CHM3103 Sem 1 2020/2021 Lab Report

Practical Report
Name: Nurul Husna Binti Abdul Rahem Date: 30/10/2020
Matric No: 198168
Title of experiment: Bromination of acetone.

Purpose

1. To calculate the rate constant of the reaction for different reaction mixtures of acetone,
bromine and hydrogen ion.

2. To calculate the rate of the reaction for different reaction mixtures.

3. To calculate the activation energy for the reaction.

Introduction/Background
The rate of a reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction happens. If a
reaction has a low rate, that means the molecules combine at a slower speed than a
reaction with a high rate. This experiment conduct is to examine the bromination of
acetone. It is conducted at room temperature. The overall reaction is written as below;

The rate of a chemical reaction depends on several factors such as the nature
of the reaction, the concentrations of the reactant, the temperature, and the presence
of catalysts. First, increasing th concentration of reactant will increase the rate of
reaction. This is because, when there is more of a substance in a system, there is a
greater chance that molecules will collide and speed up the rate of the reaction. So
when there is less of something, there will be fewer collisions and the reaction will
probably happen at a slower speed. Next, increasing the temperature of the system
will also increase the reaction rate. This is because the molecules bounce around a lot
more. Therefore, they have more energy. So when they bounce around more, they are
more likely to collide each other. The pressure also will affect the reaction rate. This is
because, when the pressure increase, the molecules have less space in which they
can move. That greater density of molecules will increases the number of collisions.
 CHM3103 Sem 1 2020/2021 Lab Report
Thus, increase the rate of reaction. Presence of a catalyst will also increase the
reastion rate. A catalyst is a substance that accelerates a reaction by participating in it
without being consumed. It will provide an alternate reaction pathway to obtain the
products.
Activation energy is the amount of energy required to reach the transition state.
The formula to find the activation energy is
 CHM3103 Sem 1 2020/2021 Lab Report

Experimental Design
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Observations
The observation from this experiment is the yellow solution of bromination of
acetone turns colourless but in different time taken.
Data and Evaluation
 Part 1: Effect of Concentration
Result:
Volume of Solution (mL)
Set Acetone HCl Br2 H2O Time (s)
1 5 5 5 5 280
2 5 5 3 7 146
3 3 5 5 7 463
4 5 3 5 7 403
5 5 5 5 10 310

Calculation:

(a Preparation of substock solution

(i) acetone

Given the density = 0.789 g/mL, purity 99.5% and molecular weight = 58.08 g/mol

Concentration of stock solution =

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(ii) HCl

Given the density = 1.19 g/mL, purity 37% and molecular weight = 36.46 g/mol
Concentration of stock solution = ?
For dilution to 1 M, volume of stock solution needed = ?

(b) Determine the concentration of each substance

Set Concentration (M)
Acetone HCl Br2
1

(c) Determine the rate of reaction for each set of experiment.

Set 1,
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Set 2 ,

Set 3 ,

Set 4 ,

Set 5 ,

(d) Determine the individual order of reaction

Based on the experiment set 2 vs experiment set 5:

Based on the experiment set 3 vs experiment set 1:

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Based on the experiment set 4 vs experiment set 1:

(e) Determine the overall order of reaction and finalise the rate law equation.

Overall rate order = x + y + z = 1+1+0 = 2

(f) Determine the rate constant for each set of experiment.

Set 1,

Set 2,

Set 3,

Set 4,

Set 5,
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(g) Determine the average rate constant, kave

h) Determine the theoretical rate of reaction for set 5

(i) Determine the theoretical reaction time for set 5

(j) Determine the percentage of error for set 5

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 Part 2 : Effect of Temperature

Result:

Set Temperature Of Temperature Of Time (s)

Mixture (OC) Mixture (OC) (K)
1 22 295 172.6
2 32 305 61.0
3 35 308 28.6
4 44 317 9.0
5 53 326 6.1

(a) Determine the rate of reaction for each set of experiment.

0.003M
Set 1, Rate =  1.73810 5 M
172.6 s s

0.003M
Set 2, Rate =  4.918 10 5 M
61s s

0.003M
Set 3, Rate =  1.049 10  4 M
28.6 s s

0.003M
Set 4, Rate =  3.33310  4 M
9 .0 s s

0.003M
Set 5, Rate =  4.918 10  4 M
6.1s s
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(b) Determine the rate constant for each set of experiment.

Set 1,
rate
k
CH 3COCH 3  H  
1.73810 4 M
k s  6.952 10 5 M 1 s 1
1M 0.25M 

4.918 10 5 M
Set 2, k  s  1.967 10  4 M 1 s 1
1M 0.25M 

1.049 10 4 M
Set 3, k  s  4.196 10  4 M 1 s 1
1M 0.25M 

3.33310 4 M
Set 4, k  s  1.33310 3 M 1 s 1
1M 0.25M 

4.91810 4 M
Set 5, k  s  1.967 10 3 M 1 s 1
1M 0.25M 

c) Determine the activation energy of experiment

Set 1/ temperature, K-1 Rate constant, k ln k

1 3.388×10-3 6.952×10-5 M-1s-1 -9.574

2 3.277×10-3 1.967×10-4 M-1s-1 -8.534

3 3.245×10-3 4.196×10-4 M-1s-1 -7.776

4 3.153×10-3 1.333×10-3 M-1s-1 -6.620

5 3.066×10-3 1.967×10-3 M-1s-1 -6.231

CHM3103 Sem 1 2020/2021 Lab Report
 CHM3103 Sem 1 2020/2021 Lab Report

From the graph,

Conclusion and discussion

As for discussions , the observation that I got from this experiment is the yellow
solution from bromination of acetone turns colourless but in different time taken. In part
1 , the result shows that set 2 is the fastest reaction and set 3 is the slowest
reaction.This is because the concentration of acetone in set 3 is lower than the others
set. The lower the concentration of acetone , then the slower the reaction.Therefore, set
2 has the fastest reaction as in set 2, the concentration of acetone is higher and the
concentration of bromine is lower. Thus, set 2 has the highest rate of reaction which is

while set 3 having the lowest rate of reaction which is

. Next, for the rate constant , the highest rate constant is set 4 which

is and the lowest is set 5 which is k is .In Part

2 , based on effect on temperature , the fastest reaction is set 5 and the slowest is set
1.This is because the temperature of mixture in set 5 is 326K and in set 1 is only
 CHM3103 Sem 1 2020/2021 Lab Report

295K.The rate of reaction in set 5 in and for set 1 is

. That’s means the set 5 has the highest rate than set 1.This is
because the higher temperature will increase the kinetic movement of molecules.The
Ea for this experiment is . The full reaction mechanism in this
experiment :

Precaution steps that we need to do before experiment begins are we need to

wear gloves to avoid all chemicals such as hydrochloric acid , bromine and acetone to
touch our skin and that can cause irritation. Next , we also need to wear labcoat to avoid
all chemicals also spills on our clothes.Then , while doing experiment , we need to make
sure that we poured the chemicals gently , so that theirs is no bad reaction happens.
We also need to make sure that there is no leakage in all apparatus as it may cause
inaccuracies in our experimental result and can harm ourself and other people. Next ,
precaution steps that we need to follow after doing the experiment is we need to throw
up all waste in the chemicals waste bottles prepared by lab assistant. Then , we also
need to clean all the apparatus that we have used and dry it properly.

An absorbance spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the fraction of

the incident light transmitted through a solution. In other words, it is used to measure
the amount of light that passes through a sample material and, by comparison to the
 CHM3103 Sem 1 2020/2021 Lab Report
initial intensity of light reaching the sample, they indirectly measure the amount of light
absorbed by that sample. An absorbance spectrum is determined to select the optimal
wavelength for analyzing a given compound. The optimal wavelength (Amax) for
measuring absorbance is that wavelength that is most absorbed by the compound.
Next,to measure absorbance as a means to measure the concentration of the product
of an reaction. According to the Beer-Lambert Law, absorbance is directly proportional
to the concentration of the absorbing substance. Therefore, the rate of change of the
absorbance is directly proportional to the rate of change of the concentration of the
absorbing substance. There for absorbance can be utilized to study the reaction kinetics.

For the conclusions, we can calculate the rate constant of the reaction with
different reaction mixture of acetone, bromine and hydrogen. The highest rate constant

is set 4 which is and the lowest is set 5 which is k is

. Next we also can calculate the rate of reaction for different

reaction mixture. The highest rate of reaction is set 2 which is and the

lowest rate constant is set 3 which is Lastly we also can calculate

the activation energy for each reaction based on the gradient in the graph.The activation
energy, Ea is

References

1. Mortimer, M. & Robert, G. (2008). Physical Chemistry. 3th edition. Boston: Elsevier
Academic Press.
2. Moreno, A., Lejnieks, J., Galià, M., Lligadas, G., & Percec, V. (2018). Acetone:
solvent or reagent depending on the order of addition in SET-LRP. Polymer

3. Atkins, P. & de Paulo, J. (2009). Physical Chemistry. 9th edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
4. Sun, X., Ma, H.-X., Mei, T.-S., Fang, P., & Hu, Y. (2019). Electrochemical Radical
Formyloxylation–Bromination, −Chlorination, and −Trifluoromethylation of Alkenes.
Organic Letters. doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00867
CHM3103 Sem 1 2020/2021 Lab Report