Chemistry 5: Stoichiometry—General Name __________________________

A. Chemical Reactions (3.1-3.4, 3.7)

1. chemical equation B. Gravimetric Analysis (3.5)
a. coefficients and subscripts 1. mass percent from formula
 moles  mass for each element (MM x subscript)
1 H2 O subscript refers to # of  add masses to get total mass
atom that precedes it  mass % = 100(mass part/total mass)
2. empirical formula
2 H2O coefficient refers to # of  convert g (or %)  moles
molecules that follow
 divide each mole value by smallest
b. reactants and products
 multiple by factor to make all whole numbers
1. one directional reaction: reactants  products
 whole numbers become subscripts
2. equilibrium reaction: "reactants"  "products"
c. conservation of atoms (mass)—Dalton's Theory  "burning" carbon compounds yield CO2 and H2O
CxHyOz(g) + _ O2(g)  X CO2(g) + Y/2 H2O(g)
o mole C = mole CO2 = mCO2/44
o mole H = 2 mole H2O = mH2O/9
o mole O = (mCxHyOz – mC – mH)/16
3. molecular formula (given MM)
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)  MM/empirical formula mass = constant
1C 4O 1C 4H  multiple each subscript in empirical formula by
4H 2O 2O constant = molecular formula
(16 g) + (64 g) = (44 g) + (36 g)
2. types of chemical reactions
a. non-aqueous reactions
Type Example
combination 2 Mg(s) + O2(g)  2 MgO(s)
decomposition CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
combustion C5H12(l) + 8 O2(g)  5 CO2(g) + 6
H2O(g)
b. aqueous reactions discussed next unit
3. calculations based on balanced chemical equations
a. coefficients represent moles of formula units
b. model calculations
_ g A x 1 mol A x (#) mol B x (MM) g B = _ g B
(MM) g A (#) mol A 1 mol B
_ L A x (M) mol A x (#) mol B x __1 L B__ = _ L B
1LA (#) mol A (M) mol B
c. for gas reactants and products: moles and volume
are proportional to coefficients (22.4 L/mol at STP)
4. limiting reactant and theoretical yield
a. definitions
1. limiting reactant—reactant consumed first
2. theoretical yield—maximum product made
Before reaction After reaction

10 H2 + 7 O2 10 H2O + 2 O2
H2 is limiting reactant
10 H2O is theoretical yield
2 O2 is excess reactant
b. procedure
 calculate moles of each reactant available
 calculate moles of one product based on moles of
each reactant  smallest = theoretical yield
 use theoretical yield for remaining calculations
 excess reactant = mole present – moles used
 percent yield = 100(actual yield/theoretical yield)
 Experiments
1. Percent Yield of CO2 Gas Lab (Wear Goggles)—Measure
the amount of CO2(g) produced in a reaction and compare
it to the theoretical yield.
Mass 0.6 g NaHCO3 and record its mass (m) to the nearest
0.001 g. Add the NaHCO3 to the flask and ½ fill the pipet
with 6 M HCl. Assemble the gas generating apparatus.
React all of the NaHCO3. Measure the volume of water
remaining in the bottle (V1) and the capacity of the gas
collecting bottle (V2). Measure the water temperature (T).
Record the room pressure (Plab) and water vapor pressure
(PH2O).
a. Record the collected data.
m V1 V2 T Plab PH2O
(g) (mL) (mL) (oC) (torr) (torr)

b. Calculate the following for the CO2 gas.

P (atm) V (L) T (K)

c. Determine the moles of CO2 produced based on the

mass of NaHCO3 reacted (limiting reactant).
HCO3- + H+  H2O + CO2(g)

d. Determine the theoretical volume of CO2 produced at

lab conditions based on moles of CO2 reacted.

e. Determine the % yield of CO2 gas from the actual

volume collected and the theoretical volume.

f. Suggest a possible reason why the yield was less than

100 %.

2. Analysis of a Hydrate Lab (Wear Goggles)—Determine

the moles of water in a hydrate by massing the hydrate
and anhydrous after removing the water by heating.
Mass a clean, dry 150-mL beaker (m1). Add a spoonful of
hydrated CaSO4 to the beaker and mass the beaker +
hydrate (m2). Place the beaker on a hot plate (set at 7) for
15 minutes. Place the beaker on the lab table to cool. Mass
the beaker + anhydrous (m3). Return the beaker to the hot
plate for an additional 5 minutes of heating, and then mass
it again (m3). If the beaker loses additional mass, then
repeat the heating and massing until you get two masses
that are within 0.002 g of each other.
a. Record the collected data.
m1 (g) m2 (g) m3 (g)

b. Calculate the masses, percentages and moles.

Hydrate Anhydrous Water
Mass

Mass % 100 %

Moles
c. The formula for hydrated calcium sulfate is CaSO4•X
H2O. Determine the value of X in the formula.
 Practice Problems
A. Chemical Reactions
1. Balance the chemical equations.
__NH3(g) + __O2(g)  __NO(g) + __H2O(g)
__(NH4)2CO3(s)  __NH3(g) + __CO2(g) + __H2O(g)
__Fe2O3(s) + __H2(g)  __Fe(s) + __H2O(l) 9. 2 NH3(g) + H2S(g)  (NH4)2S(s)
__N2H4(g) + __H2O2(l)  __N2(g) + __H2O(l) How many grams of NH3, H2S and (NH4)2S are present
2. Complete and balance the chemical equation. after 6.84 g of NH3 reacts with 4.13 g of H2S?
Combination a. What is the Theoretical yield of (NH4)2S(s)?
__Na(s) + __O2(g)  __Na2O(s)
__K(s) + __I2(s)  __KI(s)
__Zn(s) + __O2(g)  __ZnO(s)
Decomposition b. What is the mass of (NH4)2S(s) produced?
__BeC2O4•3 H2O(s)  __BeC2O4(s) + __H2O(g)
__CaCO3(s)  __CaO + __CO2(g) c. What is the mass of excess reactant remaining?
Combustion
__CH4(g) +
__C2H5OH(l) +
__HC3H5O2(l) + 10. 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g)  2 Fe2O3(s)
75.0 g of Fe is mixed with 11.5 L of O2 (d = 3.48 g/L).
__C3H8(g) + Calculate the mass of Fe2O3 produced.
__C3H7OH(l) +
3. CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l).
How many grams of O2 react with 3.87 g of CH4?

4. Fe2O3(s) + 3 H2(g)  2 Fe(s) + 3 H2O(l) B. Gravimetric Analysis

How many liters of H2 (d = 0.816 g/L) are needed to 11. What are the mass percentages of each element in KMnO4?
produce 10.0 g Fe?

5. 2 K(s) + I2(s)  2 KI(s)

How many grams of KI are produced when 6.03 g K react?
12. a. Calculate the mass percent of each element in Al2O3.

6. MnO2(s) + 2 Cl-(aq) + 4 H+(aq)  Mn2+(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

How many grams of MnO2 are required to produce 1.20 L b. How much Al can be obtained from 32.0 g of Al2O3?
of Cl2 gas (d = 1.83 g/L)?

13. A mixture of sulfur and iron has a mass of 13.6841 g. A

magnet separates the iron, which has a mass of 0.286 g.
7. N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g)
a. What is the mass of the sulfur?
1.26 g of N2 reacts with 0.300 g H2 forming 0.874 g of NH3.
a. What is the limiting reactant?
b. What is the mass percent of sulfur?

14. Concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) is 70.8 % by mass and

b. What is the theoretical yield? has a density of 1.42 g/mL.
a. How many moles of HNO3 are in 100 g of solution?

c. What is the percent yield?

b. What is the volume of 100 g of solution?

8. N2H4(g) + 2 H2O2(l)  N2(g) + 4 H2O(l)

2.69 g of N2H4 reacts with 3.14 g of H2O2. Determine the c. What is the molarity of the solution?
a. limiting reactant.

b. mass of N2, H2O, N2H4 and H2O2 after the reaction. 15. What is the formula of compound that is 31.9% K, 29.0% Cl,
 and 39.2% O? 24. 75.0 g of Fe reacts with 11.5 L of O2 (d = 3.48 g/L)
according to the reaction: 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g)  2 Fe2O3(s)
a. Calculate the initial moles of Fe(s) and O2(g).

16. A compound is made up of C, Cl, and O. It is 12.1% C and

70.9% Cl by mass. What is its empirical formula? b. Determine the limiting reactant with calculations.

17. A sample of compound contains 78.2 g K and 32.1 g S. c. Calculate the mass of Fe2O3(s) produced.
What is its formula?

Practice Multiple Choice

18. A compound is made up of 16.9 g of sodium, 11.8 g of Briefly explain why the answer is correct in the space provided.
sulfur, and 23.6 g of oxygen. What is its empirical formula? 1. _ Fe2O3 + _ CO  _ Fe + _ CO2
When the equation is balanced and reduced to lowest
terms, the coefficient for CO2 is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
19. 1.08 g of a compound containing C and S burns in air and
generates 0.627 g CO2. What is its empirical formula?
2. 1 CH3CH2COOH + _ O2  _ CO2 + _ H2O
How many moles of O2 are required to oxidize 1 mole of
CH3CH2COOH according to the reaction above?
(A) 2 (B) 5/2 (C) 3 (D) 7/2
20. 1.500 g of compound containing only C, H and O is burned
in excess of oxygen. 1.433 g of CO2 and 0.582 g of H2O
are produced. What is the empirical formula? 3. C3H8 burns in excess oxygen gas. What is the coefficient
for O2 when the equation is balanced with lowest terms?
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 10

4. CaCO3 + 2 HCl  CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

What is the mass percent of CaCO3 in a 1.25-g rock that
21. What is the molecular formula of a compound that has the generate 0.44 g of CO2 when reacted with HCl?
empirical formula, CH3O, and a molecular mass of 62.0 g/mol? (A) 35 % (B) 44 % (C) 67 % (D) 80 %

22. Benzene has the empirical formula of CH and a molecular 5. 8.0 mol of F2 and 1.7 mol of Xe are mixed. When all of the
mass of 78.0 g/mol. What is its molecular formula? Xe reacted, 4.6 mol of F2 remain. What is the formula?
(A) XeF (B) XeF3 (C) XeF4 (D) XeF6

23. A compound contains the elements C, H, N, and O.

a. When a 1.2359 g sample is burned in excess oxygen, 6. What mass of Ca(NO3)2 contains 24 g of oxygen atoms?
2.241 g of CO2 and 0.5781 g H2O are formed. (A) 164 g (B) 96 g (C) 62 g (D) 41 g
(1) Determine the mass of C and H in the sample.

7. Compounds contain 38 g, 57 g, 76 g, and 114 g of element

(2) The mass percent of N is found to be 28.84%. Q per mole compound. A possible atomic mass of Q is
Determine the mass of N in the 1.2359 g sample. (A) 13 (B) 19 (C) 28 (D) 38

(3) Determine the mass of O in the 1.2359 g sample. 8. What is the percent nitrogen by mass in N2O3?
(A) 18 % (B) 22 % (C) 36 % (D) 45 %

b. Determine the empirical formula of the compound.

9. Which formula is 54 % water by mass?
(A) CaCO3 • 10 H2O (B) CaCO3 • 6 H2O
(C) CaCO3 • 2 H2O (D) CaCO3 • H2O

10. Which formula forms 88 g of carbon dioxide and 27 g of

c. The molecular mass of the compound is approximately water when burned in excess oxygen?
300 g/mol. Determine the molecular formula. (A) CH4 (B) C2H2 (C) C4H3 (D) C4H6
11. How many moles of H2O are produced when 0.56 g of and N. A 5.250-g sample of nicotine was combusted,
C2H4 (MM = 28 g) is burned in excess oxygen? producing 14.242 g of CO2 and 4.083 g of H2O. What is
(A) 0.04 (B) 0.06 (C) 0.08 (D) 0.4 the empirical formula of nicotine?

12. What is the simplest formula of a compound that contains

1.10 mol of K, 0.55 mol of Te, and 1.65 mol of O?
(A) KTeO (B) KTe2O (C) K2TeO3 (D) K2TeO6

13. In which compound is the mass ratio of chromium to 4. Answer the following questions about acetylsalicylic acid.
oxygen closest to 1.6 to 1.0? a. What is mass percent of acetylsalicylic acid in a 2.00-g
(A) CrO3 (B) CrO2 (C) CrO (D) Cr2O tablet that contains 0.325 g acetylsalicylic acid?

14. In which is the mass percent of magnesium closest to 60 %. b. Acetylsalicylic acid contains H, C and O. Combustion
(A) MgO (B) MgS (C) MgF2 (D) Mg3N2 of 3.00 g yields 1.20 g H2O and 3.72 L of CO2 at 50oC
and 1.07 atm, calculate the mass of each element.

15. A student obtained a percent water in a hydrate that was

too small. Which is the most likely explanation for this?
(A) Hydrate spattered out of the crucible during heating
(B) The anhydrous absorbed moisture after heating. c. Determine the empirical formula of acetylsalicylic acid.
(C) The amount of hydrate sample used was too small.
(D) The amount of hydrate sample used was too large.

16. 2 N 2 H4 + N 2 O 4  3 N 2 + 4 H 2 O 5. Bismuth (Bi) reacts with fluorine to form BiF3.

What mass of water can be produced when 8.0 g of N2H4 a. Calculate the mass percent of Bi and F in the compound.
(MM = 32 g) and 9.2 g of N2O4 (MM = 92 g) react?
(A) 9.0 g (B) 18 g (C) 36 g (D) 7.2 g
b. Calculate the mass of fluorine required to form 16.5 g
of compound.
17. What mass of Au is produced when 0.0500 mol of Au2S3 is
reduced completely with excess H2?
(A) 9.85 g (B) 19.7 g (C) 24.5 g (D) 39.4 g c. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

d. How many moles of F2 are required to react with 0.240

Practice Free Response mol Bi?
1. Complete and balance the chemical equation.
__C3H10(g) + __O2(g)  __CO2(g) + __H2O(g)
__C4H9OH(l) + __O2(g)  __CO2(g) + __H2O(g) e. How many grams of F2 are required to react with 1.60 g
Bi?
__NH4NO3(s)  __N2O(g) + __H2O(g)
__Al(s) + __O2(g)  __Al2O3(s)
__Li(s) + __N2(g)  __Li3N(s) f. If 5.00 g of Bi react with 2.00 g F2, what is the limiting
reactant?
2. 6 Li(s) + N2(g)  2 Li3N(s)
A mixture of 5.00 g of Li and N2 react.
a. What is the limiting reactant?

g. What is the theoretical yield of BiF3 when 5.00 g Bi

and 2.00 g F2 react?
b. How much excess reactant is there?
h. When BiF3 reacts with water, one of the products is
HF. The other product is a compound that contains
85.65 % Bi, 6.56 % O, and 7.79 % F. What is the
simplest formula of this compound?
c. How many grams of Li3N are formed?

d. If the percent yield is 88.5%, how many grams of Li3N

are produced?

i. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between

3. Nicotine, a component of tobacco, is composed of C, H BiF3 and H2O.
6. Answer the following questions that relate to the analysis
of chemical compounds.
a. A compound containing the elements C, H, N, and 0 is
analyzed. When a 1.2359 g sample is burned in
excess oxygen, 2.241 g of CO2 (g) is formed. The
combustion analysis also showed that the sample
contained 0.0648 g of H.
(1) Determine the mass, in grams, of C in the 1.2359
g sample of the compound.

(2) When the compound is analyzed for N content

only, the mass percent of N is found to be 28.84
percent. Determine the mass, in grams, of N in
the original 1.2359 g sample of the compound.

(3) Determine the mass, in grams, of 0 in the original

1.2359 g sample of the compound.

(4) Determine the empirical formula of the compound.

b. A different compound, which has the empirical formula

CH2Br, has a vapor density of 6.00 g•L-1 at 375 K and
0.983 atm. Using these data, determine the following.
(1) The molar mass of the compound

(2) The molecular formula of the compound