Thermodynamics Lab

Name: Fazeel Asghar

Roll No: 2018-ME-160
Presented to: Proff.Dr.M.M.A. Bhutta
Experiment No.1
To Validate the first law of Thermodynamics
Objective:
To validate the first law of thermodynamics
Apparatus:
i. Mercury Thermometer
ii. Microwave oven
iii. Water
iv. Lubricating oil
v. Stop watch
vi. Beaker

Theory:
Zeroth law of thermodynamics:
Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when two bodies are in equilibrium with
the third body then they are also in equilibrium with each other.
This law is applicable to all the things. For example, if we have a thermometer and
we hold its bulb in our hand then the heat begins to transfer from our hand to the
bulb to the temperature difference and the mercury is in touch with the bulb. So,
these bulbs try to get in equilibrium the begin to raise its temperature. As a result,
the mercury begins to absorb heat from the bulb and expand. As a result, the mercury
shows the equilibrium temperature of bulb and hand which is actually the
temperature of mercury. So, in this way hand and bulb are in equilibrium with
respect to mercury and each other.
First law of thermodynamics:
First law of thermodynamics states that when heat is provided to the system then this
heat is used in doing work on the surrounding and increasing energy of the system
which comprises of internal energy, kinetic energy and potential energy.
∆𝐸 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
Where ∆𝐸 = ∆𝐾. 𝐸 + ∆𝑃. 𝐸 + ∆𝑈
Second law of thermodynamics:
Second law of thermodynamics can be described in many ways. Some of them are
here:
According to second law of thermodynamics’
“It is impossible for a system to operate in such a way that its sole result is the
transfer of energy from the cold to hot body”

It can also be described in this way

“It is impossible for a system to operate in such way as to convert the whole
given heat energy in work without losing to the cold reservoir”
It can also be stated in this way:
“It is impossible for a system to operate in such a way a its entropy is destroyed”
Basically, the first law just tells how the energy remains conserve but is does not tell
in which direction the process will actually move. Second law helps to understand
the direction of the process and it also tells that entropy of the system is always
increasing.
Third law of thermodynamics:
Third law of thermodynamics is concerned with very limiting behavior of the system
as it approaches to very low temperature and it states:
“The entropy of the system at absolute zero is zero”
Procedure:
• Take a beaker of water and the other of lubricating oil
• Measure the temperatures of the both fluids at room temperature with the help
of thermometer
 • Now place the beakers in the microwave oven which is set at 60 degree
Celsius and now the surrounding of those fluid is that oven.
• The thermometer placed in the oven shows the temperature of the surrounding
means the oven
• The temperature of the fluids gradually increases depending upon their
specific heat capacities
• After 5 minutes remove the beakers and note down their temperatures
• Repeat the experiment for some elevated temperature and note down their
temperatures
• Make a table of observations taken.
Observation and Calculations:
No. of Temperature Body A Body A Body B Body B Difference
obs. of surrounding Initial (ºC) Final (ºC) Initial (ºC) Final (ºC) A-B
1 17.8 16.8 16.8 17 17 0.2
2 60 16.8 22 17 24 2
3 60 22 39 24 42 3
4 60 39 41 42 44 3

Comments:
There is some possibility of error because in order to record the temperature values
of the fluids they to need to be removed from the oven. When they are removed from
the oven, they become open to outer atmosphere the fluid begins to lose the
temperatures and carefulness must be taken there to record the highest value because
after that the influence of the atmosphere begins to impose and its temperature begins
to decrease.
Experiment No. 2
To calculate the COP of heat pump vapor
Compression cycle
Objective:
To determine the co efficient of performance of heat pump vapor
compression cycle.
Apparatus:
• Heat pump
Theory:
Co-efficient of performance (COP):
COP of refrigeration or heat pump is actually its efficiency to release heat in
condenser by doing some work. For example, if the COP of the system is 5
then it means that it released 5 KW of power in form of heat energy at the
condenser by doing work at the rate of 1KW.
Because these cycles are quite different from the power cycle. In power cycle
what we actually do we provide heat to have some mechanical work and heat
moves from surrounding to the system but in these processes, we do work to
move the heat from cold to hot body.
One of the major differences between the power cycle and the heat pump and
refrigeration cycle is that the efficiency of the power cycle can never be
greater than 1 but in these cases the COP may be greater or less than one.
Formula for measuring COP:
𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄̇𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 + 𝑊̇𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
For refrigeration:
 𝑄̇𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑊̇𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
For heating cycle:
𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑊̇𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
And it is always greater than zero.
Diagram:

Working:
Heat in natural processes move from body at higher temperature to the body
at lower temperature. The reverse process does not take place on its on and
we need to do work for this to occur. In heat and refrigeration cycle the heat
is moved from the cold bodies to the hot bodies and this happens in the
following steps.
Evaporator:
The refrigerant absorbs heat from the system in evaporator and completely
gets converted in vapors. This heat is needed to be removed from the system
but here the temperature is not enough to make this fluid move on its own
toward the condenser. For doing so, it is first sent to the compressor.
Compressor:
After absorbing heat from evaporation region, the fluid comes out in the form
of vapors and moves to the compressor. This is the region in which work is
done during the whole cycle. In compressor pressure and temperature is
increased and the vapors come out of it as high pressure and high temperature
vapors. The vapors coming out of it are in superheated region which not only
contain the energy of the system but also the energy it they get due to work
done by the compressor for their directed flow to the condenser.
Condenser:
Then these vapors after absorbing heat from the system and coming under the
work of the compressor moves to the condenser where they lose heat to the
surrounding.
Here in the condenser the coolant is flowed in which takes the heat of the
entering hot vapors and the coolant exist at the temperature higher than what
it had at entrance. In the condenser the vapors are converted into saturated
liquid without changing the pressure of the fluid.
Generally, the coolant used here is water because it has high heat capacity
and combination of other fluids can also be done with water. Actually, the
heat absorbed by the coolant becomes a cause of increase in its temperature
and by calculation we can determine the heat released by the vapors coming.
Expansion valve:
Expansion valve is actually a throttling device which reduces the pressure of
the high-pressured liquid coming with medium temperature. Here the
adiabatic process happens where no heat enters or leaves the system but there
is still change in internal energy.
Due to decrease in pressure, there is increase in volume and the fluid tries to
expand and consequently there is decrease in internal energy which decreases
the temperature ultimately to make it able to absorb heat from the evaporator
again. The fluid which exits from here is in the mixed state means in both
liquid and vapor phase which is again sent to the evaporator to repeat the
cycle again.
Procedure:
 • Firstly, set the mass flow rate of the coolant coming inside the
condenser and note down its value.
• Now determine the work done by the compressor on the vapors. This
rate of doing work on the fluid is actually equal to the electricity
consumed by it in the given time. Take down its reading too.
• After some time, take the value of temperature of inlet water
represented by 𝑇5 and exit water 𝑇6which is higher than the former.
• Draw the table and measure the COP of it.
• Repeat the experiment 3 to 4 times and takes the average to minimize
the error.
𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑐 × (𝑇6 − 𝑇5 )
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑊̇𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

Calculation and observation:

No. of 𝒎̇ 𝑻𝟓 𝑻𝟔 𝑾̇𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 COP

obs. kg𝒔−𝟏 (ºC) (ºC) KW
1 0.04 24.5 29.4 777.48 3.16
2 0.05 15.4 19.9 940.5 3.93
3 0.03 25.1 31.3 777.48 3.05
4 0.02 25.4 34.2 735.68 2.8
Comments:
The heating cycle is far better than the electric resistor whose COP is only 1.
But in case of heating cycle more and more heat can be gained by doing the
same amount of work as in case of electricity. Because this process not only
provides its working heat to the specified space but it also extracts heat from
the cold body. That’s why this process is 3 to 4 times more efficient than
electric resistor heating process.
 Experiment No: 3
To calculate the specific heat of water using
Heat pump
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the heat capacity of water by
using heat pump.
Apparatus:
• Heat Pump.
Theory:
Heat Capacity:
Heat capacity of the substance is “the amount of heat absorbed to raise its
temperature through 1 kelvin”
It is actually the ability of substance to store or absorb heat. Higher the mass
higher will be the capacity of that substance to absorb energy. Hence it depends
upon the mass. So, it is extensive property.
The heat capacity can also be described as the resistance of the material to
change its temperature.
Formula for it is:
𝑄
𝐶=
∆𝑇
Higher the heat capacity higher will be the resistance of material to bring a
change in its temperature.
Specific Heat Capacity:
Specific heat capacity is “the amount of heat absorbed by the material of mass
1kg to change its temperature through 1 kelvin”
The only difference between the heat capacity and the specific heat is the
taking in consideration of mass in specific heat and keep the heat capacity void
of it. Higher the mass higher will be the heat capacity but the specific heat for
the same material remains same.
Formula for specific heat is:
𝐶
𝑐=
𝑚
𝑄
𝑐=
𝑚∆𝑇
Where small “c” represents the specific heat whereas capital ‘C’ represents the
heat capacity.
Materials with low heat capacity are pretty useful as heat exchanger whereas
the materials with high heat capacity can store more and more heat so they can
be used as coolant.
Molar heat capacity:
Molar heat capacity is “the amount of heat absorbed by the material of amount
1 mole to raise its temperature through 1 kelvin”
Molar heat capacity is more common in chemistry where we need to study the
behavior of particles of which the medium is made. Since 1kg of mass of
different materials does not contain the same number of particles therefore it
is convenient to use mole which contain the same of the particles which is
equal to 6.02 × 1023 .
Its formula is:
𝑄
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑛∆𝑇
Where n is the number of moles. It is also an intensive property.
Derivation:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
According to First Law of thermodynamics:
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
When change in kinetic energy and potential energy is thought to be zero.
𝑚(𝑢2 − 𝑢1 ) + 𝑚𝑃∆𝑣 = 𝑄
𝑄 = ∆ℎ
∆ℎ = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇
Since the rate of heat lost by the refrigerant in the condenser is equal to the rate
of heat absorbed by the water. So, we can put both these rates equal to each
other. Moreover, in the condenser, the only change is the change in temperature
of the fluid and there is not any change in pressure. So, for the refrigerant which
is in vapor form, we will consider its specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
𝑄̇𝑅 = 𝑄̇𝑤
𝑚̇𝑅 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇3 ) = 𝑚̇𝑤 𝑐𝑤 (𝑇6 − 𝑇5)
𝑚̇𝑅 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇3)
𝑐𝑤 =
𝑚̇𝑤 (𝑇6 − 𝑇5)
𝑚̇𝑅 (ℎ2 − ℎ3 )
𝑐𝑤 =
𝑚̇𝑤 (𝑇6 − 𝑇5)
Procedure:
• Start the flow of water in the heat pump and switch it on.
• Set the mass flow rate of water in the condenser.
• Give some time to the refrigerant to get heated and start losing heat in
the condenser.
• Also determine the mass flow rate of the refrigerant.
• Determine the value of pressure of the refrigerant.
• Determine the temperature 𝑇2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇3which is actually the temperature
of refrigerant flowing and flowing out respectively.
 • Also determine the temperature 𝑇5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇6 which is actually the
temperature of water flowing in and flowing out.
• Trace the values of specific enthalpy of refrigerant with help of
determined values of temperature and pressure from P-h steam table of
R-134a.
• Put all the values in the formula derived above and find out the value of
specific heat of water.
• Repeat the experiment and find the average value of specific heat of
water.
Observation and calculations:
No. 𝐦̇𝐰 𝐦̇𝐑 𝑻2 𝑻3 𝑻𝟓 𝑻6 Pressure 𝒄𝑤
of (kg𝑠 −1 ) (kg𝑠 −1 ) (ºC) (ºC) (ºC) (ºC) (kPa)
Obs.
1 0.05 0.00575 43.4 26.4 22.7 27.2 680
2 0.04 0.0052 47.6 29.1 24.2 29.3 730
3 0.02 0.0038 49.5 33.5 25.7 35.1 880
4 0.03 0.0050 45.1 30.9 25.2 32 790

Comments:
Full care is required in taking the values of the different quantities like mass
flow rate, pressure and temperatures because a little variation may become a
cause of substantial change in the value of specific heat of water.