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AutoPIPE Modeling Approaches
Jacketed Pipe
Jacketed pipe is used where external heating or cooling is required to maintain the primary product being transported in a desired
state (i.e., keep it liquid). Typical applications include the piping of materials such as pitch, sulfur, resins, adhesives, and many food
products.
When the primary product is sensitive to contamination or corrosion, the carrier (core) pipe will often be of a different material (such
as stainless steel) than the jacket (which is usually carbon steel).
Standard jacketed piping is constructed with the jacket pipe welded to the back of the pipe flanges. When product contamination is a
concern, swaged ends are occasionally used. Typically, jacketed pipe is prefabricated in straight lengths up to 20' long.
Example
Modeling
The modeling approach is to define two pipe segments lying over each other. The first segment represents the carrier pipe and the
second segment the jacket. Next, the two pipes are assembled into a single component with flanges at either end. Typically, the
flanges are substantially more rigid than the jacket or carrier pipe and as such they are considered to be fully connected (i.e. they
have the same displacements and rotations). The connection between the jacket and carrier pipe is achieved by using a rigid beam
element. Pipe spreaders, also called spiders, are used at various increments along the length of the pipe assembly in order to maintain
a uniform spacing between the carrier and the jacket. Spreaders are modeled as rigid connections using a two-point guide support.
In the model which follows, all that will be created is a single 20' straight section of jacketed pipe. The purpose of this model is to
illustrate the procedure for defining a jacketed pipe, not to create a complete piping system. The following properties will be applied to
the model:
1. Define a new system. When the Segment dialog appears, name the core pipe Carrier.
2. When the Pipe Properties dialog appears, input the remaining values as follows:
3. Define the operating loads for the carrier pipe. This is the pressure and temperature at which the primary product is being
maintained:
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4. Build the carrier pipe (segment A). The global coordinates for the system points are listed below (length units are feet, and
offsets are measured from the preceding point):
5. Select Insert/Segment to begin a new segment. Accept the new segment name (B), then define B00 at an offset of
0.006 feet in the +Y direction from A00. Finally, enter JACKET in the “Pipe data identifier” field.
6. Input the properties of the "Jacket" pipe as shown below. Note that the material has been changed to “CS.” Because of this
change, the ‘Material Change’ dialog shown in Step 7 is automatically displayed for specification of an appropriate hot
allowable for this material.
7. Since the pipe material has been changed, AutoPIPE will display the Material Change dialog to allow the hot allowable stress
to be edited accordingly. Input a value of 12000.
8. Select Insert/Pressure & Temperature to define the pressure in the jacketed pipe. The Operating Loads dialog is
displayed. Specify a pressure of 100 psi. This is applied to segment B, while the operating temperature remains the same as
the carrier pipe.
9. Build the jacket pipe (segment B). The global coordinates for the system points are listed below (length units are feet, and
offsets are measured from the preceding point):
10. Move the crosshairs to point A00.
11. Select Insert/Frame to open the Beam dialog. Define a rigid beam (M1) from A00 to B00. Remember, this is a very
short beam (0.006 feet long). Since AutoPIPE only displays two significant digits after the decimal by default, the length
appears as 0.01; however, the proper length has been stored in the database.
The number of digits that AutoPIPE uses after the decimal for coordinates may be specified through the Edit/User pref]
command.
12. Select Insert/Frame to open the Beam dialog again. Define a rigid beam (M2) which spans from A02 to B02.
13. Move the crosshairs to point B00.
14. Select Insert/Flange to open the Flange dialog. Specify a SLIP-ON flange with an pressure rating of 300, and a Slip-On
(SO) connection type. Since the current point is B00, AutoPIPE recalls the flange data for a 6" pipe (which is what we
want). If the current point had been A00, the recalled flange data would have been for the carrier pipe.
15. Move the crosshairs to point B02, then define the flange for this end by repeating Step 14.
16. Move the crosshairs to point B01.
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17. Select Insert/Support to open the Support dialog. Enter A01 as the “Connected to” point, then specify a rigid Guide
support. Note that a friction coefficient of 0.1 has been defined in order to model any scraping action between the two
pipes.
Display of a Jacketed Pipe End
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Standard Jacketed Pipe
This type of piping generally is recognized as
providing the most uniform application of heat to
the process, as well as maintaining the most
uniform processing temperatures. The jacket
pipe is welded to the back of the flanges, which
allows the heating fluid to heat the flanges as
well as the process piping. This construction also
requires that the flanges be "oversize" to allow
sufficient room to tighten nuts on the backs of the
flanges during pipe installation. To accommodate
this space requirement, the flange size normally
matches the size of the jacket pipe.
Consequently, all equipment (valves, pumps,
meters,) also must utilize oversize flanges or
special flange adapters. Standard Jacketed Pipe is used most frequently on processes that
have narrow temperature envelopes, require very uniform temperature maintenance, or must
have maximum heat input for melt-out or heat exchanger service. Batch-type processing is a
typical application. Other applications include high-temperature, heat sensitive polymers,
resins, and other hydrocarbons. These processes generally are in the low-to-medium
pressure ranges.
Swaged Jacketed Pipe
The jacket pipe terminates on the core pipe a
short distance from the back of the flange by
"swaging" or by the use of a jacket-size
welding cap. This construction allows the use
of core-size flanges on both piping and
mating equipment. Using equipment with
standard, core-size flanges favorably impacts
the cost of a piping system. Swaged Jacketed
Piping is used on processes that have fairly
broad temperature envelopes, require the
fewest concealed welds to minimize the
possibility of cross contamination, or need
only normal heat-soak periods to achieve
melt-out. Note: when Swaged Jacketed Pipe
is selected for the purpose of minimizing concealed welds, close temperature maintenance or
very narrow processing temperature envelopes can be achieved by the strategic use of bolt-
on heating jackets (see Hybrid Jacketed Piping).
Weld-Neck Flange Stub End w/Lap Joint Flange
Insert Flanged Jacketed Pipe
There are two types of insert flanges, Reducing and Non-Reducing. The flanges consist of
two separate parts: a hub -- the insert -- and a backing flange which is free to rotate (assuring
bolt hole alignment during installation). In both types, the core pipe is welded front and back
to the hub, as with any slip-on flange. The jacket, which heats the core pipe as well as the
hub, is welded to a machined land on the back of the hub that matches the nominal size and
schedule of the jacket pipe. Reducing Insert Flanged Jacketed Pipe has the same sizing
requirements as Standard Jacketed Pipe. The backing flange size matches the nominal size
of the jacket pipe. If equipment must mate with the Reducing Insert Flange, it requires
oversize flanges. Non-Reducing Insert Flange Jacketed Pipe has the same sizing
requirements as Swaged Jacketed Pipe--it allows the use of core-size equipment. Unlike
Swaged Jacketed Pipe, it heats the back of the hub for more uniform temperature control.
The Non-Reducing Insert Flange demands more dexterity of installation personnel than the
Reducing Insert Flange. For this reason, many designers specify Reducing Flanges on pipe-
to-pipe connections and Non-Reducing Insert Flanges on pipe-to-equipment connections.
Non-Reducing Insert Reducing Insert
Hybrid Jacketed Pipe
This type of jacketed pipe, as the name
implies, utilizes various constructions to
achieve specific processing or construction
needs. For example, if the process requires
very tight temperature control, yet project
economies dictate the use of standard
equipment, a typical solution is: Use Standard
Jacketed Pipe for pipe-to-pipe connections and
Swaged Jacketed Pipe or Reducing-Insert
Jacketed Pipe for the pipe-to-equipment
connections. Close temperature control of the
core-size equipment can be maintained with
bolt-on jackets (see ControHeat Jackets). Another example of the use of the Hybrid System
is the elimination of concealed welds in the process piping where Swaged Jacketed Pipe is
used for all straight runs and bolt-on jackets are used on all welded fittings--tees, elbows,
reducers, and crosses (see example at right).
