Woldia University

Institute of Technology
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Chapter Three
Angle modulations

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Mulusew Yitbarek

January 25, 2021

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 Introduction
Angle Modulation

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Angle Modulation

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 Introduction
Angle Modulation

Angle modulation

In angle modulation, the angle of the carrier wave is varied

according to the message signal.
In this family of modulation techniques, the amplitude of the
carrier wave is maintained constant
Let θi (t)denote the angle of a modulated sinusoidal carrier at time
t; it is assumed to be a function of the message signal. We express
the resulting angle-modulated wave as;

S(t) = Ac cos[θi (t)] (1)

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Angle Modulation

Angle Modulation

where Ac is the carrier amplitude. A complete oscillation

occurs whenever the angle θi (t) changes by 2π radians. If
θi (t) increases monotonically with time, then the average
frequency in hertz, over a small interval from t to t + 4t is
given by
θt (t + 4t) − θi (t)
f4t (t) = (2)
2π4t

Allowing the time interval 4t to approach zero leads to the

following definition for the instantaneous frequency of the
angle-modulated signal s(t).

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Angle Modulation

 
θt (t + 4t) − θi (t) 1 dθi (t)
fi (t) = lim f4t (t) = lim =
4t→0 4t→0 2π4t 2π dt
(3)

In the simplest case of an unmodulated carrier, the angle θi (t)

can be;for m(t)=0
θi (t) = 2πfc t + φ (4)
There are two common ways in which a message m(t) may be
embedded onto the angle of a carrier.
A frequency modulator (FM) accepts the input as a frequency.

Figure 1: Block diagram of frequency modulator

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Angle Modulation

Angle Modulation

FM is that form of angle modulation in which the

instantaneous frequency is varied linearly with the message
signal as shown by

fi (t) = fc + kf m(t) (5)

The constant term fc represents the frequency of the

unmodulated carrier; the constant kf represents the
frequency-sensitivity factor of the modulator, expressed in
hertz per volt on the assumption that m(t) is a voltage
waveform. Integrating Eq. (5) with respect to time and
multiplying the result by 2π, we get

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Angle Modulation

Z τ Z τ
θi (t) = 2π fi τ = 2πfc t + 2πkf m(τ )dτ (6)
0 0
where the second term accounts for the increase or decrease
in the instantaneous phase θi (t) due to the message signal
m(t). The frequency-modulated wave is therefore
 Z τ 
SFM (t) = Ac cos 2πfc t + 2πkf m(τ )dτ (7)
0

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Angle Modulation
A phase modulator interprets the input as a phase.

Figure 2: Block diagram of phase modulator

PM is another form of angle modulation in which the

instantaneous angle θi (t) is varied linearly with the message
signal m(t) as shown by

θi (t) = 2πfc t + kp m(t) (8)

The term 2πfc t represents the angle of the unmodulated

carrier with the constant φ set equal to zero for convenience
of presentation
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Angle Modulation

The constant kp represents the phase sensitivity factor of the

modulator, expressed in radians per volt on the assumption
that m(t) is a voltage waveform. The phase-modulated wave
s(t) is correspondingly described in the time domain by
 
SPM (t) = Ac cos 2πfc t + kp m(t) (9)

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Angle Modulation

Basic Principles of Frequency and phase Modulation

Figure 3: FM and PM signals. (a) Carrier. (b) Modulating signal. (c) FM

signal. (d) PM signal.

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Angle Modulation

Interrelationships between PM and FM

If we differentiate m(t) before applying to a frequency
modulator, the resulting θi (t) from (6) is
Z t
dm(t)
θi (t) = 2πfc (t) + 2πkf dt (10)
0 dt
This phase term has exactly the same form as the PM version of
θi (t) in Eq. (8), except for the presence of a constant 2π. The
presence of this constant can be compensated by setting kf as that
2πkf = kp . Thus, the following scheme is equivalent to PM:

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angle Modulation

Figure 4: PM signal can be obtained using frequency modulation

Further, suppose we integrate m(t) before applying it to a

phase modulator. The result from (8) is
Z t
θi (t) = 2πfc t + kp m(t)d(t) (11)
0

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angle Modulation

Figure 5: FM signal can be obtained using phase modulation

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angle Modulation

Properties of Angle-Modulated Waves

Angle-modulated waves are characterized by some important
properties, which distinguish them from the family of
amplitude modulated waves.
Constancy of transmitted power

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Angle modulation

Nonlinearity of the modulation process

Visualization difficulty of message waveform

Trade-off of increased transmission bandwidth for improved
noise performance
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Narrowband FM

The features of Narrowband FM are as follows

NBFM
This frequency modulation has a small bandwidth.
The modulation index is small.
Its spectrum consists of carrier, USB, and LSB.
This is used in mobile communications such as police wireless,
ambulances, taxicabs, etc.

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Narrowband FM

Where f = kf Am and it is called the frequency deviation,

representing the maximum departure of the instantaneous
frequency of the FM wave from the carrier frequency fc .the angle
θi (t) of the FM wave is obtained as

The ratio of the frequency deviation f to the modulation

frequency fm is commonly called the modulation index of the
FM wave. We denote this new parameter by β so we write
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Narrowband FM

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Wide-Band Frequency Modulation

Wide-Band Frequency Modulation

The features of Wideband FM are as follows:
This frequency modulation has infinite bandwidth.
The modulation index is large, i.e., higher than 1.
Its spectrum consists of a carrier and infinite number of
sidebands, which are located around it.
This is used in entertainment broadcasting applications such
as FM radio, TV, etc.

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Transmission Bandwidth
In theory an FM wave contains infinite number of side
frequencies so the BW required to transmit such a signal is
similarly infinite in extent.
In practice however the FM wave is effectively limited to a
finite number. Using Carson’s rule it is given by

Consider next the more general case of an arbitrary

modulating wave m(t) with its highest frequency component
denoted by W.
We now have a more difficult situation to deal with. One way
of tackling it is to seek a worst-case evaluation of the
transmission bandwidth.
Specifically, the bandwidth required to transmit an FM wave
generated by an arbitrary modulating wave is based on a
worst-case tone modulation analysi
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Angle Modulation

We first determine the so-called deviation ratio D, defined as

the ratio of the frequency deviation which corresponds to the
maximum possible amplitude of the modulation wave to the
highest modulation frequency W.

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Generation of FM Waves

For the design of a frequency modulator, we therefore need a

device that produces an output signal whose instantaneous
frequency is sensitive to variations in the amplitude of an
input signal in a linear manner.
There are two methods of generating an FM signal.these are
Indirect and Direct.
The indirect method is based on the idea of NBFM, whereas
direct FM is based on WBFM.

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Generation of FM Waves

Direct method
The direct method uses a sinusoidal oscillator, with one of the
reactive elements (e.g., capacitive element) in the tank circuit
of the oscillator being directly controllable by the message
signal.
This method is very straightforward to implement and it is
also capable of providing large frequency deviations.
However, a serious limitation of the direct method is the
tendency for the carrier frequency to drift, which is usually
unacceptable for commercial radio applications.
To overcome this limitation, frequency stabilization of the FM
generator is required, which is realized through the use of
feedback around the oscillator.

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Generation of FM Waves
Indirect Method of FM Generation
In indirect method, on the other hand, the message signal is
first used to produce a NBFM, which is followed by frequency
multiplication to increase the frequency deviation to the
desired level.
In this method, the carrier-frequency stability problem is
alleviated by using a highly stable oscillator (e.g., crystal
oscillator) in the NBFM generation;
This modulation scheme is called the Armstrong WBFM, in
recognition of its inventor

Figure 6: Block diagram of the indirect method of generating a 24 / 25

 Introduction
Angle Modulation

Generation of FM Waves

The message signal m(t) is first integrated and then used to

phase-modulate a crystal-controlled oscillator
The use of crystal control provides frequency stability. In
order to minimize the distortion inherent in the phase
modulator, the maximum phase deviation or modulation index
β is purposely kept small, thereby resulting in a NBFM wave.
The NBFM wave is next multiplied in frequency by means of
a frequency multiplier so as to produce the desired WBFM
wave.

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Generation of FM Waves

Figure 7: Block diagram of an indirect method for generating a

narrow-band FM wave

A frequency multiplier consists of a memoryless nonlinear device

followed by a band-pass filter.
The implication of the nonlinear device being memoryless is that it
has no energy storage elements.
The input-output relation of such a device may be expressed in the
general form.

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Figure 8: Block diagram of frequency multiplier

Figure 9: Frequency multiplication in two steps, with a frequency-mixing

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Thank You

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