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DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000163
Open Access
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ISSN: 2168-9776

Research Article Open Access

Management of Traditional Agroforestry Practices in Gununo Watershed

in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia
Madalcho AB1* and Tefera MT2
1
Jigjiga University College of Dry Land Agriculture (Natural Resource Management Department), Jigjiga, Ethiopia
2
Mekelle University College of Dry Land Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekele, Ethiopia

Abstract
This study was conducted in Gunugo watershed at Wolayitta zone to document indigenous knowledge on
agroforestry practices management, and assess the socioeconomic factors affecting tree planting in agroforestry
practices. Participatory rural appraisal, and transect walk was used to get qualitative data, whereas, household
survey with semi-structured questionnaire was used through systematic sampling method to collect quantitative
data. Among different socioeconomic factors, only family size and past participation in agroforestry training were
significantly and positively related to tree planting activities. The common management practices on woody species
include fertilizer application, pruning, coppicing, prescribed burning, thinning, pollarding, protection from animal
damage, mulch application, crop residue application, and watering. After giving due recognition to the indigenous
agroforestry management knowledge in the study area. This study has suggested some improvements such as,
introduction of new agroforestry practices, and replacement of some of the tree species in order to reduce detrimental
interaction of the components. In addition, training is needed to fill the knowledge and skill gap on tree plantation,
and management.

Keywords: Homegarden; Indigenous knowledge; Management; Including Wolaytta area where this study was conducted,
Parkland; Woodlot agroforestry is a major component of Ethiopian farming systems [3,15]
and recently taken as one of the development objectives in PASDEP
Introduction of national development policy of the country [16,17]. It becoming
In developing countries especially Africa, rapid population growth, one of the common features in watershed management especially
decline in per capita food production and environmental degradation in the highlands of Ethiopia. This is also true in Gununo watershed,
are the main problems. Consequently, the need for intensification of that traditional agroforestry practices have been a main feature in the
agricultural production coupled with population growth forces poor watershed and serving numerous protective and productive functions
farmers to expand their cultivation to hilly and marginal areas. This in both up streamers and lower catchments since, woody perennials
aggravate the degradation of natural resource and unsustainability [1]. have huge potential for this.
The forest resource of Ethiopia is under tremendous pressure due to In the agroforestry system, woody perennials are either deliberately
continuous population growth, rudimentary farming techniques, land retained or planted on the farmland [7]. Different agroforestry systems
use competition, and land tenure [2-4]. In relation to this, agroforestry require different periods of time to develop and manage. Therefore,
can help to reduce pressure on remnant natural forests from deforestation depending on different benefits obtained from the system, farmers
and enhances soil fertility [1,5]. The interventions of agroforestry has could employ different kinds of component management in the system.
more to do with agricultural sustainability as it enhances higher yield,
production stability, and others such as livelihood support, positive The common managements in tropical agroforestry system are
environmental impacts [1]. pruning, prescribed burning, thinning, pollarding, grass mulch
application, crop residue application, watering, and coppicing [6,18,19].
The concept of agroforestry puts woody perennials, including trees, Pollarding is a cutting of crown of a tree for the purpose of harvesting
shrubs, bamboos, etc. as pillars for the system/practice. Accordingly, wood, reduce shade, or protection from browse animals [18]. Prescribed
agroforestry system can be classified mainly as agrisilvicultural, silvopastoral burning is a practice of deliberate burning of plant materials on the
and agrosilvopastoral [6]. Within each system of agroforestry there are surface of ground, while thinning is an intermediate cutting of stunted
different agroforestry practices. Agroforestry system consists of one or stands to adjust the stand density and produce better yield [6,18].
more agroforestry practices that are practiced extensively in a given locality Thinning is very common practice for woodlot agroforestry practices
or area; usually there is biological, ecological and economic interactions
among the components [6,7]. Whereas, an agroforestry practice indicates
specific land management actions on a farm and other management units *Corresponding author: Madalcho AB, Jigjiga University College of Dry Land
in spatial and temporal scheme [8]. Agriculture (Natural Resource Management Department), Jigjiga, Ethiopia, Tel:
251913687159; E-mail: [email protected]
The common traditional agroforestry practices in tropical region
are scattered trees on crop fields, homestead tree planting and multi- Received November 17, 2014; Accepted December 30, 2015; Published January
01, 2016
story home garden [6,9,10] described agroforestry practice of Ethiopia
as largely agrisilvicultural with spatial mixed arrangement, which is Citation: Madalcho AB, Tefera MT (2016) Management of Traditional Agroforestry
Practices in Gununo Watershed in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Forest Res 5: 163.
mainly practiced for soil fertility replenishing function for poor soil. doi:10.4172/2168-9776.1000163
Others [11-14] also described the traditional agroforestry practices in
Copyright: © 2016 Madalcho AB, et al. This is an open-access article distributed
different part of the country as Coffee Shade based scattered trees on
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
the farm land, home gardens, woodlots, farm boundary practices, and unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
trees on grazing lands. original author and source are credited.

Forest Res
ISSN: 2168-9776 FOR, an open access journal Volume 5 • Issue 1 • 1000163
Citation: Madalcho AB, Tefera MT (2016) Management of Traditional Agroforestry Practices in Gununo Watershed in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Forest
Res 5: 163. doi:10.4172/2168-9776.1000163

Page 2 of 6

[18]. Mulching is a practice used for covering the soil surface to protect assessed the history of the study area regarding the practices of
it from the direct impact of rainfall [18]. In addition, coppicing is a agroforestry, different characteristics of trees, and field observation
cutting practice of certain tree species that are close to ground level for on the management of agroforestry system as discussed below. These
the purpose of producing new shoots from the stump while pruning is data were collected from primary data source through participatory
a practice of cutting tree branches or roots [6,18]. rural appraisal (PRA) with tools such as observation, transect walk,
and group discussion. House hold survey was conducted to collect
Factors affecting different management decision such as tree
quantitative data. In addition, secondary data from official documents
planting are mainly related to farming system [20], household
and available literatures were employed to support different qualitative
characteristics, rules and regulations imposed by state and community
and quantitative data collected.
in local or national level and different biophysical circumstances, and
tree characteristics [20,21]. The management decision in agroforestry is Group discussion
related to different on farm and off farm factors; including issues related
with land security and external support services such as credit, input The group discussion involved local chairman of the Gununo
suppliers, and extension [21]. watershed, official manager of the Gununo woreda, youth representative,
woman representative of the area, three natural resource management
In the management of agroforestry the indigenous knowledge development agents (DAs), four elders in the area, and three model
of local people is important, and in order to scale up the different farmers, a total of fifteen people. The natural resource management DAs,
agroforestry practices an appreciation of indigenous knowledge is elders and model farmers were involved from the three Kebeles within
needed [7]. Indigenous knowledge includes different sets of complex the watershed i.e., Demba Zamine, Doge Hanchucho and Chew kare/
practices. The discovery of knowledge in managing resource is made Gununo. The discussion took a week and respondents were allowed free
by local people. Then, the knowledge exhibited and experienced will to reflect their view concerning issues related to agroforestry system
be transferred to generations with some modifications [22]. Therefore, management practices in the area.
understanding the historical development of indigenous systems is
decisive in the design of ecologically desirable agroforestry production Household survey
systems [23]. In general indigenous knowledge of local people are To collect quantitative data on management practices of agroforestry
not simply producers, they are also engaged in pursuit of knowledge. and factors affecting number of trees planted in agroforestry, the
Most development interventions in the past failed due to lack of giving following formula after Watson (2001) [28] was used, and the sample size
adequate attention to indigenous knowledge [24]. of respondents were determined by using equation below (Equation 1):
The objective of this study was to document indigenous knowledge  
on agroforestry practices management, and assess the socioeconomic  P[ 1 − P ]  (1)
 2 
factors affecting tree planting in agroforestry practices.  A + P[ 1 − P ] 
 2 
Methodology n=Z N 
R
Study area description Where n=sample size required, N=number of people in the
Wolayitta zone is in southern nations, nationalities and peoples population, P=estimated variance in population, as a decimal,
(SNNP) region of Ethiopia with a total land area of 4537.5 square A=Precision desired, expressed as a decimal, Z=Based on confidence
kilometers is located between 6°4´N to 7°1´N latitudes and 37°4´E to level, R=Estimated response rate, as a decimal. Consequently, the
38°2´E longitudes. It is located 22 km from Sodo town and about 330 estimated variance in population (P) of 15%, estimated Precision of 5%,
km from Addis Ababa. The watershed has an area of about 544 hectare Confidence level of 95% and Estimated Response rate of 95% was used
with three rural Kebeles namely: Demba Zamine (middle elevation), to calculate the sample size.
Doge Hanchucho (lower elevation) and Chew kare (upper elevation). Accordingly, by using systematic sampling, 50 HHs were sampled.
Soil of the watershed is Eutric Nitosol according to FAO/UN After getting the lists of names from each of three Kebeles involved in
classification system [25]. Soil erosion in watershed is severe due to the study, semi-structured questionnaires were distributed. The name
conversion of natural forests to other land uses. The study area has high of the first person was chosen randomly so that the next sampling unit
population pressure i.e., around 450 person per km2 [26] and an average (person) was selected at each 10th person. Then, with the help of DAs
land holding is about 0.25 ha per household and drive farmers to cultivate each sampled person was interviewed by semi-structured questionnaire.
slope lands [27]. Agroforestry is one of the major land uses at the area.
Different species (tree crops and woody species) such as Enset ventricosum Data analysis
Musa accuminata, Moringa oleifera and Brassica oleracea serve as primary The qualitative data was narrated based on the existing conditions
food source while Croton macrostachyus and different Acacia species are and knowledge on the literature, whereas, quantitative data collected
the dominant trees in the degraded natural forest of Wolayitta [26]. From from household questionnaire survey was also analyzed by a multiple
the agroforestry practices in the watershed, homegarden, parkland and regression and descriptive statistics with help of SPSS Inc., Chicago,
woodlot agroforestry practices are the dominant ones. The management USA (2007). The collected data was summarized using descriptive
of these agroforestry practices are traditional based on indigenous statistical tools like tables and figures.
knowledge obtained from their life long practices.
Results
Sampling and data collection methods
Factors affecting number of trees planted in agroforestry
During this study time, different qualitative and quantitative
data was collected with sequential procedure (began with qualitative Characterization of woody species by local people: In relation to
and followed by quantitative data collection). The qualitative data agroforestry products and other environmental roles such as, soil and

Forest Res
ISSN: 2168-9776 FOR, an open access journal Volume 5 • Issue 1 • 1000163
Citation: Madalcho AB, Tefera MT (2016) Management of Traditional Agroforestry Practices in Gununo Watershed in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Forest
Res 5: 163. doi:10.4172/2168-9776.1000163

Page 3 of 6

water conservation (SWC), the local people have identified suitable area. Its leaf is not decomposed easily, and the soil fertility reduction and
trees. Consequently, trees such as Eucalyptus globules, Avocado, Cordia soil moisture completion is very high. Following Eucalyptus, Cupressus
africana, Mango (Mangifera indica), Gravillea robusta, Podocarpus lusitanica and Prunus africana are considered as bad (unsuitable
falcatus, Cupresus luistanica and Ficus species are considered to be species) for integrating in agroforestry system/practices. In the area,
preferred suitable trees in decreasing order. The characteristics of Avocado (Percia Amercana) and Mango (Mangifera indica) is chosen
suitable trees are mainly either based on monetary value or SWC for both fertility maintenance and household income generation value,
functions. Tree characteristics such as, having deep root/shallow, and its contribution continues all year round. Therefore, the criteria
competition for light and nutrient, allelophatic effect, contribution for to select and plant trees in agroforestry practices are highly related to
nutrient improvement and rate of decomposition (from litter) are the the local people’s indigenous knowledge to select those good (suitable)
main selection criteria for categorizing woody species as suitable. Local trees.
people know the suitable tree/shrub species for the specific agroforestry
There are different biophysical (elevation level), and socioeconomic
practice in which they establish. In fact there is no “good or bad tree”,
factors such as, sex, education, age, distance from market, family size,
local people call unsuitable trees as bad, and suitable trees as good
land holding, number of animals per house hold and past participation
trees. Accordingly, Eucalyptus species are taken as both good and
in agroforestry training have been assessed. From among those,
bad tree in different points of view. In point view of local people, it is
only family size and past participation in agroforestry training were
good in generating income. Since it is fast growing and coppiced more
significantly and positively related to tree planting activities in the last
frequently for firewood selling and construction purpose, when planted
five years (Table 1).
as woodlots. Whereas, it is hardily possible to integrate with other crops
for soil fertility maintenance. Its interaction to other integrated other Family size per house hold in the area include children (age less than
component is always negative, especially in the moisture constrained 15), productive age (15-64years) and elders (age greater than 64). In the
family where large productive age class, the practice of tree plantation
is very high compared to the family with small size and unproductive
Factors affecting tree planting P- value
age class dominated.
Elevation level 0.572
Sex 0.991 The knowledge and culture of tree plantations are transferred from
Education 0.192 the family of their ancestors. The knowledge is not even similar to each
Age 0.318 households in the watershed, it vary based on the past habit family
Distance from market 0.442
attitude towards the need of trees in the farming system. In addition to
Family size 0.005
that, those who have got training on tree plantation in the agroforestry
system in different sort of occasions have better understanding and
Land holding 0.158
positive outlook on tree plantation. The have planted and retained more
Number of animals per house hold 0.581
trees on their farmlands.
Past participation in agroforestry training 0.040
Table 1: Factors affecting number of tree planted in agroforestry in Gununo Management practices in agroforestry: There were different
Watershed, Wolaita. kinds of management observed in agroforestry practice of Gununo

Figure 1: Map of Wolayitta Zone and Gununo watershed, Southern Ethiopia (adopted from Mowo et al., 2011).

Forest Res
ISSN: 2168-9776 FOR, an open access journal Volume 5 • Issue 1 • 1000163
Citation: Madalcho AB, Tefera MT (2016) Management of Traditional Agroforestry Practices in Gununo Watershed in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Forest
Res 5: 163. doi:10.4172/2168-9776.1000163

Page 4 of 6

Watershed. These managements are shown in Figures 2 and 3. About reclaim degraded lands. In general, the criterion used to select some
95% respondents mentioned an existence of management variations management practice in the watershed is mainly to reduce negative
among agroforestry practices. The common management practices interaction between components and maximize the overall function
include fertilizer application (mainly manure, but also DAP and of the system per land management unit. Consequently, management
urea), branch pruning and coppicing, prescribed burning, thinning, practices in home garden and woodlot are mainly given to increase fruit
pollarding, protection from animal and human damage, grass mulch, products and market values, respectively while in parkland it is given to
crop residue and watering. increase survival and yield of agricultural products tree canopy.
The main criterion for such management intensity was mentioned From the common management practices in the watershed, 93%
to be related to criterion such as the effect of these managements on of coppicing, pruning and watering, 80% of protection from animal
agroforestry products (e.g., on fruit and crops i.e., in parkland) and intervention and thinning, and 73% of fertilizer usage is applied in
on sustainable land management, to reduce and land degradation homegarden compared to parkland and woodlot agroforestry practices. In
addition, 53% of grass mulch and pollarding, and 467% of crop residue
application is used in homegarden compared to parkland and woodlot
agroforestry practices. The common management practices such as
fertilizer application (93%), pruning, pollarding and protection (87%),
grass mulch and crop residue application (73%), and watering (20%) are
implemented in parklands. Similarly, the common management practices in
woodlot include pruning and thinning (97%), coppicing (93%), prescribed
burning (44%) and fertilizer application, protection and watering (20%),
(Figure 2). The application of these management practices varied among
woody species and age class, however the big difference is there between
agroforestry practices. Burning was given for only woodlots. It was given
on dry seasons to increase the leaching of nutrients on the ground, and
to facilitate the dormancy breaking after cutting the tree. Similarly, crop
residue, grass mulch application and watering were given mostly in dry
seasons to increase the moisture content of the soil. Thinning and coppicing
was applied at the base of the bole of woody species depending on their
Figure 2: Management of agroforestry practices within agroforestry type in age class i.e. species greater than three years or at their mature stage were
Gununo Watershed. mostly chosen for such managements.

Figure 3: Management practices showing Grass mulch application on the top, and protection of agroforestry practices from animal damage (using of stall feeding/
partial captive grazing for animals in the system) in Gununo Watershed.

Forest Res
ISSN: 2168-9776 FOR, an open access journal Volume 5 • Issue 1 • 1000163
Citation: Madalcho AB, Tefera MT (2016) Management of Traditional Agroforestry Practices in Gununo Watershed in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Forest
Res 5: 163. doi:10.4172/2168-9776.1000163

Page 5 of 6

Discussion for eucalyptus. Fertilizer application is also relatively high in parklands

because of less nutrient availability, species diversity and existence of
Factors affecting number of trees planted in agroforestry agricultural crops in parklands. However, less attention was given for
It is mentioned that only family size and past participation in woodlot in fertilizer application as eucalyptus is deep root and can get
agroforestry training were affecting the number of trees planted in nutrients and water from deeper soil horizons while relatively high
agroforestry. House hold (HH) with higher family sizes was planting nutrient availability in home garden makes relatively less application of
more trees than less family sizes. This could be attributed with labor fertilizers. Grass mulch was relatively highly given for parklands in order
availability, and most of the age distribution per households in the to increase the moisture availability as there is less litter accumulation
watershed was found in productive age (age between 15 to 64 years). unlike that of home gardens. Additionally, high practice of pollarding
Higher family size would have better labor to plant trees because most in parkland is attributed to the need of light by the associated crops
of household members in this family size were in productive age. People in parklands than home garden where mostly shade tolerant species
found in this productive age were younger, eager to plant trees, able to are integrated. The need for more protection for parklands is because
provide better management for the planted trees, better in economic crops associated in parklands are highly susceptible for grazing animals
condition as most of them work an off farm activities. In addition to than home gardens and woodlots. Relatively high practice of coppicing
the agricultural activities, they have different hand works as a means of in home garden and woodlot is taking place. Most of the tree/shrub
income generation, which help them to buy seedlings, and participate species exist in these agroforestry practices are coppicing species. The
in different agroforestry trainings that increase their knowledge about reason of coppicing is mainly related to the desire of land owners to get
the importance of trees. Family size was previously reported to affect regeneration of new shoots from the stamp to optimize the productivity.
tree cultivation in Pakistan i.e. larger family size cultivated more trees Relatively no thinning and less coppicing in parkland is attributed
[29]. to the low tree/shrub density, and low coppice species composition in
Similarly, people who participated in agroforestry training planted the component. The high watering on home garden is linked with the
more trees than who did not participate. This is related with level proximity of home garden to homesteads than parkland and woodlot.
of knowledge i.e., different trainings given for local people would In general, variation in the management intensity was observed in
increase an understanding on agroforestry component interaction and the watershed, and this is also true in different areas and eco regions
management, importance of woody species, and ways of increasing [6,18,33]. The variation can be attributed to difference in socio
the survival rate of seedlings/saplings. Training/lack of extension was economic, cultural and biophysical and environmental settings/criteria
also reported to drastically affect house hold on farm tree growing in [21]. In addition, it could be related with some of the factors affecting
Philippines [30]. adoption of agroforestry in tropics such as sex, age, livestock population,
However, other factors such as sex, land holding, house hold education level, growing of trees, species preference, market, family
income, proximity to road were affecting tree growing decision in size, farm size, etc. [21,20,29,34].
Ethiopian highlands [31] whereas, land size, age, gender, tenure
Conclusion and Recommendation
security, education, income, and agro-ecology were among factors that
increased the tendency to plant trees in Tigray [32]. Variation in factors The common agroforestry management practices in the watershed
affecting tree planting among different areas could be due to difference were fertilizer application, pruning, prescribed burning, thinning,
in socio economic, demographic or ecological conditions. Therefore, pollarding, protection from animal and human damage, grass mulch,
it is suggested that agroforestry and natural resource related trainings, crop residue, watering and coppicing. Additionally, only family size
incentives for tree plantings and seedling distribution need to be further and past participation in agroforestry training were significantly and
given for local people in order to increase tree planting per HH. positively related to tree planting activities.
Management practices This study indicated that agroforestry practice could be one
option to address the problems of deforestation and related resource
The dominant management practices of the study area such as,
degradations in Gununo watershed, Wolaita. The indigenous knowledge
thinning, pruning, coppicing, pollarding and others are in line with the
on agroforestry system and practice management being applied in the
commonly used managements in tropical agroforestry [6,18,33]. These
watershed should have to get recognition. However, to cop up with the
management practices were shown to vary in intensity and existence
dynamic situations in resource need, and the continued deterioration
among agroforestry practices. The application of any management
of the biophysical condition, it need some improvement. Therefore,
scheme in the area is linked with the indigenous knowledge of the
people in the watershed. They perceive how well the woody species react the following recommendations are given based on the findings of this
to different managements and its effect on different biophysical settings study:
such as soil fertility. For instance, prescribed burning was only given for Replacement of traditional agroforestry practices by new
woodlot. In point view of the local people in the watershed, prescribed agroforestry technologies such as hedgerows intercropping, fodder
burning was given for woodlot to increase release of nutrients to soil and banks, fertilizer trees along terraces and soil bunds is important.
facilitate the vibrant shoots from the stamp. However, it was not given
on parkland and home garden due to its danger on damaging some of Replacement of Eucalyptus with other suitable trees that best fit to
the components in the system as there is no clear cut of components. be integrated in different agroforestry practices and valuable in terms of
The burning could damage agricultural and tree crops and associated products and services is needed.
high value trees. Promoting farmer managed natural regeneration (FMNR)
On the other hand, crop reside was only given in parkland by protecting cropland from animal damage to enhance natural
and woodlot. This is attributed to availability of crop reside in these regeneration particularly in parkland agroforestry practices is highly
agroforestry practices: which woodlot lack as all the biomass is harvested needed.

Forest Res
ISSN: 2168-9776 FOR, an open access journal Volume 5 • Issue 1 • 1000163
Citation: Madalcho AB, Tefera MT (2016) Management of Traditional Agroforestry Practices in Gununo Watershed in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Forest
Res 5: 163. doi:10.4172/2168-9776.1000163

Page 6 of 6

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