EACH PAPER

CP1324, International Conference on Methods and Models in Science and Technology (ICM2ST-10)
edited by R. B. Patel and B. P. Singh
© 2010 American Institute of Physics 978-0-7354-0879-1/10/$30.00

65
 With regard to methodology, engineers proceed in a changes the output faster and at any given time the
specific way. For a given problem, they try to gather as expected output voltage will reach sooner.
much relevant information as possible. Then they search
correlations among the involved parameters to establish a VR
working model.
Vin
Subsequently, they propose solutions, which must be R i
optimized regarding several variables such as time, cost, 0 C VC
size, and performance. t=0
Engineering Program Proposed Teaching Development of a Detail Syllabus
Objective Learning Material working Model
Figure 2. RC integrator
Syllabi structure Feasibility of
Model Performance
Coverage Thus the use of integral equations provides a common and
and Evaluation convenient means of examining and determining both the
inherent and the induced components of processes that
take place in linear circuits. The use of integral equations
Re-implementation with YES
Does Level of for describing the dynamic behavior of electrical networks
Objectives matched acceptance
constant evaluation
with proposed model? will result in a number of specific methods for their
quantitative and numerical analysis.
NO The modeling reduces design time, increases product
Model modification
quality, and optimizes management. It is one of the most
important methods for accelerating scientific and
Figure 1. Model for an effective engineering program technological progress. The modeling is also intensifying
the development of science and the economy, but
Consequently, electronic engineers need to unfortunately it is almost absent from engineering
continuously improve the methods that are used for education; especially at the undergraduate level.
mathematical description, numerical analysis and The mathematical models are used not only in the
computer-aided design of electronic devices and systems. natural sciences and engineering disciplines such as
Modeling is the only effective approach that responds to physics, biology, earth science, meteorology, and
the current marketplace which demands fast and electrical engineering; but also in the social sciences such
inexpensive design and production. as economics, sociology and political science. Physicists,
The mathematical modeling helps electronic engineers engineers, computer scientists, and economists use
extensively to investigate the dynamic behavior of mathematical models most extensively.
electrical networks. Verlan [3] developed the
mathematical model for integral equation. This is C. Background
essentially the procedure that finds the integral Very often when engineers try to analyze a system to
mathematical relationships between the known source data control or optimize it, they use a mathematical model. In
and unknown network parameters. The following brief analysis, engineers can build a descriptive model of the
description of Verlan’s work shows how mathematical system as a hypothesis of how the system could work or
modeling helps engineers to study the behavior of a try to estimate how an unforeseeable event could affect the
system for further development of a more accurate system. system. Similarly, in controlling a system, engineers can
The RC circuit can act as a simple integrator or a first try out different control approaches in simulations.
order low-pass filter. The response of the RC integrator The mathematical model usually describes a system by a
circuit of Fig.2 to a step input is described by the non- set of variables and a set of mathematical equations that
homogeneous differential equation. If a step voltage (Vin) establish relationships between the variables. The values
is applied at t = 0, what is the form of the output? of variables can be practically anything; real or integer
For a capacitor = (1) numbers, Boolean values or strings, for example. The
variables represent some properties of the system, for
example, measured system outputs often in the form of
signals, timing data, counters, and event occurrence
(yes/no). The actual model is the set of functions that
describe the relations between different variables.
Soling it with the Initial condition: t = 0, VC = 0
D. Priori information
The mathematical modeling problems are often
classified into black box or white box models depending
(2) upon how much a priori information is available of the
For t = 0, VC = 0 and, as t → ∞, VC →Vin system. A system without any priori information is called
the black box model. A white-box model; also called glass
A plot of this response (for: C = R = Vin = 1) is given in box or clear box; is a system where all necessary
Fig. 3. Reducing the value of τ (i.e. reducing R or C)

66
information is available. Practically all systems are
somewhere between the black-box and white-box models. II. TWO PORT NETWORK FUNCTION
So this concept only works as an intuitive guide for
approach. How different network functions can be obtained
using the ratio of the first-order and/ or second-order
cofactors of the Floating Admittance Matrix (FAM) have
been demonstrated in [4]-[9]. In conventional analysis of
any network, at least one of the terminals of an n-port
network is considered to be the ground node. On the
contrary, if every node of an n-port network is an
accessible node to which external connections are made is
called n-live ports network. Fig.4 represents n-port
network comprising of arbitrary active and passive
components connected in any manner. The ground or
reference point of the network under consideration falls
outside the network. For the purpose, we shall consider all
the independent current sources outside the network and
set all initial conditions to be zero.

Figure 3. Low Pass Filter response for step input

E. Model Evaluation
A crucial part of the modeling process is the
evaluation of whether or not a given mathematical model
describes a system accurately. This question can be
difficult to answer as it involves several different types of
evaluation.
The easiest part of model evaluation is checking Figure 4. n-terminal network
whether a model fits experimental measurements or other
empirical data. In models with parameters, a common The voltage and current relationship from Fig 4 can be
approach to test this fit is to split the data into two disjoint written in the form of matrix as
subsets: training data and verification data. The training ⎡i1 ⎤ ⎡ y 11 y 12 ................y 1n ⎤ ⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡I 01 ⎤
data are used to estimate the model parameters. An ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
accurate model will closely match the verification data ⎢i 2 ⎥ = ⎢ y 21 y 22 ................y 2 n ⎥ ⎢ v 2 ⎥ + ⎢I 02 ⎥ (3)
even though this data was not used to set the model's ⎢: ⎥ ⎢: : : ⎥ ⎢: ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
parameters. This practice is referred to as cross-validation ⎣⎢i n ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ y n1 y n 2 ...............y nn ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ v n ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢I 0 n ⎦⎥
in statistics. Equation (3) is further simplified as
F. Scope of Model i i = Yij v n + I 0i (4)
The question of whether the model describes well the If the same voltage v o is added to all terminal voltages v1,
properties of the system between data points is called v2, .. vn, the terminal current would be expressed as
interpolation and the same question for events or data
points outside the observed data is called extrapolation. ⎡i 1 ⎤ ⎡ y 11 y 12 .................y1n ⎤ ⎡ v 1 + v 0 ⎤ ⎡I 01 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢y ⎥
y 22 ............ y 2 n ⎥ ⎢ v 2 + v 0 ⎥ ⎢I 02 ⎥
The mathematical modeling is the process of ⎢i 2 ⎥ ⎢ 21 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
representing physical system such as structure, ⎢: ⎥ = ⎢: : : ⎥⎢ : ⎥ + ⎢: ⎥ (5)
automobiles, graphs, diagrams, scattered plots, tree ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
diagrams, circuits etc in the form of mathematical :
⎢ ⎥ ⎢: : : ⎥ ⎢ : ⎥ ⎢ ⎥:
⎢i ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
expressions that can predict the behavior of the system. ⎣ n ⎦ ⎣ n1 y n 2 ..............y nn ⎦ ⎣ v n + v 0 ⎦ ⎣I 0 n ⎦
The model provides an insight into the physical system Subtracting (3) from (5) yields
that reduces the problem to its essential characteristics.
We are particularly interested in mathematical ⎡i 1 ⎤ ⎡ y 11 y 12 .................y 1n ⎤ ⎡ v 0 ⎤
modeling of electronic devices and its integration with ⎢ ⎥ ⎢y ⎥
y 22 ............ y 2 n ⎥ ⎢ v 0 ⎥
⎢i 2 ⎥ ⎢ 21 ⎢ ⎥
passive components. The methodology of analysis would ⎢: ⎥ = ⎢: : : ⎥⎢ : ⎥ = 0 (6)
be to form Floating Admittance Matrix of the circuit ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
including active devices and passive components ⎢: ⎥ ⎢: : : ⎥⎢ : ⎥
⎢i ⎥ ⎢ y y .............. y ⎥⎢ ⎥
(resistances and capacitances) for any complicated circuit. ⎣ n ⎦ ⎣ n1 n 2 nn ⎦ ⎣ v 0 ⎦
Then any mathematical tool such MATLAB or
Under such conditions, for three terminal network;
MATHEMATICA can be used to get the result of
i1 = i 2 = i 3 = 0, then
simulated mathematical model in the form of the matrix
for complicated active circuits. ( y11 + y12 + y13 ) v O = ( y 21 + y 22 + y 23 ) v O

67
 = ( y 31 + y 32 + y 33 ) v O 13
Y13
Since, v O ≠ 0, then Zi=Z13= = rg R G ≅ RG(as rg >> R G ) (15)
Y33
y11 + y12 + y13 = y 21 + y 22 + y 23 = y 31 + y 32 + y 33 =0 (7) gs =0

v13 Zi rg R G
Equation (7) proves that sum of all elements of any row = = =1 (16)
vi Z i + rs rg R G + r/s
must also be equal to zero. Thus, zero sum property of the
FAM suggests that sum all elements of any row or any 1
column must be equal to zero. This is called zero sum
rs
Z i = Z13 ⇒ rg R G
property of the floating admittance matrix. vi
Equations for different functions for two port network 3
such as Zi, Ai, Av, and Zo from [8] are written as
Figure 12. Zi = Z13
12
v Y12
Z12 = 12 = sgn(1 − 2) sgn(1 − 2)(−1)1+ 2+1+ 2 (8)
i12 Y22 A vs = A v = − g m (R D R L ) (17)
23
12 Y23
v 34 Y34 ZO=Z23 = = rd R D (18)
3+ 4+1+ 2
= A v = sgn(3 − 4) sgn(1 − 2)(−1) (9) Y 33
v12 12
Y12 G L =0

12
i 34 Y34
= Ai = sgn(3 − 4) sgn(1 − 2)(−1) 3+ 4+1+ 2 GL (10)
i 12 Y22 IV. FAM of BJT

34
Y34 The FAM of BJT is written as,
v34
Z34 = = sgn(3 − 4) sgn(3 − 4)(−1)3+ 4 + 3+ 4 (11) ⎡i 1 ⎤ ⎡ g i − gih r − g i (1 − h r ) ⎤ ⎡v1 ⎤
i3 Y44 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ gm ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
g − g h − g − g (1 − h )
⎢i 2 ⎥ = ⎢⎢
r ⎥
⎢v 2 ⎥
o m r o m
⎥
⎢⎣i 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢− g i − g m − g o + g m h r g o + g i (1 − h r ) ⎥ ⎢⎣ v 3 ⎥⎦
III. FAM of FET ⎣⎢ + gih r + g m (1 − h r ) ⎦⎥
(19)
The floating admittance matrix of FET [7]–[9]
A. Common Emitter Amplifier [8]-[10]
assuming g g = 0 is expressed as
The simplest ac circuit of CE amplifier is shown in
1 2 3 Fig. 13 and its FAM is written as
⎡i1 / i g ⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ v1 / v g ⎤
⎢ ⎥=⎢ (12) 1 2
⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢i 2 / i d ⎥ ⎢ g m gd − g m − g d ⎥ ⎢v 2 / v d ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ rs RL GL
⎢⎣i 3 / i s ⎥⎦ ⎣− g m − gd g m + g d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ v 3 / v s ⎥⎦
vi
3
A. Common Source (CS) Amplifier [7]-[9]
The simplified circuit for the small signal analysis of the Figure 13. Common Emitter Amplifier
CS amplifier is shown in Fig. 5 and its FAM is
⎡ gi + gs − gih r − gi (1 − hr ) − gs ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ mg g o − g h
m r + G L − g o − g m (1 − h r ) − GL⎥
⎢− gi − gm − gs − go + (gm + gi )hr go + (gi + gm )(1 − hr ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ − GL + gs + GL ⎦⎥
rs RD RL
(20)
vi RG 23 v 23 −h fe R L
A v 13 = = (21)
v13 h ie + Δh e R L
Figure 5 ac circuit of CS Amplifier
13
Y13 h ie + Δh e R L
⎡ g g + g s + GG 0 − gg − gs − GG ⎤ Z i =Z13= = (22)
⎢ ⎥ Y33 1 + h oe R L
⎢ mg g + G + G g + g − G − G L ⎥
g s =0
d D L m d D (13)
⎢− g − g − g − G − g − G − G g + g + g + g ⎥ 23
Y23
⎢ g m s G d D L g m d s
⎥ rs + h ie
⎢⎣ + GG + GD + GL ⎥⎦ Zo= Z23 = = (23)
Y33 h oe rs + Δh e
gm G L =0
Av = − = − g m (R D R L ) (14) − h fe
g/ d + G L + G D 23 ic
Ai = = (24)
13 i b 1 + h oe R L + (Δh e R L + h ie )g s

68
 −h fe 1 2 3 4
= for g s → 0 (25) ⎡ gi + gs − gihr − gi (1− hr ) − gs ⎤
1 + h oe R L ⎢ ⎥
g
⎢ m g o − g h
m r − g o − gm ( 1 − hr ) − G L ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (31)
+ GL
B. Common Collector Amplifier [8]-[10] ⎢ ⎥
The simplified ac circuit of a CC amplifier ⎢− gi − gm − go + gmhr go + gi (1− hr ) − GE ⎥
⎢ + gihr + gm(1− hr ) ⎥
configuration is shown in Fig. 14. The FAM for the circuit ⎢ ⎥
shown in Fig. 14 is written as ⎢ G E ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ gi +gs −gs −gi ⎤ ⎣− gs − GL − GE gs + GE + GL ⎦
⎢ ⎥ −h fe R L
⎢ gm −gs go +gs +GE −gm −go −GE (26) 24
⎥ A v 14 ≅ (32)
⎢⎣−gi −gm −go −GE h ie + (1 + h fe )R E
gi +gm +go +GE ⎥⎦
34 (1 + h fe )R E
A v 14 = (33)
h ie + (1 + h fe )R E
1 2 34 24
If R L = R E , then A v 14 = − A v 14
rs 14
Y14
3
vi RE GE Zi=Z14= = h ie + (1 + h fe )R E (34)
Y44
2 g s =0
Figure 14. Common Collector Amplifier
rs 1
Zi = Z14 ⇒ Zi
32 (1 + h fe )R E vi
Av == (27) 4
12 h ie + (1 + h fe )R E + h oe h ie R E
Figure 17. Zi = Z24
h ie + h oe h ie R E + (1 + h fe )R E
Zi=Z12= (28)
1 + h oe R E −h fe R L
A vs = (35)
h ie + (1 + h fe )R E + rs
rs 1
Zi = Z12 ⇒ Zi 24 −h fe rs
vi Ai = Ai = (36)
2
14 h ie + (1 + h fe )R E + rs
(h + r )R h fe R E
Figure 15. Zi=Z12 ZO = Z24= 1 + ie s E + (37)
h oe h ie + rs + R E h oe (h ie + rs + R E )
(1 + h fe )R E
A vs = (29)
h ie + h oeh ie R E + (1 + h fe )R E + (1 + h oe R E )rs
REFERENCES
(h ei + rs )
ZO =
h oe (h ei + rs ) + (1 + h fe ) [1] Pieter Eykhoff, System Identification, Springer (Hardcover), 1974.
[2] Verlan, V.V, Network Analysis by the Method of Integral Equation,
1 1 + h fe Journal of Electron Modeling, 5, 5,1021-1031, 1985.
Hence, YO= = h oe + (30)
Zo h ie + rs [3] Wai-Kai Chen, On second-order cofactors and null return difference
in feedback amplifier theory, International Journal of Circuit Theory
and Applications, Volume 6 Issue 3, Pages 305 – 312, Dec 2006.
C. BJT Phase splitter [4] Otso Juntunen (1998); A Two-Port S-Parameter Data
The BJT based phase splitter circuit is shown in Fig, 16 Transformation; Circuit Theory Laboratory Report Series, CT-35,
Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Espoo.
and its FAM is written as [5] B. P. Singh, Unified Approach to Electronics Circuit Analysis:
IJEEE, Vol, pp.276-285, July 1978.
1 2 [6] B. P. Singh, Active Bridge for Measurement of the Admittance
Parameters of the Transistor; Indian Journal of Pure & Applied
rs RL GL Physics, Vol.15, pp,783-786, Nov.1976.
3 [7] B. P. Singh, A New Active Bridge for Measuring FET Parameters; J
vi Phys. E Scientific, Instruments,Vol.11, pp.667-670, 1978.
RE GE [8] B.P. Singh, Meena Singh, Sanjay Kumar Roy, and S.N. Shukla,
4
“Mathematical Modeling of Electronic Devices and its integration,”
Figure 16. Circuit of BJT Phase splitter Proceedings of National Seminar on Recent Advances on
Information Technology, pp.494-502, Feb. 6-7, 2009, Indian School
of Mines Dhanbad University, Published by Allied Publishers Pvt.
Ltd.

69