Escuela Profesional de

Ciencia de la Computación

ICC Fase 1

Computer graphics
Image Arithmetic

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda

Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa

May 16, 2020

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 Overview

1 Introduction
Objectives

2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors

3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Characters segmentation
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Change detection

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 Introduction Objectives

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
Objectives

2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors

3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Characters segmentation
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Change detection

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 Introduction Objectives

Objectives

Understand about the arithmetic between images.

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 Introduction Objectives

Objectives

Understand about the arithmetic between images.

Learn addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
blending between images.
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 Pixel addition Definition

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
Objectives

2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors

3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Characters segmentation
[email protected]

Change detection

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 Pixel addition Definition

Pixel addition
Definition

This operator takes as input two identically sized images and

produces as output a third image of the same size as the first
two. Each pixel value is the sum of the values of the
corresponding pixel from each of the two input images.
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 Pixel addition Definition

Pixel addition
Definition

Normal addition :

Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j) + P2 (i, j) (1)

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 Pixel addition Definition

Pixel addition
Definition

Normal addition :

Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j) + P2 (i, j) (1)

Almost always, we need to scale the image:

Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j)/2 + P2 (i, j)/2 (2)

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 Pixel addition Definition

Pixel addition
Definition

Normal addition :

Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j) + P2 (i, j) (1)

Almost always, we need to scale the image:

Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j)/2 + P2 (i, j)/2 (2)

Also, we could add a constant value:

Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j) + C (3)

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 Pixel addition Examples

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
Objectives

2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors

3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Characters segmentation
[email protected]

Change detection

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 Pixel addition Examples

Pixel addition
Example with scaling

Figure: Example of pixel addition using Equation 5. OpenCV limits the

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values to [0-255] (int8).

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 Pixel addition Examples

Pixel addition
Example without scaling

Figure: Example of pixel addition using Equation 5. We cast the image

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to int, before the adding operation.

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 Pixel addition Examples

Pixel addition
Example with scaling
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Figure: Example of pixel addition using Equation 2.

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 Pixel addition Examples

Pixel addition
Image plus constant
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Figure: Adding a constant to a image.

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 Pixel addition Examples

Pixel addition
Image plus constant
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Figure: If you use OpenCV, this problem could occurs. It is because

OpenCV limits the pixel values to [0-255].

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 Pixel addition Examples

Pixel addition
Image plus constant
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Figure: Before add a constant, cast the image type to int (img =
img.astype(int)).

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 Pixel addition Examples

Pixel addition
Image plus constant
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Figure: We scale the image before adding a constant.

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 Pixel addition Examples

Pixel addition
Image addition with colors
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Figure: Two images for addition.

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 Pixel addition Colors

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
Objectives

2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors

3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Characters segmentation
[email protected]

Change detection

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 Pixel addition Colors

Pixel addition
Image addition with colors
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Figure: Addition of two images with colors.

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 Pixel Subtraction Definition

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
Objectives

2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors

3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Characters segmentation
[email protected]

Change detection

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 Pixel Subtraction Definition

Pixel subtraction
Definition

The pixel subtraction operator takes two images as input and

produces as output a third image whose pixel values are simply
those of the first image minus the corresponding pixel values
from the second image.
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 Pixel Subtraction Definition

Pixel subtraction
Definition

Q(i, j) = |P1 (i, j) − P2 (i, j)| (4)

Q(i, j) = |P1 (i, j) − C| (5)
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 Pixel Subtraction Definition

Pixel subtraction
Example
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Figure: Example of subtraction operator.

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 Pixel Subtraction Characters segmentation

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
Objectives

2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors

3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Characters segmentation
[email protected]

Change detection

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 Pixel Subtraction Characters segmentation

Pixel subtraction
Applications - Segmentation of Characters

Suppose we want to segment the characters, the result will be:

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Figure: Photo. Figure: Thresholding (θ = 127).

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 Pixel Subtraction Characters segmentation

Pixel subtraction
Applications - Segmentation of Characters

We could take a photo of a white paper to apply subtraction:

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Figure: Photo. Figure: Photo of white paper.

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 Pixel Subtraction Characters segmentation

Pixel subtraction
Applications - Segmentation of Characters

We take the normal photo and subtracts the white paper photo
to get a new image:
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Figure: Result after applying subtraction and an addition of 100 to avoid

negative values.

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 Pixel Subtraction Characters segmentation

Pixel subtraction
Applications - Segmentation of Characters

Then we apply thresholding with θ = 80

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Figure: Difference Figure: Thresholding (θ = 80).

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 Pixel Subtraction Characters segmentation

Pixel subtraction
Applications - Segmentation of Characters

Comparison:
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Figure: Without subtraction. Figure: With subtraction.

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 Pixel Subtraction Change detection

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
Objectives

2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors

3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Characters segmentation
[email protected]

Change detection

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 Pixel Subtraction Change detection

Pixel subtraction
Applications - Change detection

We could use subtraction to detect changes between frames.

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Figure: Frame 1. Figure: Frame 2.

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 Pixel Subtraction Change detection

Pixel subtraction
Applications - Change detection
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Figure: |Frame 1 - Frame 2| and contrast stretching.

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 Pixel Subtraction Change detection

Questions?
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