Six Sigma Interview Questions & Answers
Six Sigma Interview Questions & Answers
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35+ [REAL-TIME] Six Sigma Interview Questions & Answers
Last updated on 04th Jul 2020, Blog, Interview Questions
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Six Sigma is a method that provides organizations tools to improve the capability of their business processes. This increase in performance and
decrease in process variation helps lead to defect reduction and improvement in pro ts, employee morale, and quality of products or services.”Six
Sigma quality” is a term generally used to indicate a process is well controlled (within process limits ±3s from the center line in a control chart, and
requirements/tolerance limits ±6s from the center line).
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The measure of variation in a process which is statistical in nature is known as Sigma. The Six Sigma process is derived if the
quality is 3.4 Defect per Million Opportunities (DPMO). Six Sigma is a problem solving methodology. This methodology is
applicable to a process for eliminating the root cause of defects and the costs that are associated with the same.
2) Explain Six Sigma Levels?
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It is a methodology and set of tools for the measurement of process quality. It demonstrates that the business process is well
controlled. Six Sigma level can be achieved when the accuracy of your process gets only 3.4 defects per million opportunities.
Here’s the list of acceptable number of defects per million to correspond to each Sigma level:
Sigma level Defects per million opportunities
690,000 TOP
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308,537
66,807
6,210
233
3.4
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application and the mean is calculated
Median: The variations are measured and compared using the mid point in a given range of data. It is measured by nding the highest and lowest
value then dividing it by two. The lowest value is added to the same
Range: The values of a speci c data range. It is the di erence between highest and lowest values in a speci c data range.
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Six Sigma aims to deliver quality products to the customers. It also intends to reduce output variation by predicting process
results. Processes here would be measure, analyze, improve and control, Variation here means how much has the output
deviated from the actual. Six sigma means as the process deviation increases the sigma number is decreased. Having the
sigma number as 6 would mean that there will be no items that don’t meet with the specifications.
5) Explain The Di erent Kinds Of Variations?
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Reduction variations is the strategy of Six Sigma approach. Standard deviation which is a square root of variance is the
measure of variations. The approach is to reduce the sigma value and the better process experience.
However , there are two other types of variations, namely, Operator origin variations …measured as Reproducibility and
Guage variations …repeatability is another element of Guage variations coming from operator origin.Measurement system
analysis deals withis types of variations.
There is another aspect of looking at the multiple sample variations by way of ANOVA
6) Tell Me Who Forms The Part Of Six Sigma Implementation Team?
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Executive leaders: The decision of to six sigma is taken by the main team – Executive Leaders. They promote the six sigma
throughout the enterprise and ensure the commitment of the enterprise in six sigma. The executive leaders are mainly CEO,
or some of the board of directors. The six sigma initiative is funded by Executive leaders. The executive leaders should be
confident and determine that six sigma will improve organization process and it is succeeded.
Champions: Champions are normally the senior manager of the enterprise. He promotes six sigma mainly among the users of the business. He
acts as a coach, mentor, selects projects, decides the objectives, allocates the resources and removes hurdles from black belt players. The
champions ght for removing black belt hurdles.
Master Black-Belt: This role highly demands the technical capability in six sigma. All organizations are not started with six sigma and will not have
the same. Normally outsiders are recruited for it. The key role of Master Black-belt is train, mentor and guide. He supports the executive leaders in
candidate’s selection; teach the fundamentals and train resources and right project for resources.
Black-Belt: Black-belt always leads a selected project team for show casing six sigma. Their responsibilities include nding out the variations and
looking after minimizing the variations. Black belt normally selects the projects,
train resources, and they are the real implementers of the project.
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They are the core resources to six sigma as the actual implementation of six sigma is done by black belt, in the enterprise.
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Green Belt: The green belt resources supports black belt in the functionality areas. They are part time resources who work mainly on projects for
six sigma implementation. The six sigma methodologies for solving problems are applied by green belt and help for de ning the basic six sigma
implementation of the enterprise. The too support black belt in implementing six sigma in the enterprise.
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Attaining Six Sigma is a team effort. An organization who wants to attain Six Sigma needs a lot of restructuring and change
in attitude. It includes building up the following roles to take up the required responsibilities:
Executive Leadership-Includes CEO and other top management team members. They set up the vision of Six Sigma and
empower their team mates with the freedom and resources required for the improvements in the process.
Champions- Responsible for the implementation of the process in an integrated manner throughout the organization.
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They come from Top management.
Master Black Belts-Act as in-house expert coach for the organization. They assist Champions and train Black Belts and
Green Belts.
Black Belts-Apply Six Sigma methodology to specific projects. Their focus is on execution of activities for Six Sigma.
Green Belts-These are like the soldiers on the war front who actually implement the planned action.
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In order to express the amount of business functionality of an information system, a function point is used as a unit of
measurement.
There is International Function Point Users Group in US based organization of users of the software metric Function Point Analysis Every function
point is a unit of measure used by IFPUG functional size measurement method.
The IFPUG FSM is one of the currently recognized standards of ISO for functionally sizing software.
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Improve or optimize the current process based upon data analysis using techniques such as design of experiments, poka yoke or mistake
proo ng, and standard work to create a new, future state process. Set up pilot runs to establish process capability.
Control the future state process to ensure that any deviations from target are corrected before they result in defects. Implement control systems
such as statistical process control, production boards, visual workplaces, and continuously monitor the process.
11) What Are Quality Management Tools And Methods Used In Six Sigma?
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Within the individual phases of a DMAIC or DMADV project, Six Sigma utilizes many established quality-management tools
that are also used outside Six Sigma.
12) When And By Whom Was Six Sigma Developed ?
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Six Sigma has a greek symbol which is ”sigma”. It is the standard deviation utilized to measure the variation in the process.
14) Six Sigma Uses Two Key Methods. What Are They?
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Six Sigma jobs are advertised under many titles,not always as obvious as Six Sigma Black Belt,Six Sigma Consultant or Six
Sigma Analyst.Other possible titles include things like Functional Project Lead Six Sigma Program Manager,Lead
Analyst/Project Manager,Director of Operational Excellence, Business Process Manager or Senior Projects
Manager.Whatever the exact title, the organization is looking for someone with the skills of a Six Sigma Black Belt.
18) Explain Scope Of Your Future In Six Sigma Type Job ?
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You need to be able to demonstrate a good understanding of processes and quality methodologies and a willingness to take
an initiative and lead change. Another crucial skill is the ability to link strategy to execution.
19) Explain The Quality Levels Of Six Sigma ?
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Six Sigma quality levels are 99.9996% accurate and also they have only 3.4 defects per million opportunities.
20) Explain Key Roles In All Six Sigma E orts ?
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Your Email
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Lean takes the waste out of an area six sigma resolves the issue
23) Di erentiate Between Load Test And Performance Testing?
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More stress is involved in performance testing, on system and checks whether the system performance is same as the less
stress condition. Where as in load testing the stress is kept beyond the limit specified by the client.Performance testing is the
super set of load testing. Load testing involves the testing TOPprocess which determines how well the system is capable for
handling concurrent users or the load. Where as performance testing includes the load as well as the stress testing.
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Following information mentions the acceptable number of defects per million to correspond to each Sigma level:
Sigma level Defects per million opportunities
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1 690,000
2 308,527
3 66,817
4 6,220
5 232
6 3.4
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Standard deviation quantifies the variation most accurately indicating the degree of variation in a set of measurement or a
process by measuring the average spread of data around the mean. It provides accurate information
27) What are the di erent variations that are used in the Six Sigma process?
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Median: This process is initiated by identifying the highest and the lowest values and then divide the value by 2. In this process, the variations are
measured and compared by taking the midpoint the data set range.
Range: This process depends on the highest rate and lowest values for a speci c data range.
Mode: Mode is the most occurred values in a given data set range.
28) What is the di erence between the Six Sigma DMAIC and DMADV methodologies?
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Define design goals that are consistent with customer demands and the enterprise strategy.
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Measure and identify CTQs (characteristics that are Critical To Quality), measure product capabilities, production
process capability, and measure risks.
Analyze to develop and design alternatives
Design an improved alternative, best suited per analysis in the previous step
Verify the design, set up pilot runs, implement the production process and hand it over to the process owner(s).
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Fishbone or Ishikawa diagram is a visualization tool for categorizing the potential causes of a problem in order to identify its
root causes.
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30) What is the load testing process?
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The load testing process is a process of putting your demand on a software system or computing and measuring its process.
31) What is the di erence between load test and performance testing?
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Performance Testing is a type of software testing that can be carried out to measure the system performance in terms of
sensitivity, reactivity, and stability under a particular workload.
On the other hand, The load testing process is a process of putting your demand on a software system or computing and measuring its process.
32) What are the three key elements for the six sigma process improvement?
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The 3 key elements for the six sigma process improvement are customer, process, and employees.
33) What is a Top-down approach in the six sigma process?
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The top-down approach is one of the processes within the Six Sigma implementation. This approach is aligned with business
strategy and customer needs. Although, the major disadvantage of this process is its scope is very broad and at the same time
it is difficult to execute it in a specified amount of time.
34) Explain what do you mean by FMEA?
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FMEA is an acronym for Failure Modes and Effect Analysis. FMEA is a risk assessment tool, that evaluates the severity,
occurrence, and detection of risks to prioritize the most urgent ones.
35) What are the three steps for Root cause analysis?
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The Narrow step: They narrow down all the possible explanations and scenarios are to an extent considering the current
performance.
The close step: The project team validates all the narrowed down explanations for the current performance.
36) What is the main di erence between Lean and Six Sigma?
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Six Sigma follows the DMAIC methodology to reduce waste. On the other hand, Lean uses these following 7 steps:
1. Overproduction: This occurs when products are being produced but there is no customer to demand it.
2. Waiting: If there is a time lag after every step of production, no value is being to the project in the meantime.
3. Transport: This happens when products are being moved in an inefficient way.
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4. Motion: This one denotes poor work standards and employees being involved in inefficient activities between tasks.
5. Over-processing: This takes place when you spend too much time in producing a product.
6. Inventory: When your inventory level is too high and you have too much work in progress, this kind of waste takes
place.
7. Defects: This is the number of times when employees spend identifying and fixing production mistakes.
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Lean Six Sigma is a method that relies on a collaborative team effort to improve performance by systematically removing
waste and reducing variation. It combines lean manufacturing/lean enterprise and Six Sigma to eliminate the eight kinds of
waste: Defects, Over-Production, Waiting, Non-Utilized Talent, Transportation, Inventory, Motion, and Extra-Processing.
38) What is the di erence between Cpk and Ppk?
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Cpk stands for process capability index. It measures how close a process is running to its specification limits, relative to the
natural variability of the process.
On the other hand, Ppk stands for a process performance index that veri es if the sample has been generated from the process is capable of
meeting Customer CTQs or not.
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40) What does DFSS stand for in the six sigma process?
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DFSS stands for Design For Six Sigma. It is a business process management method related to traditional Six Sigma and is
used in many industries, like finance, marketing, basic engineering, process industries, waste management, and electronics.
41) What is a data collection plan?
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A data collection plan a plan to collect the necessary data. The main reason to collect data is to understand the current
process and portray possible improvement suggestions. The data can be collected from three different primary sources they
are as follows:
1. Input: input is where the data generation.
2. Process: the process is the execution steps where the factors like efficiency, time requirements, cost, defects are taken
into consideration for process improvements.
3. Output: it is a straight measurement of efficiency.
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A Histogram represents the frequency distribution of numeric data, while a Boxplot summarizes the important aspects of
continuous data distribution.
43) What is VSM?
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VSM stands for Value Stream Mapping. This is a methodology used to eliminate wastes from a process and map the flow of
information required to deliver a product or service.
44) What is MSA?
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MSA stands for Measurement System Analysis. One can use MSA to check if a measurement system is accurate. It evaluates
a system’s accuracy, precision, and stability.
45) How to develop a SIPOC process map?
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46) Can you explain the di erent methodologies for execution and design process in Six Sigma?
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The main focus of Six Sigma is on reducing defects and variations in the processes. DMAIC and DMADV are the models used
in most Six Sigma initiatives. DMADV is a model for designing a process while DMAIC is for improving the process.
The DMADV model has the below ve steps:
Define: Determine the project goals and the requirements of customers (external and internal).
Measure: Assess customer needs and specifications.
Analyze: Examine process options to meet customer requirements.
Design: Develop the process to meet customer requirements.
Verify: Check the design to ensure that it’s meeting customer requirements.
Define the projects, the goals, and the deliverables to customers (internal and external). Describe and quantify both the
defect and the expected improvement.
Measure the current performance of the process. Validate data to make sure it is credible and set the baselines.
Analyze and determine the root cause(s) of the defects. Narrow the causal factors to the vital few.
Improve the process to eliminate defects. Optimize the vital few and their interrelationships.
Control the performance of the process. Lock down the gains.
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Figure: Methodology in Six Sigma
47) What does executive leaders, champions, Master Black belt, green belts and black belts mean?
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Six Sigma is not only about techniques, tools, and statistics, but the main thing depends on people. In Six Sigma, there are
five key players:
Executive leaders
Champions
Master black belt
Black belts
Green belts
Let’s try to understand all the roles of the players step by step.
Executive leaders: They are the main people who actually decide that we need to do Six Sigma. They promote it
throughout organization and ensure commitment of the organization in Six Sigma. Executive leaders are the guys who
are mainly either CEO or from the board of directors. So in short they are the guys who fund the Six Sigma initiative.
They should believe that Six Sigma will improve the organization process and that they will succeed. They should be
determined that they ensure resources get proper training on Six Sigma, understand how it will benefit the organization,
and track the metrics.
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Champions: Champion is a normally a senior manager of the company. He promotes Six Sigma mainly between
business users. He understands Six Sigma thoroughly, serves as a coach and mentor, selects projects, decides objectives,
dedicates resources to black belts, and removes obstacles which come across black belt players. Historically Champions
always fight for a cause. In Six Sigma they fight to remove black belt hurdles.
Master Black-Belt: This role requires the highest level of technical capability in Six Sigma. Normally organizations
that are just starting up with Six Sigma will not have them. So normally outsiders are recruited for this. The main role of
a Master Black belt is to train, mentor, and guide. He helps the executive leaders in selecting candidates, right projects,
teach the basics, and train resources. They regularly meet with black belt and green belt training and mentor them.
Black-Belt: Black belt leads a team on a selected project which has to be show-cased for Six Sigma. They are mainly
responsible to find out variations and see how these variations can be minimized. Most black belts basically select a
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project and train resources, but black belts are the guys who actually implement it. Black belt normally works in projects
as team leads or project managers. They are central to Six Sigma as they are actually implementing Six Sigma in the
organization.
Green Belt: Green belts assist black belts in their functional areas. They are mainly in projects and work part time on
Six Sigma implementation. They apply Six Sigma methodologies to solve problems and improve a process at the bottom
level. They have just enough knowledge of Six Sigma and they help define the base of the Six Sigma implementation in
the organization. They assist black belts in the Six Sigma implementation actually.
48) What are the di erent kinds of variations used in Six Sigma?
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Variation is the basis of Six Sigma. It defines how much changes are happening in the output of a process. So if a process is
improved then this should reduce variations. In Six Sigma we identify variations in the process, control them, and reduce or
eliminate defects. Now let’s understand how we can measure variations.
There are four basic ways of measuring variations: Mean, Median, Mode, and Range. Let’s understand each of these variations in more depth for
better analysis.
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Figure: Di erent variations in Six Sigma
Mean: In mean the variations are measured and compared using math’s averaging techniques. For instance, you can see the below gure which
shows two weekly measures of how many computers are manufactured. So for we have tracked two weeks, one we have named Week 1 and the
other Week 2. So to calculate the variation by using mean we calculate the mean of week1 and week2. You can see from the calculations below we
have got 5.083 for week1 and 2.85 for week2. So we have a variation of 2.23.
Median: Median value is a mid point in our range of data. Mid point can be found out by nding the di erence between the highest and lowest
value then dividing it by two and nally adding the lowest value to it. For instance, for the below gure in week1 we have 4 as the lowest value and 7
as the highest value. So rst we subtract the lowest value from the highest value, i.e., 7 -4. Then we divide it by two and add the lowest value. So for
week1 the median is 5.5 and for week2 the median is 2.9. So the variation is 5.5 – 2.9.
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Range: Range is nothing but a spread of values for a particular data range. In short it is the di erence between the highest and lowest values in a
particular data range. For instance you can see for the recorded computer data of two weeks, we have found out the range values by subtracting
the highest value from the lowest.
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Figure: Range for calculating variations
Mode: Mode is nothing but the most occurred values in a data range. For instance in our computer manufacturing, data range 4 is the most
occurred value in Week1 and 3 is the most occurred value in week 2. So the variation is 1 between these data ranges.
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The most accurate method of quantifying variation is by using standard deviation. It indicates the degree of variation in a set
of measurements or a process by measuring the average spread of data around the mean. It’s but complicated than the
deviation process discussed in the previous question, but it does give accurate information.
Note: To understand standard deviation we will be going through a bit of math so please co-operate and keep your head cool. In the below steps
we will go step by step and understand how we can implement standard deviation.
Below is the formula for Standard Deviation. “σ“ symbol stands for standard deviation. X stands for observed values; X (with the top bar) is the
arithmetic mean and n is the number of observations. The formulae must be looking complicated but let’s break them up in to steps and
understand them better.
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The rst step is to calculate the mean. This can be calculated by adding all the observed values and dividing that by the number of observed values.
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Figure: Step 1 Standard Deviation
The second step is to subtract the average from each observation, square them, and then sum them. Because we square them we will not get
negative values. The below gure indicates the same in a very detail manner.
In the third step we divide the same with the number of observations, as shown the gure.
In the nal step we take the square root which gives the standard deviation.
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Note: Below are some questions which we have not answered and have been left as an exercise to the readers. We will de nitely try to cover that
in the second edition.
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There are situations where we need to analyze what caused a failure or problem in a project. Fish bone or Ishikawa diagram
is one of the important concept which can help you list down your root cause of the problem. Fish bone was conceptualized
by Ishikawa, so in the honor of its inventor this concept was named as Ishikawa diagram. Inputs to conduct a fish bone
diagram comes from a discussion and brain storming with people who were involved in the project. The below figure shows
how the structure of the Ishikawa diagram is. Below is a sample fish bone diagram. The main bone is the problem which we
need to address and to know what caused the failure. For instance the below fish bone is constructed to know what caused
the project failure. To know this cause we have taken four main bones as input: Finance, Process, People, and Tools. For
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instance, on the people front, there are many resignations, this was caused because there was no job satisfaction – this was
caused because the project was a maintenance project. In the same way causes are analyzed on the Tools front also. In tools
– No tools were used in the project – because no resource had enough knowledge about the same – this happened because of
a lack of planning. In the process front, the process was adhoc – this was because of tight deadlines – this was caused
because marketing people over promised and did not negotiate properly with the end customer.
Now once the diagram is drawn the end bones of the sh bone signify the main cause of the project failure. From the below diagram, here’s a list:
Explore Curriculum
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Pareto principle, also paraphrased as 80/20 principle, is a simple and effective problem tackling way in management. It says
that 20% of your problems lead to the other 80 % of problems. So rather than concentrating on the 80% of problems if you
concentrate on 20% of problems you can save a lot of trouble. So in Pareto you analyze the problems and only concentrate on
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20% of your vital problems.
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If you look at the above sh bone diagram we have discussed, all the root problems are due to only three reasons:
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It assists in the breakdown of components of variation
It is much easier to plot than most control charts
A multi-vari chart is a graphical representation of multiple variables on the same chart. Data variation can come from multiple sources.
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Helps to provide a perfect value through a perfect value creation process that has zero waste
Continuous Improvement
Higher output by encouraging people to work hard and have targets
Reducing cost and improving purchasing power. When samples are drawn out of a population randomly, what is said to
be true?
Lean philosophy: Lean six sigma is a philosophy for performance improvement by removing waste and reducing variation. This philosophy
removes eight kinds of defects. This method relies on collaborative team e ort.
54) When samples are drawn out of a population randomly, what is said to be true?
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A random sampling is a sampling technique. Each sample has an equal opportunity of being chosen and the sample chosen is the unbiased
representation of the entire population.
55) Which of the following tools is most commonly used in the de ne phase of a project?
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Affinity diagram
Control chart
Failure mode and effects analysis
Data collection checklist
De ne is the rst phase of the DMAIC phase of six sigma project. A control chart is the most e ective tool used in the de ne phase.
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Multi-voting
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Customer needs prioritization
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Focus Groups
Nominal Group Technique
Multi-voting is a group decision making technique used for brain storming of ideas and prioritizing them. This technique reduces options to
prevent information overload. Multi-voting is also known as N/3 voting. N refers to the total number of ideas.
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1. Zero slack
2. Event oriented
3. Shortest path
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4. Time and cost not considered
A critical path analysis uses network analysis and is widely used in project management. A critical path analyses helps to schedule and manage
complex projects a critical path has zero slack.
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(A) a series of steps with the highest costs(B) The tasks in the project which have the highest risk of failure(C) the sum of the
tasks with the shortest time requirements (D) longest path from the start to the completion of the project
A critical path is a visual network planning tool. Critical path is the longest path from the time of beginning of the project till the end.
59) Which of the following statistical tests should be used by the Green Belt for testing the means between two inter-related groups?
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A paired test is used to determine if the mean di erence between the two sets of observations is zero. In a paired sample t-test, there is a twice
measurement of each subject or entity. This results in a pair of observation.
60) Standard Deviation in Six Sigma applications is referred to as the di erence from the:
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Target
Specification limits
Nearest fit value
Mean
A standard deviation in six sigma applications that lets you know how the data points are grouped around the mean for a speci c given process,
which in turn tells you how much variation exists.
61) In a typical DFSS Approach, which of these stages gures in most DFSS approaches?
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Innovate
Identify
Improve
Control
In the design for six sigma (DFSS) approach in six sigma, is an improvement process in the six sigma to develop new processes or products. The
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DFSS approach can also be applied if the current process requires an incremental improvement.
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Kaizen
Six Sigma
Lean
Kanban
A kaizen or continuous improvement is a method of identifying opportunities and waste reduction. This practice is formalized by lean.
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Continuous Improvement
Prevent Defects
Creating a productive work environment
Reduce Variation
The Japanese 5s method supports lean in its basic form. The 5S stands for sort, straighten, shine, standardize, and sustain and is based on the
Japanese concept for housekeeping (seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke). This method helps organizations to maintain simpli ed and
streamlined work environment.
Ans:
The overall equipment e ectiveness is a measure of the manufacturing productivity. He manufacturing productivity is calculated by taking into
the sub-components of manufacturing process like availability, performance and quality. OEE is the ratio of productive time to the planned
production time.
65) Which of the following techniques used in DOE helps you in identifying pure error?
Ans:
Replication
Blocking
Randomization
Coding
A blocking technique helps to identify variables that are not important to the experimenter. Blocking technology reduces variability. Typically,
blocking is an arrangement of experimental units in groups or blocks which are similar.
66) A Six Sigma Green Belt practitioner constructs a control chart to display a process mean and its outer limits. In such a chart, what
does UCL stand for?
Ans:
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Control charts are two-dimensional graph plotting visuals plotting performance on x-axis and time on the y-axis. Control chart has three
attributes; Upper control limit (UCL), Lower control limit (LCL) and average or center line of the data. The upper control limit is a three process
control above the standard deviation.
Ans:
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Show the relationship between parameters
A sh bone diagram is also called a cause-e ect diagram. It is a visualization tool to display as many causes as possible for a problem. It sorts ideas
into categories. This is a more structured method in cause and e ect analysis.
Ans:
Lean
TPM
Six Sigma
TOC
The total productive maintenance (TPM) is a new concept and a system of the machines, equipment, processes, and employees that add business
value to an organization. This concept is used in equipment e ectiveness.
Ans:
DPMO
DPU
PPM
DPO
The best metrics for measuring defectives in six sigma is parts per million defective (PPM). PPM is used to get the more accurate measure of
defective rate. This method is more apt when the number of defective products produced is very small and percentage defective is not very
e ective.
70) If the Measure stage in a DMAIC approach is all about measuring the data for the existing process, what is the main objective in the
Measure phase in a DFSS approach?
Ans:
The DFSS approach is used to design a product or service from scratch. This approach produces a very low defect level product or service. To
produce such a product or service the customer expectations and needs should be measured.
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71) All the factors that might contribute to a production problem must be discovered. Which among the following problem-solving tools
might be the best choice?
Ans:
Pareto diagrams
Fishbone diagrams
Histograms
Control charts
A sh bone diagram identi es all the possible cause and e ect to identify the root cause of a problem.
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72) Which of the following tools is used extensively in quality function deployment (QFD)?
Ans:
Quality function deployment (QFD) is a research tool and a systematic method used to modify products to meet customer requirements. QFD is
used to nd the quality elements and engineering management measures that have the greatest in uence on customer needs. Relationship
matrix diagram gives complex relationships between quality elements and customer needs and is displayed with signs or weights.
73) Which of the following is the LEAST likely tool to assist the problem de nition stage of Six Sigma?
Ans:
CTQ trees
Pareto analysis
Product yield data
Control charts
The problem de nition stage is the rst stage in six sigma. DMAIC is a ve-stage process of six sigma of problem-solving. “De ne” is the rst stage.
Product yield data does not support the rst stage in Six sigma.
74) In a typical Measure Phase, which of the following activities should a Green Belt perform rst?
Ans:
Stability
Capability
MSA
Normality
The measured phase has more numeric and data analysis. The MSA( measurement system analysis) will quantify the amount of variation in the
data induced by the measuring system. Conducting MSA can be very exhaustive.
75) In a typical MSA GAGE RR study conducted, what should the Six Sigma team determine about the Measurement System rst?
Ans:
Accuracy
Stability
Resolution
Linearity
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The GAGE RR study is conducted in the measured phase of the six sigma project. It measures the accuracy of the project.
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76) Which of the following scenarios is best suited to use an X-bar and R chart?
Ans:
The X-Bar chart is used to plot the process mean and process range. The R-chart is used to review the process variation which must be in control to
interpret correctly the X-Bar chart.
77) When a cause-and-e ect diagram is used to solve plant problems, what are the three parts a session is customarily divided into?
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Ans:
A cause and e ect diagram helps to identify the possible causes and the outcomes of a problem. This is done is three parts; Brainstorming,
prioritization and plan development
78) “Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing” are terms that describe
Ans:
Teams can perform better collectively than as individuals to achieve common goals. “Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing” are terms that
describe team growth and the various stages involved.
Ans:
Root Causes
The key problem area
Possible financial loss
Intangibles
The de ne phase in DMAIC consists of identifying the business opportunity, key problem areas, selecting the key resources, and initiating the
project charter. This phase is to de ne all the possible elements of a project.
Ans:
Poisson
Binomial
Chi-Square
Normal
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A Poison distribution is a discrete probability distribution of the number of events in a xed period of time, and the exponential distribution deals
with the time between occurrences of successive events as time ows by continuously. A Poisson distribution can be derived from the exponential
distribution.
Ans:
Kaizen
Poka-Yoke
Kata
Mura
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Kaizen technology in Six Sigma is useful for the systematic achievement of small incremental changes in processes to achieve e ciency and
quality. Kaizen is also known as continuous improvement
Ans:
Poka–Yoke is an approach for mistake-proo ng to eliminate or prevent errors. This approach makes use of simple tools to prevent errors.
83) Which of the following is NOT necessary for the Six Sigma team to update in the Project Charter in the De ne Phase?
Ans:
DMAIC – De ne, measure, analyze, improve and control is a six sigma methodology. A project charter is the rst step in de ne process. A project
charter can create or destroy a successful project.
84) Which of the following distributions describes the ratios of two variances drawn from the same normal population?
Ans:
F statistic
Student”s t-test
Chi-square
Normal
F-test is a statistical test that compares the variances of two samples taken from the populations with di erent variances to test the hypothesis.
The objective of F-test is to check the di erences in the sample variance.
85) Which of the following tools helps in visualizing series of causes to an e ect?
Ans:
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The Ishikawa diagram also known as sh bonediagram helps to visualize many potential caused for the speci c problem.
86) Which of the following is an example of a Primary metric for Six Sigma projects?
Ans:
Quality
Morale of employees
Average turnover/cycle time
Customer Satisfaction
The primary metrics is also known as process metrics. Usually, they are process defects, process cycle time, and process consumption.
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87) Which matrix diagram illustrates the relationship between three planes?
Ans:
Y-type
X-type
P-type
Control charts
A matrix diagram depicts the relationship between two or more groups. A basic Y shaped diagram showed the relationship between three groups
in a circular motion.
88) Which of the following measures of central tendency is preferred when the data does not have outliers?
Ans:
Mean
Mode
Median
None of the above
Most populations exhibit normality, mean is the most suitable central tendency used to describe normal data.
89) Poka Yoke is a lean manufacturing concept that is used for what purpose?
Ans:
Process levelling
Mistake proofing
Process visualization
Quick set up
Poka-Yoke is a Japanese word which means mistake proo ng. This method is used in six sigma for eliminating errors.
90) For a process working at 5 Sigma level, how many opportunities are considered to lie outside of the speci cation limits provided by
the customer?
Ans:
233
6210
3.4
66807
Sigma 4 level indicates the maximum level of defects per million in a process
or a system and relates to the overall percentage of accuracy. A 5
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sigma level 233 errors per million
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91) The most important factor for the success of six sigma projects is:
Ans:
Leadership support
Team support
Teamwork
Inter-department harmony
A six sigma process is aimed at reduction of variation, defects and risks. To implement six sigma leadership support is very important.
92) In a 4 sigma level process, how many opportunities lie outside the speci cation limits provided by the customer?
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Ans:
6210
233
456
876
Sigma 4 level indicates the maximum level of defects per million in a process or a system and relates to the overall percentage of accuracy. A 4
sigma level 6210 errors per million.
Ans:
Kaizen
Kano
Control charts
Poisson
Kano analysis helps to prioritize customer requirements, once they are identi ed. Kano analysis is used in de ne phase of DMAIC process in six
sigma.
94) Which of the following errors is typically associated with the notion, “False positive”?
Ans:
Type I error
Type II error
Type III error
Depends on the experiments
A Type I error occurs when a null hypothesis is rejected even if it is true. The error accepts the alternative hypothesis, despite it being attributed to
chance. Also referred to as a “false positive”.
Ans:
A GAGE RR study or repeatability and Reproducibility is useful for evaluating the capability of a measurement system.
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Ans:
Ans:
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Begins during the conceptualization stages of design and continues throughout the project.
Just after the production tool is authorized
Ends as soon as conceptualization is done
Performed during the design stage
Failure mode and E ect analysis (FMEA) is a systematic method/approach o identify the possible failure in design, a manufacturing or assembly
process, or a product or service. This process begins during the conceptualization of the project and continues throughout the project lifecycle.
Ans:
Anything that does not contribute to the functionality of the nal product is considered as a “Waste” in lean. Which means that the time spent on
xing defects is considered as waste.
Ans:
The cost of poor quality or poor quality costs occur when the product is not manufactured up to the mark. The COPQ would vanish if all they
systems and products manufactured are perfect.
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