R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

2D Theory of Elasticity

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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Summary
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Field equations

Boundary conditions

Problem formulation

Plane strain

Plane stress

Airy’s stress function

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Axially loaded bar

Pure bending of beam
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Introduction
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

In principle all practical problems – 3D

problems – very complex – difficult to
handle

Reasonable assumptions – bring down the
complexity in the problem – reduces a
dimension => 2D problem

2D problems – two independent variables –

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static problem – three independent variables
– dynamic problems

Field variables, φ = φ(x, y, t)
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Introduction
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Field variable is independent of third

dimension => ∂∂φz = 0

Continuum approach – the following laws
hold good

Conservation of mass

Principle of momentum

Principle of moment of momentum

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First law of thermodynamics

Second law of thermodynamics - inequality
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Introduction
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

No inertia effects – quasi-static / static

Small deformation and rotations

Material => isotropic – same properties in all
the direction

Homogeneous – material properties are
uniform over the domain

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Linear elastic – Hooke’s law holds good =>
Hookean material
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Field equations
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Strain-displacement equations
1  ∂ui ∂u j  1
ε ij =  + = (ui , j + ui , j )

2  ∂x j ∂xi  2

Six equation

Compatibility equations

ε ij ,kl + ε kl ,ij − ε ik , jl − ε jl ,ik = 0

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Six equations – three independent
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Field equations
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Equilibrium equations –
σij, j + Bi = 0
Three equations

Constitutive law – Linear elastic – Hooke’s

law
σ ij = λε kk δ ij + 2 µε ij
1+υ υ

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ε ij = σ ij − σ kk δ ij
E E
Six equations
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Field equations
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Total – 15 equations = 3 Equilibrium +

6 strain displacement + 6 constitutive laws

Unknowns => 3 Displacements, 6 stress
components and 6 strain components

Boundary value problem casted as
ℑ(u i , ε ij , σ ij , λ , µ , Bi ) = 0

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Unknowns Lame’s constants
Body load
Not easy to solve analytically 15 equations to find out 15 unknowns 8
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Boundary conditions
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Solution of a differential (partial) equations –

boundary conditions required

Boundary conditions influence the solution –
field variable in the domain

BCs play a very essential role for properly
formulating and solving elasticity problems

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In elasticity – boundary conditions –
displacements, tractions and combination

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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Boundary conditions
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Various boundary conditions in elasticity –

Tn

Tn U U

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Traction boundary Displacement boundary Mixed boundary
conditions conditions conditions

10
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Boundary conditions
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Tractions – At ‘A’ – Direction cosines of

σyy
area normal => (0, 1, 0)
τxy σxx is inside the boundary – this
A σxx need not be zero
σyy
Tx = τxy; Ty = σyy
τxy
σxx At ‘B’ – Direction cosines of
B
area normal => (1, 0, 0)
y
Tx = σxx; Ty = τxy

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x σyy is inside the boundary – this
T x = lσ xx + mτ xy
need not be zero
T y = lτ xy + mσ yy
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Boundary conditions
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Tractions –
A

r
B
θ

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Tractions in Polar co-ordinate system
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 Boundary conditions
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Boundary – 1 – traction free

Tractions –
DC => (0, 1, 0)
y
Tx = 0. σxx + 1. τxy = 0
1
⇒Tx = τxy = 0
⇒Ty = 0. τxy + 1. σyy = 0 => σyy = 0
Boundary – 2 – DCs (1, 0, 0)
4 2 S
Tx = 1. σxx + 0. τxy = S = σxx
Ty = 1. τxy + 0. σyy = 0 = τxy

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x
3 Boundary – 3 – DCs (0, -1, 0)
Tx = 0. σxx - 1. τxy = 0
Boundary – 4
Tx = τxy = 0
u = 0; v = 0 Ty = 0. τxy - 1. σyy = 0 => σyy = 0
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Boundary conditions
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Boundary - 1 – DCs (l, m, 0)

Tractions
y This is a traction free boundary
DCs are constant on this
boundary Tx = lσxx + m τxy = 0
Ty = mσxx + l τxy = 0

n
Boundary – 2 – Constrained
S σxx boundary – U, V = 0
3
τxy 1
σyy

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Boundary – 3- Traction is acting
DCs (-1, 0, 0)
x
o 2 Tx = -1σxx + m τxy = S => σxx = - S

Individual stress components are not zero Ty = mσxx + l τxy = 0 => τxy = 0
on boundary - 1 14
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Problem formulation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

3D elasticity 15 equations and 15 unknowns - 2D

elasticity – 8 equations and 8 unknowns

Reformulating elasticity problems – mathematically
convenient way

Two approaches –

Displacement based

Stress based formulations

Displacement based – express filed equation in

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terms of displacements, ui – Navier equation

Stress based – express filed equation in terms of
stresses, σij
15
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Problem formulation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

In displacement based formulation

Primary variable – displacement – solution is
obtained for displacements – stresses and strains
secondary / derived variables

Strains – derivation of displacements

Stresses – use constitutive law

In stress based formulation

Primary variable – stresses – solution is obtained

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for stresses – strains and displacements
secondary variables

Strain compatibility equations
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Displacement formulation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Governing equation expressed in

displacements

Field equations –
Equilibrium σ ij , j + Bi = 0 - (1)

1  ∂ui ∂u j 
Strain - displacement ε ij = + - (2)
2  ∂x j ∂xi 

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Constituti ve law σ ij = λε kk δ ij + 2 µε ij - (3)

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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Displacement formulation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Differentiate (3) wrt ‘j’

σ ij , j = λε kk , jδ ij + 2 µε ij , j - (4)
Plug this in (1)

σ ij, j + Bi = λεkk, jδij + 2µεij, j + Bi = 0 - (5)

Express all strain components in (5) in terms of
displacements – Use equation (2)

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λ u k , kj δ ij + µ (u i , jj + u j , ij ) + B i = 0
λ u k , ki + µ u j , ji + µ u i , jj + B i = 0
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Displacement formulation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

λ u k , ki + µ u j , ji + µ u i , jj + B i = 0
(λ + µ )u j , ji + µ u i , jj + B i = 0
This gives three equations for i = 1, 2 and 3
For i = 1 => x - direction

∂  ∂ u1 ∂ u 2 ∂ u 3   ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 
(λ + µ )  + +  + µ  2 + +  u 1 + B1 = 0
∂ x1  ∂ x1 ∂ x 2 ∂ x 3  ∂
 1 x ∂ x 2
2 ∂ x 2
3 

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Combining all three equations into a single equation

(λ ( )
+ µ ) ∇ ∇ .U + µ ∇ 2 U + B = 0
~ ~ ~
19
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Displacement formulation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Governing equations in terms of displacements

– three equations - reduced from ’15’ equations
(λ + µ )u j , ji + µui , jj + Bi = 0 - (U)
ℑ(u i , λ , µ , Bi ) = 0 Navier equation

Equations (U) known as Navier’s or Lame’s equations

Boundary conditions => ui = Ui on ‘S’ boundary ui = ui ( x1 , x2 , x3 )

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Solve second order PDEs – get displacements
Use strain – displacement relations for calculating strains
Constitutive relations for stresses
20
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Stress formulation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

In displacement formulation compatibility

equations play no role – displacement
obtained are single valued and continuous

In stress formulation express governing
equation in terms of stresses

Stresses – primary variables – obtain
secondary variables displacements from

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strain-displacement relations

Integrate ε-U relations – compatibility
equations come into play
21
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Stress formulation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Boundary conditions – only tractions

From the filed equations eliminate strains and
displacements

Compatibility equation
ε ij ,kl + ε kl,ij − ε ik , jl − ε jl ,ik = 0 - (1)
For k = l first three compatibility equations are obtained

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1+υ υ
Constitutive law ε ij = σ ij − σ kk δ ij
E E
Differentiate this wrt k and l, plug in (1) 22
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Stress formulation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Three compatibility equations for k=l = 1, 2

and 3
∂ 2 ε xx ∂ 2 ε yy ∂ 2 γ xy
+ =
∂y 2
∂x 2
∂x∂y
( i = j = 1, k = l = 2) ∂ 2 ε yy ∂ ε zz
2
∂ 2γ
+ =
yz

∂z 2
∂y 2
∂y∂z
(i = j = 2 , k = l = 3 )

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∂ 2 ε xx ∂ 2 ε zz ∂ 2 γ xz
+ =
∂z 2
∂x 2
∂x∂z
(i = j = 3, k = l = 1)
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Stress formulation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

This gives –
σ ij , kk + σ kk ,ij − σ ik , jk − σ jk ,ik =
υ
(σ δ ij + σ mm ,ijδ kk − σ mm , jk δ ik − σ mm ,ik δ jk )
1+υ
mm , kk

δ kk = 3
equilibriu m eqn. σ ij , j + Bi = 0

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σ ij , j = − Bi
Make use of equilibrium equation to reduce further
24
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Stress formulation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Governing equation in terms of stress –

1 υ
σ ij , kk + σ kk ,ij = σ mm , kk δ ij − B i , j − B j , i
1+υ 1+υ

ℑ(σ ij , λ , µ , Bi ) = 0
Compatibility equation in terms of stresses, known as
“Beltrami-Michell” compatibility equation

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Six equations can be obtained for i, j = 1, 2, 3
Only three are independent – similar to strain compatibility equations
Three more equations are required – complemented by three
equilibrium equations - Six unknowns – six equations 25
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Plane strain
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Out-of-plane dimensions are large compared to

in-plane dimensions All loads and boundary conditions
independent of ‘z’ co-ordinate
y
The deformation in ‘z’ direction
assumed to be zero. w = 0

x Deformations in ‘x’ and ‘y’

directions depend on (x, y) only
u = u(x, y) and v = v(x, y)

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z
All cross-sections have same
Reduce a 3D problem to displacements
2D problem Out of plane strains vanish
26
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Plane strain
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

In plane strain εzz = 0, γyz = 0 and γzx = 0

Linear elastic material – Hooke’s law
σ ij = λε kk δ ij + 2 µε ij
σ xx = λ (ε xx + ε yy ) + 2 µε xx
σ yy = λ (ε xx + ε yy ) + 2 µε yy

σ zz = λ (ε xx + ε yy )

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τ xy = 2 µε xy = µγ xy
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Plane strain
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Equilibrium equations –
σ ij , j + Bi = 0
∂ σ xx ∂ τ xy
+ + B x = 0 - (1)
∂x ∂y
∂ τ xy ∂ σ xx
+ + B y = 0 - (2)
∂x ∂y
Use constitutive law and strain-displacement equations in (1)
∂
(λ (ε xx + ε yy ) + 2 µε xx ) + ∂ (µγ xy ) + Bi = 0

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∂x ∂y
∂   ∂u ∂v  ∂u  ∂   ∂u ∂v  
 λ  +  + 2 µ +  µ  +   + B x = 0
∂x   ∂x ∂y  ∂x  ∂y   ∂y ∂x  
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Plane strain
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Governing equation in x – direction

∂  ∂u ∂v 
µ∇ u + (λ + µ )  +  + Bx = 0
2

∂x  ∂x ∂y 
Use second equilibrium equation – convert to displacements

∂  ∂u ∂v 
µ∇ v + (λ + µ )  +  + B y = 0
2

∂y  ∂x ∂y 

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In each of the above two equations, equilibrium, constitutive law
and displacement – strain equations are inbuilt - Displacement
formulation
Eight equations => reduced to two equations in displacements 29
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Plane strain
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Stress based formulation -

∂ 2 ε xx ∂ 2 ε yy ∂ 2 γ xy
In 2D case, compatibility equation + =
∂y 2
∂x 2
∂x∂y
Use constitutive law – convert into
stresses
σ xx υ
ε xx = − (σ yy + σ zz )
E E
σ yy υ
ε yy = − (σ xx + σ zz )
E E

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σ zz υ
ε zz = 0 = − (σ xx + σ yy ) => σ zz = υ (σ xx + σ yy )
E E
2(1 + υ )
γ xy = τ xy
E 30
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 Plane strain
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Compatibility equation in terms of stresses

∂ 2τ xy
∂2
∂x 2
[ ]
∂2
[
(1 − υ )σ yy − υσ xx + 2 (1 − υ )σ xx − υσ
∂y
yy ] = 2 ∂x∂y
Above equation is obtained from compatibility, constitutive
equations
Use equilibrium equations to eliminate shear stress from above
equation

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∂σ xx ∂τ xy ∂  ∂σ xx ∂τ xy 
+ + Bx = 0 =>  + + Bx  = 0
∂x ∂y ∂x  ∂x ∂y 
∂τ xy ∂σ xx ∂  ∂τ xy ∂σ yy 
+ + B y = 0 =>  + + B y  = 0
∂x ∂y ∂y  ∂x ∂y  Add 31
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 Plane strain
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

This is obtained as –
∂ σ xx
2
∂ 2σ ∂ 2τ xy
∂B x ∂B y
+ +2 + + =0
yy

∂x 2
∂y 2
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y
∂ 2τ xy  ∂ 2 σ xx ∂ 2σ yy ∂B x ∂B y 
2 = −  + + + 
∂x∂y  
 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
2 2

 ∂ 2σ xx ∂ 2σ yy ∂Bx ∂B y 
∂2
∂x
[ ] ∂2
[ ]
(1 − υ )σ yy − υσ xx + 2 (1 − υ )σ xx − υσ yy = − 2 + 2 +
∂y
+ 
∂y 
 ∂x ∂y ∂x
2

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Simplifying this expression
Single governing
equation for stress based
1  ∂Bx ∂B y 
∇ (σ xx + σ yy ) = −
2
 +  formulation of plane
1 − υ  ∂x ∂y  strain problems 32
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 Plane strain
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Governing equation
 ∂B x ∂B y 
∇ (σ xx + σ yy ) = −
1
2
 + 
1−υ  ∂x ∂y 
In this equation, equilibrium, constitutive and compatibility
equations are inbuilt.
Three stress components in 2D – σxx, σyy, τxx
Only one governing equation – three unknowns

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In 2D two stress equilibrium equations exist – use these two
with above governing equation
Boundary conditions given in terms of tractions. Relate them to
stresses 33
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 Plane stress
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Third dimension – much smaller than in-

plane dimensions Out of plane stresses σzz, τxz and
τyz negligible
Body can have out of plane
deformation
z
y εzz is non-zero, γxz and γyz = 0
Stresses are functions of in-plane

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x displacements
σ xx = σ xx ( x , y ),
Thin plates – structures
σ yy = σ yy ( x , y ),
Reducing a 3D problem
to a 2D problem τ xy = τ xy ( x , y ) 34
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Plane stress
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Formulation of plane stress problem – two

approaches

Displacement based

Stress based approach

Formulation procedure – same as in plane
strain

Formulation takes care of non-zero out of

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normal strain and zero normal stress

Use field equations
35
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Plane stress
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Displacement based approach –

σ x   
1 ν 0   ε x  Plug in stress
  E
σ y  = ν 0  ε y 
τ  (1 −ν 2
) 
1
(1 − ν ) γ 
equilibrium
equations
 xy  0 0  xy 
 2 
∂σ xx ∂τ xy ∂τ xy ∂σ xx
+ + Bx = 0 ; + + By = 0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂  E Eυ  ∂  E  ∂u ∂v 

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ε + ε +   +  + Bx = 0
  ∂y  2(1 + υ )  ∂y ∂x 
2 yy 
∂x 1 − υ 2 xx
1−υ

∂  E Eυ  ∂  E  ∂u ∂v 
ε + ε +   +  + B y = 0
 ∂x  2(1 + υ )  ∂y ∂x 

∂y 1 − υ 2 yy
1−υ 2 xx 
36
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Plane stress
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Use strain displacement equations to convert

strains into displacements

Governing equations in terms of displacements
E ∂ ∂u ∂v 
µ∇ 2u +  +  + B x = 0
2 (1 − υ ) ∂ x ∂x ∂y 
E ∂  ∂u ∂v 
µ∇ v +
2
 +  + B y = 0
2 (1 − υ ) ∂ y  ∂ x ∂ y 

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In the above two equations – equilibrium, constitutive laws
and strain-displacements equations

37
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Plane stress
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Stress based approach – field equations in plane

stress problems Equilibrium equations
Constitutive laws ∂ σ xx ∂ τ xy
+ + Bx = 0
∂x ∂y
σ xx υ
ε xx = − σ yy ∂ τ xy ∂ σ xx
E E + + By = 0
∂x ∂y
σ yy υ
ε yy = − σ xx Compatibility equation

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E E
2 (1 + υ ) ∂ ε xx
2
∂ 2ε yy ∂ 2γ xy
γ xy = τ xy + =
E ∂y 2
∂x 2
∂x∂y
38
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 Plane stress
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Use constitutive laws in compatibility equation –

eliminate strains in compatibility using constitutive
law

Compatibility equation in terms of stress – stress
compatibility equation

Eliminate shear stress in stress compatibility
equation using two equilibrium equations

Differentiate x – direction equilibrium equation wrt

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‘x’ – y – direction eqn. wrt ‘y’, add these two get
shear stress

Plug this in stress compatibility equation
39
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 Plane stress
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

The governing equation –

 ∂B x ∂B x 
∇ (σ xx
2
+ σ yy ) = − (1 + υ ) + 
 ∂x ∂x 

This is derived making use of strain compatibility equation,

constitutive laws and equilibrium equations

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 Summary – Plane stress and strain
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Formulation Plane strain Plane stress

∂  ∂u ∂v 
µ∇ 2u + (λ + µ )  +  + Bx = 0 ∂  ∂u ∂v 
∂x  ∂x ∂y  µ∇ 2u +
E
 +  + Bx = 0
Displacement 2(1 − υ ) ∂x  ∂x ∂y 
E ∂  ∂u ∂v 
∂  ∂u ∂v  µ∇ 2 v +  +  + By = 0
µ∇ 2 v + (λ + µ )  +  + By = 0 2(1 − υ ) ∂y  ∂x ∂y 
∂y  ∂x ∂y 

 ∂B x ∂B y  ∂B x ∂B x 
( )

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 2
Stress ∇ 2 (σ xx + σ )= −  ∇ σ xx + σ yy = − (1 + υ )
1
 + + 
1−υ ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂x 
yy
 x   x

41
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Summary – Plane stress and strain
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Basic difference – coefficients involving elastic

material constants

Solving one type of plane problem gives solution to
other type also using simple transformation of
elastic coefficients

In absence of body loads – in stress formulation –
governing equations of plane stress and strain are
same

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No elastic constants appear in governing equation

Solving these equations – difficult – some text book
problems
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 Airy’s stress function
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

In stress based formulation – one equation in terms

of normal stresses and two equilibrium equations
for finding out the complete stress state

Reduce the complexity of equations

Introduce a new filed variable ‘Airy’s stress
function’ (φ)

Aim – reduce the governing equations from three to

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one

Find the distribution of single variable ‘φ’ – get
stresses from that
43
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 Airy’s stress function
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Airy’s stress function (ASF) defined for stress

based formulations – both plane stress and
plane strain

Basic stress equilibrium equations –
∂ σ xx ∂ τ xy Defining potential
+ + Bx = 0
∂x ∂y B = −∇ V => Bi = V,i
∂ τ xy ∂ σ xx
~

+ + By = 0

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∂V ∂V
∂x ∂y Bx = − , By = −
∂x ∂y
Body loads can be derived Substitute in equilibrium
from potential function ‘V’ equations 44
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 Airy’s stress function
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Equilibrium equations become

∂ ∂τ xy ∂τ xy
∂
(σ xx − V ) + = 0; + (σ yy − V ) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
Defining ASF as

∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
σ xx −V = ; τ xy =− ; σ yy −V =
∂y 2
∂x∂y ∂x 2

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ASF, φ = φ(x, y)
ASF satisfies both equilibrium equations.
In stress based formulation – it has to satisfy one more
governing equation 45
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 Airy’s stress function
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

In plane strain – stress based formulation –

governing equation
1  ∂Bx ∂B y 
∇ (σ xx + σ yy ) = −
2
 + 
1 − υ  ∂x ∂y 
 ∂ 2φ   ∂ 2φ   1  ∂  ∂V  ∂  ∂V 
∇  V
2
+  + V + 
 = −

 −
  +  −  
 ∂y   ∂x   1 − υ  ∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y 
 ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ  1
∇ 
2
+  + 2∇ 2V = ∇ 2V
 ∂x ∂y  1−υ

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 1 
∇ .∇ φ = 
2 2
− 2 ∇ 2V
 1 −υ 
 1 − 2υ  2
Bi-harmonic operator ∇ 4φ = − ∇ V
 1−υ  46
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Airy’s stress function
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

In plane stress – stress based formulation –

governing equation
 ∂Bx ∂By 
∇ (σ xx + σ yy ) = −(1 + υ )
2
+ 
 ∂x ∂y 
  ∂ 2
φ   ∂ 2
φ   ∂  ∂V  ∂  ∂V  
∇  V +
2
 + V +   = −(1 + υ )  −  + 
 − 
 

∂ ∂  ∂  ∂  ∂ ∂
  y   x    x x y  y  
 ∂ 2
φ ∂ 2
φ
∇  +  + 2∇ 2V = (1 + υ )∇ 2V

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2

 ∂x ∂y 
∇ 2 .∇ 2φ = (1 + υ − 2)∇ 2V
∇ 4φ = −(1 − υ )∇ 2V 47
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Airy’s stress function
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Governing equations in terms of ASF

 1 − 2υ  2
∇ φ = −
4
∇ V Plane strain
 1−υ 
∇ 4φ = − (1 − υ )∇ 2V Plane stress

If body forces are neglected – V = 0 – In both cases the governing

equation is same
∂ 4
φ ∂ 4
φ ∂ 4
φ
∇ φ = 0 => 4 + 2 2 2 + 4 = 0
4

∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y

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Bi-harmonic equation – solution to this equation => ASF
Problem of elasticity reduced to a single equation – find φ in
solution domain and boundaries – BCs - Tractions 48
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Stress formulation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

This formulation is appropriate for use with traction

boundary conditions

Use Hooke’s law for calculating strains from
stresses

Compute displacements from strain-displacement
relations

Since compatibility equations are used in
formulating governing equations, the displacements
obtained from integration of strain-displacement

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equations yield single valued, continuous filed

All equations are used for solving the problem

Closed form analytical solutions for elasticity
problems – difficult – rely on numerical methods
49
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Uniaxial tension – ASF approach
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

A bar subjected to tension

y

2c T
T 2 x
1
2l

Boundary – 1 Boundary – 2
DCs => (1, 0, 0) DCs => (-1, 0, 0)
Tx = T = lσxx + m τxy = σxx = T Tx = -T = lσxx + m τxy = σxx = T

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Ty = 0 = mσyy + l τxy => τxy = 0 Ty = 0 = mσyy + l τxy => τxy = 0
Remaining boundaries – stress free.
Stress in x – direction = T = constant 50
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Uniaxial tension – ASF approach
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Stress in x – direction given by ASF

∂ 2φ 1 2
σ xx = constant = 2 = T => φ = Ty + c1 y + c2
∂y 2
At x = ± l, σyy and τxy = 0

σ ∂u υ T
εx = − σy =x
= - (1)
E E ∂x E
σy υ ∂v υT
εy = − σx = = −

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- (2)
E E ∂y E
Integrate (1) and (2) u =
T
x + f (y)
E
f(y) and g(x) –
υT arbitrary functions
v = − y + g (x) 51
RamadasEChennamsetti
 Uniaxial tension – ASF approach
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Shear strain, τ xy
∂u ∂v
γ = + = = 0
∂y ∂x
xy
G
=> f ' ( y ) + g ' ( x ) = 0
=> − f ' ( y ) = g ' ( x ) = ω o
∂f
=> = − ω o => f = − ω o y + u o
∂y

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∂g
= ω o => g = ω o x + v o
∂x
ωo, uo, vo – arbitrary constants of integration.
52
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Uniaxial tension – ASF approach
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Functions ‘f’ and ‘g’ represent rigid body motions

Rigid body rotation - ωo and translations in ‘x’ and
‘y’ directions => uo and vo

Terms related to rigid body motion result from strain-
displacement relations

Displacements are determined from strain fields only
up to an arbitrary rigid motion

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For complete determination of displacement filed –
additional boundary conditions required – evaluate
ωo, uo and vo

If rod has no rigid body motion => ωo, uo and vo = 0 53
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Pure bending of beam – ASF approach
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Beam subjected to pure bending –

y
M M
2c
x
2l

σ yy (x, ± c) = 0
τ xy (x, ± c) = 0
τ xy (± l, y ) = 0
Boundary

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+c
Conditions Fx = ∫σ
−c
xx ( ± l , y ) dy = 0

Statically equivalent +c

boundary condition − M =∫ σ xx ( ± l , y ) ydy 54

−c
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Pure bending of beam – ASF approach
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Key point in ASF approach – selection of an

appropriate stress function - φ

It has to satisfy all boundary conditions –
capture physics of the problem

Some knowledge about structure’s behavior
helps in selection of ‘φ’

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In bending, variation of bending stress is linear
along ‘y’ co-ordinate

‘φ’ should be a cubic polynomial
55
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Pure bending of beam – ASF approach
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Linear variation of bending stress

∂ 2φ
σ xx = Ay = 2 Integrating the function
∂y
A 3
φ = y + C1 y + C 2 ASF satisfies all BCs
6
+c

∫ σ (± l , y ) ydy = − M
−c
xx

+c

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+c
y 3
3M
∫− c Ay dy = − M => − A 3  = M => A = − 2 c 3
2

−c

3 M y3 M 3
φ=− 3
+ C1 y + C 2 = − 3 y + C1 y + C 2
2 c 6 4c 56
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Pure bending of beam – ASF approach
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Stresses and strains

M 3 ∂ 2φ 3M
φ = − 3 y + C1 y + C2 => σ xx = 2 = − 3 y
4c ∂y 2c
σ yy = 0, τ xy = 0
σ xx σ yy ∂u 3 M
ε xx = −υ => =− y
E E ∂x 2 Ec 3
Integrate strain –
σ yy σ xx 3 Mυ displacement

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ε yy = −υ = 3
y equations
E E 2 Ec
3M 3M υ 2
u=− 3
xy + f ( y ); v= 3
y + g ( x)
2 Ec 4 Ec 57
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 Pure bending of beam – ASF approach
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Shear strain
∂u ∂v 3M
γ xy = + = 0 => − x + f '
( y ) + g '
( x) = 0
∂y ∂x 2 Ec 3

3M
=> − 3
x + g '
( x ) = − f '
( y ) = ω o Integrate
2 Ec
3M x 2
g ( x) = 3
+ ω o x + vo
2 Ec 2

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f ( y ) = −ω o y + u o

Functions g(x) and f(y) represent rigid body motions

To evaluate constants, ωo, uo, vo – constraints required
58
Ramadas Chennamsetti
 R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

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59
Ramadas Chennamsetti