Introduction to Databases

Introduction to Databases
 Outline
• Data in the Knowledge Economy
• The DIKW Pyramid
• Database Evolution
• Database Management System
• Types of Databases
• Components of DBMS
Data Is The New Oil!
 Most Valuable Firms
Company Value Sector
Saudi Aramco 1.6T Oil
Microsoft 1.3T Software & Internet
Apple 1.2T Hardware & Internet
Amazon 1.2T Retail & Internet
Alphabet 0.9T Internet
Facebook 0.5T Internet
Alibaba 0.5T Retail & Internet
Tencent 0.5T Internet
Berkshire 0.4T Insurance, Investments
Johnson & Johnson 0.3T Pharmaceuticals

Source: statista.com
The Data Economy
DIKW Model
 Data
• Raw facts and figures; statement of event
without relation to other things or events.
• Simply exists and has no significance beyond
its existence.
• It does not have meaning of itself.
• Involves gathering parts
• Related to Transaction Processing Systems
 Information
• Information is data that has been given meaning
by way of relational connection.
• It is processed data that provides answers to
"who", "what", "where", and "when" questions
• In computer parlance, a relational database
makes information from the data stored within it.
• Involves connecting parts
• Related to Information Systems
 Knowledge
• Aims to answer the “How” question.
• Information gained from previous step is
integrated to existing knowledge to form new
knowledge
• Involves joining wholes
• Related to Decision Support Systems
 Wisdom
• An intuitive but rational process that is
predictive in nature
• Tries to answer the “why” question
• Is associated with moral standards of doing
the right thing
• Related to Expert Systems
 Database
• Organized collection of structured data to make it easily
accessible, manageable and update.
• It is logically related and is a coherent collection of data
with some inherent meaning
• Involves specifying the data types, structures and
constraints for the data to be stored in the database
• Constructing Database: the process of storing the data
itself on some storage medium that is controlled by the
DBMS
• Manipulating Database: includes such functions as
querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating
the database to reflect changes in the mini world, and
generating reports from the data
 Database Management System
• A software system that enables user to
create, define and maintain the database and
provides controlled access to this database
• It makes it possible to define, construct,
manipulate and share databases among
various users and applications
• DBMS evolved from file-based systems
Evolution of Databases
Hierarchical Databases
• The hierarchical data model organizes
data in a tree structure of parent and
child data segments.
• This structure implies that a record
can have repeating information,
generally in the child data segments.
• Record types are the equivalent of
tables in the relational model, and
with the individual records being the
equivalent of rows.
• To create links between these record
types, the hierarchical model uses
Parent-Child Relationships.
• There are 1:N mappings between
record types. This is done by using
trees
Network Database
• Data were more naturally
modeled with more than one
parent per child.
• Network model permits the
modeling of many-to-many
relationships in data
• The basic data modeling
construct in the network model is
the set construct.
• A set consists of an owner record
type, a set name, and a member
record type.
• A member record type can have
that role in more than one set
 Levels of Abstraction
• Physical level describes how a record is stored.
• Logical level: describes data stored in database,
and the relationships among the data.
type customer = record
name : string;
address : string;
house number: integer;
end;
• View level: application programs hide details of
data types. Views can also hide information for
security purposes.
Three-Layered Architecture
 Types of Databases
• Relational databases: Defines database
relationships in the form of tables.
• Distributed databases: Data is not in one place
and is distributed at various organizations.
• Object-oriented databases: Data is stored in the
form of objects. The objects to be held in the
database have attributes and methods that
define what to do with the data.
• Cloud databases: Optimized or built for such a
virtualized environment. They offer scalability on-
demand, along with high availability.
 Types of Databases (cont’d)
• Data warehouses: facilitate a single version of truth for a company
for decision making and forecasting. A Data warehouse is an
information system that contains historical and commutative data
from single or multiple sources. Data Warehouse concept simplifies
the reporting and analysis process of the organization.
• NoSQL databases: NoSQL database is used for large sets of
distributed data. There are a few big data performance problems
that are effectively handled by relational databases. This type of
computers database is very efficient in analyzing large-size
unstructured data.
• Graph databases: A graph-oriented database uses graph theory to
store, map, and query relationships. These kinds of computers
databases are mostly used for analyzing interconnections. For
example, an organization can use a graph database to mine data
about customers from social media.
 Types of Databases (cont’d)
• Personal database: store data stored on personal computers that are
smaller and easily manageable. The data is mostly used by the same
department of the company and is accessed by a small group of people.
• Multimodal database: a type of data processing platform that supports
multiple data models that define how the certain knowledge and
information in a database should be organized and arranged.
• Document/JSON database: Data is kept in document collections, usually
using the XML, JSON, BSON formats. One record can store as much data as
you want, in any data type (or types) one prefers.
• Hierarchical: employs the "parent-child" relationship of storing data. Its
structure is like a tree with nodes representing records and branches
representing fields e.g. Windows registry
• Network DBMS: supports many-to-many relations and results in complex
database structures.
Components of DBMS