VOLU ME XXII NUMBER 4/FOURTH OUARTER 1982

MODERN STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
Spaceship Earth: Gateway to Tomorrow
Steel- Healthy Approach to a New Market
For World-famous Hospital, Diagnosis was Steel
Pyramidal Truss Key to Clear-span System
Steel "Reflects" an Architect's Choice
Rehabbing Steel Bridges in Maine
 DECK DESIGN DATA SHEET
NO.1 ~==~::!:::iI
POUR STOP SELECTION CIIIlRT
The chart shows the thickness (gage) of the steel pour stop angle recommended
by Nicholas J. Bouras, Inc . for the various slab thickness and overhang
combinations. Two inches of bearing and one inch long welds at 12" O .C .
are required. In determining these recommendations the steel stress was limited
to 20000 psi and the deflection to ~ ".
OVERHANG INCHES
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
4

4.5

~
o f,
. "' J:SLAB
' . . ' .
•
THICKNESS
5

5 .5
COM POSITE FLOOR
iEh--j
DeCK BY UNITED 6VERHANG
STeEL DECK, INC 6

6 .5

<f)
w 7
1:
0
". 7.5
Any time you need infor- <f)
<f)
mation on deck design, w
z 8
delivery, budget pricing, "
0
or bidding - cali on us, ~ 8.5
your deckhands. Reprints '\'"
of this chart are available <f)
9
on request.
9 .5
Gage Metal Thickness
* Retum lip available on 10
20 0.036 " (0.91 mm)
order.
10.5 18 0.047 " (1 .20mm)
16 0.060" (1 .52 mm)
11
14 0.075"(1 .91 mm)
11 .5 12 0.105" (2.67 mm)

12 10 0.135" (3.43 mm)

,\-L...~'-'I)l-'L...=;,.=.L....J
..........,..... NICHOLAS J. BOURAS, INC.
p.o. BOX 662, 475 SPRINGrIELDAVE.,
SUMMIT, NEW JERSEY 0790112011277· 1617
.. •
I

2 MODERN STEEL CO NSTRUCTION

•

• When it comes to constructional plate steels,

we wrote the book. This current edition features
Lukens' capabilities with regard to:
Sizes. Standard specification plates available in
plate in applications such as fabricated bridge
girders. Produced in lengths from 120" to 1080;'
widths 12" t048" and thicknesses 11." to 12:'
Lukens-Conshohocken. A roll ing mIll and ship-
widths to 195;' lengths to 1080" (longer in certain ping complex designed to meet your needs for
sizes) and th icknesses to 25:' A size card shows light-to-medium thickness carbon plate and our
details. Sure-Foot safety floor plate.
Specifications. Mechanical properties and Lukens Fineline: A family of low-sulfur construc-
chemistry of the various grades of steel most tional steels particularly effective when used In
frequently found in bridges and buildings. fracture critical applications.
Displayed in chart form. For your copy of this brochure, illus-
Heat Treating. Many types of treatment offered trated with photos of our facilities and our
on plates up to 600" long. Even longer by special products in use, just fill out the coupon below.
arrangement.
Stripped plate. An alternative to universal mill ~UKENSSTEE~

Write r------------------~
•
LU KENS STEEL COMPANY
586 Services BUIlding
•

right
• Coalesville, PA 19320 •
• Please send me a copy of your brochure. LUKENS CONSTRUCTIONAL •
• PLATE STEELS •

no\\[ • NAM. __ •

• 41h OuarlCf 1982

•
•
TITLE
COMPANY

IL __________________
ADDRESS _ _ _ __

CIlY STATE lIP- .

•
•

3
MODERN
CONSTRUCTION
PublIShed by

American Institute
VOLUME XXII NUMBER 41FOUR TH OUARTER 1982

CONTENTS
Spaceship Earth EPCOT Center's
•
of Steel Construction Gateway to Tomorrow 5
The Wrigley BUilding Steel-Healthy Approach to New Markets 10
400 North Michigan Avenue At Second Glance, Staggered Trusses Fill the Bill 12
Chicago . IIImols 60611
For World-famous Children 's Hospital,
OFFICERS Diagnosis was Steel 16
Phillip 0 Elbert. Chairman Steel Reflects Architect's Choice for
John H Busch , First Vice Chairman Hillier Headquarters 18
Werner H Quasebarth. At Amherst Campus. Pyramidal Truss Key to
Second Vice Chairman
Clear-span System 20
Oscar W Stewart . Jr Treasurer
Rehabbing Steel Bridges in Maine 23
Richard G Altmann . PreSident
Wilham W _ LanIgan .
Secretary & General Counsel 1983 ENGINEERING CONFERENCE MEETS MARCH 3-4
Wilham A Mdek. The 35th annual AtSC NEC tn MemphIs , Tenn . will meet around the
Vice PreSident. Engmeenng theme 'Deslgntng tn Steet lor EffIcIency and Economy.' Over 500
engineers are expected to attend the streamlmed two-day conference.
LewIs Brunner I

whIch WIll meet tn the lamous . and newly renovated. Peabody Hotet,
Vice PreSident Markellng
now listed m the National Register of HistOriC Places .
For the first time. an exhibit area Will be open to demonstrate
products and services of speCial mterest to structural engmeers .
EDITORIAL STAFF Matn attractIon of NEC IS the presentatIon of techntcat papers.
Daniel Farb , D,rector of Publications which make the conference a major SOurce of mformatlOn on state-of·
the-art structural steel englneermg . Plus, a full program for spouses
George E Harper. Editor
gives an overview of cultural, SOCial and economic forces of MemphiS
Amy Kragnes. EditOrial ASSistant
both yesterday and today.
Registration IS already underway. WIth substantial savmgs for early
reglstratlon - SI60 for those postmarked on or before Jan. 28. 1983.
SIOO for professlonat members Alter Jan . 28 S200 and 5125. For
REGIONAL OFFICES further tnformatlon and or regIstration forms . contact A/SC Conven -
NORTHEAST REGION tIon Semces, 400 N MIchIgan A ve. ChIcago, IL 60611 312.670- 2400.
New York. NY (Hdq.) 212/695-4291
Bosl0n, MA 617/329-7417 STILL TIME TO APPLY FOR 1983 FELLOWSHIP AWARDS
Philadelphia. PA 609.858-9354 A maxImum of eIght graduate study FellowshIps of 54.750 wilt be
Pittsburgh , PA 412 /443- 8840 awarded tn 1983. Awards go to graduate CIVIl or archItectural
NORTH CENTRAL REGION englneertng students who propose study toward an advanced degree
Chicago. IL (Hdq .) 312/372-8957 related to fabricated structural steel. The awards are deSIgned to
DetrOit, MI 313/352 -5558
encourage expertise In the Imagmatlve use of structural steel for
Mmneapolis. MN 612/888 -3791
bridges and buildmgs, and to motivate reCipients to pursue new Ideas
SOUTHEAST REGION
that Improve the technology of steel construct,on .
Atlanta. GA (Hdq ) 404 /458- 7679
Charlotte , NC 704 /375- 6547
Awards are made on the baSIS of a student's proposed course of
Tampa. FL 813/879-{)429 study. achievement and recommendation by college faculty . ApplI-
catIons are available from .· AISC EducatIon FoundatIon . 400 N
SOUTHWEST REGION
Dallas. TX (Hdq ) 214 '630- 5236 Mi chIgan Ave., ChIcago. IL 60611 Deadltne IS Feb . 1 1983.
Houston. TX 713/529- 5564
St LoUts. MO 314721-1332
WESTERN REGION
LOS Angeles. CA (Hdq) 2131444- 4519

•
Denver, CO 303/631-4622
San Francisco . CA 415/495-3550
Seattle. WA 206/624-5460
AISC HEADQUARTERS
Chlcago, IL 31 2/6702400

MO:1I"RN ~~E l .;.lNSTAUCT ON

 Spaceship Earth:
. ~~Sr~! Center's Gateway to Tomorrow
and
Glenn R. Bell

E PCOT Center IS Dlsney's newest enter-

tainment world at Watt Disney Wortd In
Ftorlda Developed by WED Enterprises. the
comptex. the exterior deSign tends towards
a "show" facade while slmulfaneously pre-
sen ling Disney'S vISion of the technology of
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc (SGH),
structural engineers. and Wallace. Floyd
ASSOCiates Inc (WFA). architects. to develop
design arm of the Disney organIZation. It has the future the deSign of the Spaceship Earth pavlhon
two parts Future World, a collection of ex· "We wanted to create an atmosphere for Irom WED's conceot sketches
h,b,ts of the new Ideas and technologies our guests that raises their SPIrit and klndtes Through many studies over several years.
which are emerging from the creative centers an excitement for the human expenence In WED's concept deSigners had determined
of America. and World Showcase. a meet- the future, stated Gordon Hoopes, WEDs the sIZe of sphere they wanled at the entry
Ing ptace to dlsptay the cuttures of many prolect deSigner for Spaceship Earth 'We 10 EPCOT Center They had also established
nallons The focus of the entry courtyard IS knew that haVing the enllre sphere raised the concept lor a support system that would
a 160-ft diameter geodesIc sphere, raised above the ground would cause substantial be aesthetically deSirable and which could
t 4 ~ above ground and covered with faceted engineering problems but the psychological be Integrated Into the surrounding facilities
aluminum panels. Conceived as a symbol uphlt for our guests would be worth It." Their early sketches showed three pairs 01
of EPCOT Center and the gtoballmpact of Underneath Ihe geodesic-patterned me- legs riSing from ground level to support a
Ihe technoloy of the future. the sphere was talhc skin of Spaceship Earth IS a complex patterned sphere of approximately 160·1t
appropriately named Spaceship Earth Be- steel slructure carefully lallored to sallsfy diameter
cause EPCOT Center IS an entertainment the varied reqUiremenls of WED's show
deSigners and engineered to transfer the Development of Sphere Enclosure
various loads to the foundatIOns with the Because Spaceship Earth was Intended as
grealest economy consistent with the other
John P Grossmann IS an associate of Wallace program requirements Sleek monorail clfcles pavll.Jns 01 FU(Ufe
Floyd ASSOCiates. Inc World Spaceship Earth looms /lIgh abOve
Glenn R Bell IS a sentor siall englneel al Early WED Concepts EPCOT Cenrer, kindles excitement for
Simpson Gumpertz and Heger Inc In early t 979, WED Enterprises retained vIsion 01 future PhD/OS Courtesy walt
•
Disney Productions

4th Quaner 1982 5

 _.........

,M' .. _.-

=:
_2.,--,-_~ ~
.--
...

, N rn sOlJth S 'IJ" Ilr gh Spheft!

Ihe main local pOlnl and Ihe 'logo' pavilion The double-skin solullon ,olved anolher legs. Mosl of Ihe mechanical equlpmenl
of EPCOT Cenler, appearance of Ihe sphere problem excessive runoff of rainwater to space from Elevalton 28 10 Elevallon 52
was of extreme Imporlance WED's design- the pedestnan circulation below By means was available for Ih,s purpose. bul a malor
ers Initially Indicated a preference for a geo· of open slols between facets of the outer penetration for the rtde entrance to tho
des Ie pattern Similar to thai used for the cosmetic panels, rainwater percolates to sphere (Ihe Ride Tubel allowed only I,m,led
Expo 67 dome In Monlreal 8uI a Iinal pallem the mner waterproof skin where II IS col- space belween Elevallon 52 and Elevalron
for the extenor CQuid nol be determined until lecled and carned away by a hidden guller 64 al Ihe soulhern pari 01 Ihe sphere The
a preliminary s(ruclural deSign lor Ihe sphere syslem al Ihe spheres equalor structure provided In thiS space. deSignated
had been developed Ihe Ullilly Struclure. developed Inlo some
The selecllon 01 the matenal for the Primary Structurat Systems Ihlng akin 10 a huge SIX legged lable. on lop
sphere s enclosure Involved several essen· A key deSign lask dunng Ihe conceplual of which was supporled Ihe Ride and ShOW .
lIa/. bul seemingly confllcllng conSidera phase was 10 deVise a structure to support Structure, and from which was suspended
hans Rehable waterproofing was necessary Ihe Inlenor "de Irack and showsels (Ihe Ride Ihe Sphere SlruClure al Ihe ultl,ly levels
10 prOleCI Ihe cosily nde eqUipmenl and and Show Struclure. see Figure Illhal was
show set I,re·reslsltve construction was Independenl ollhe Slruclure of Ihe geodeSiC Sphere Structure
essenllal lor prolecllon 01 Ihe bUilding sphere (Ihe Sphere Struclure). ThIS was Although Ihe DISney organllalton had de-
occupanls. and. of course Ihe selecled done to avoid concentratIOns of force In the veloped lIS own EPCOT bUilding code lor
malenal had 10 be appropnale aeslhellcally sphere and Inlerrupllon 01 lIS nalural shell Walt DISney World Ihe Wind loading Glilena
No single material satisfied all 01 these acllon. In an ellorl 10 keep Ihe Sphere Ihal " contained were nOI applicable 10 a
reqUirements. Sheet neoprene, for example. Structure members as hght as possible structure as unusual as Spaceship Earth
was deemed to provide the besl water ThiS structural separation also afforded Preliminary slruclural deSign was based on
reSistance but Its appearance was con· WED's deSigners more IIexlblllly In locallng Wind-loading dala denved from pnor experi-
sidered entirely Inapproprlafe ThiS quandary Ihe fide Iracks and snow plaltorms and II ence With spherical structures later Wind
led 10 Ihe double-skin sOlullon lor lhe allowed Ihe deSign of Ihe sphere 10 proceed tunnel studIes were performed on a V'6 In
sphere enclosure An Inner shell. covered concurrenlly Wllh, bul Independenl 01. Ihe I II scale model of Spaceship Earl h and lIS
by a waterproofing neoprene sheet. was development 01 Ihe ride and Show surroundings allhe Wrlghl8rolhers Memo-
allached drreclly 10 Ihe sphere slruclure The requrremenl Ihal Ihe Sphere Siruc- nal InSlllule of Ihe Massachusells Insiliule
AI a radiUS approxlmalely IWO leel grealer lure be lolally eleva led above Ihe ground 01 Technology In addllton 10 eSlabllShlng
than thaI of the mner skin, a purely cos· posed an unusual englneenng challenge pressure coeff,cients for the deSign of the
melle cover was erected ThiS separation To supporl all ollhe Sphere Siruciure loads Sphere Siruciure. Ihe Sludy was used 10
permilled Ihe vISible ouler shell 10 be labn- drreclly on Ihe legs would have crealed deterrntne pedestrtan level Wind pressures
cated from more aesthetically deSirable dlscontlnUltres and concentrahons 01 force DeSign Wind velocilies for appllcallon of Ihe
matenal In Ihe sphere. and would also have des(royed Wind -tunnel pressure coefficIen ts were de
The exlenor panels do nol need weal her Ihe shell behavIOr The solullon was 10 rived Irom Ihe EPCOT 8ulldlng Code, from
proof JOlnls, and the only structural require- support Ihe Sphere Siruciure as uniformly Amertcan Naltonal Standards Institute data
ment IS Ihal Ihey be capable 01 reSlSllng as poSSIble al a nng of sphere hubs althe and Irom hlSloncal meleorologlcal dala lor
Wind load perpendicular to their surfaces. approxlmale elevalton of Ihe lOps of Ihe SIX cenlral Flonda
The outer skin IS supported from the hub legs Uilimalely Ihe Sphere Siruciure was Several conSiderations bear on the sa
POints of the Inner structure by aluminum kepi enlrrely Independenl 01 Ihe legs lecllon of Ihe geodeSIC geometry Iype ande
pipe oulnggers or slandofts The Iwo- fOOl II was necessary 10 develop a malor Sleel frequency lor a geodeSIC struc ture
space between skins provides access for structure to transler ali of tho loads from the • To minimize bending moment and buck·
maintenance 01 the waterproofing and the Sphere Structure and mas I Of the loads ling effects. the lenylhs 01 members
inSide surface 01 the cosmetic skin from the Ride and Show Structure to the SIX should be limIted

6 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 .. ... _......
-_._
, ~-----

-_. __ .. ,- .. -,
- - - - ....... ,- .. ...
-

.
~ \..='";".~'::"-

f'!}ur82 Key plan'Of utility struClult;? eleva/Ion 52 1/

• For economy of fabrication and erection. at their top and bottom ffanges by Circular ment of thiS system were economy of fabri -
as few members and as few differing sleel plates which are stamped to a conical cation and SimpliCity of erection It was
lengths of members should be used as shape ThiS Simple and economical type of deSirable to shop· fabricate to the greatest
possible connection IS now commonly used In geo· extent pOSSible bUI shop-fabricated as -
For efilclency. the dlfierence between the deslc domes semblies were restricted to a 12-ft Wide
maximum length of member and the Prefabricated metal panels (closure Shipping envelope A number of early
minimum length of member should be panels), which fit Into the triangles created schemes examined employed box -Iype
minimized and member forces should not by the struts, form the lOner shell to which plate girders or three· dimensional trusses
vary over too great a range the waterproof membrane IS applied These spanning between the SIX legs These
• Since the geomelry of the vIsible shell IS panels support rigid -board Insulation on members were curved In plan to follow the
• related to that of the supporting structure. their interior surfaces and they also partlcl· perimeter of the sphere. and the schemes
the selected geometry should be aesthe- pale With the outer VISible skin In the re- required them to carry substanllallorslonal
tically pleasing sistance of Wind loads perpendicular to the loads because the sphere support points
After various structural studies by SGH sphere surface, Their only structural lunc· were outboard of straight lines struck be-
and various pattern studies by WFA. and In lion. In addition to reslsllng Wind loads. IS to tween adlacent legs
consultation with WED. an elghHrequency lalerally brace the wide· flange struls These A malar slmpllllcation and savings over
trlacon geodesIc geometry was selected panels are formed from slandard 3' ln deep these schemes was achieved by uSing the
This resulted In eight fundamental sphere- 20·ga melal roof deck wllh an 18-ga flal floor SlruClures al Elevallons 40 and 52 10
strUI lengths and four (With opposite-hand OUler sheet which prOVides a smooth sur- carry the torSional loads by means of re o
complements) panel types. The Slruts range face for the neoprene waterproofing Cold· s,st,ve couples developed by diaphragm
10 length from t 2· 16 ft formed , light-gage steel edge ralls and forces In these floors ThiS solullon was
Steel Wide-flange shapes were the na- structural tee clips prOVide attachment to based on a hexagonal pattern of 12·ft deep
tural choice for the Sphere Structure memo the outer flanges of the Wide-flange struts trusses. deSignated T2. T3. T4 and TI 0 on
bers They are eaSily connected at their In total. the Sphere Structure IS composed Figure 2 The top chord of each truss IS
ends. and thelf slrong bending axes can be of 1.339 struts. 467 hubs, and 954 closure located at the floor at Elevation 52 and the
Oriented to effiCiently resist dead loads and panels. The total weight of structural sleel. bottom chord IS located at the floor at
wind loads perpendicular to the sphere excluding the closure panels. IS 400 tons Elevallon 40 These trusses carry only ver·
surface IIcal loads
The struts were fabricated from A572 Utttlty Struclure, Legs and Foundations The spheres supporl hubS are attached
Grade 50 steel In three sizes WIOx45. The key task In the deSign of the Ulility to these trusses by a system of four ·Iegged
WIOx33 and WIOx22 From the level of the Structure was to develop a structural sys· assemblies called quadrupods Extending
supported hubs to Ihe top of Ihe sphere. tern which would support the sphere as from a common working pOint at the sphere
these struts occur In three bands. the uniformly as pOSSible while It transferred the support hub. two legs of the quadrupod
weights of the sections decreaSing with sphere loads to the SIX legs Candidates for attach to ad,acenl panel pOints of the upper
Increastng elevation Most of the struts be- rings of sphere hubs to be used as support chord of a truss . and two legs attach to
low Ihe level of Ihe support hubs. where Ihe hubs were Identified The hub elevations adjacent panel points of the lower chord
structure IS essentially hanging. are Wl0x22. necessarily undulate because of the geo- The hOrizontal component of force In these
ut heaVier members were reqUired at the deSIC sphere geomelry and because the members IS carned by the t 2· ft deep Iruss
• tructural discontinuities created by the Ride Tube penetration requires a rise In al the edge of Ihe hexagonal platform An
penetrations for the legs, the elevator and the level 01 the adjacent sphere support excepllon to thiS system OCCurS at Ihe
the Ride Tube structure. southern area of the sphere, where the
At hub locations. the Slruts are connected Essential consideratIOns In the develop- usable space between 1I00r levels IS Inler·

4th Quarter / 1982 7

 tratlons The Inner ends of the quadrupod
pipes connecl to the Utlhly Structure by
means of compact weldments. which are

•
bolted to the upper and lower chords of t~e
trusses and are field-welded Into slots altl'le
ends of the quadrupod pipes The outer
ends of the quadrupod pipes connect to the
sphere with a set 01 complex weldmenls
each based on a sIX-legged spider of steel
plates. these are also field-welded Into slots
at the end of the quadrupod pipes
An essential conSideration In the deSign
of the quadrupod support system was prac·
t,cal,ty In erection and trtup The deSign
allowed for field ahgnment of the sphere
support hub points dUring erecllon by the
use of erection bolts In sloned holes at each
end of the quadrupod pipes These connec-
SpaceShip Eallh from north
tions allowed Independent adlustment dur-
Ing erection of each support hub working
pOint In each Cartesian coordinate dlrec-
lion Once the support hubs were preCisely
rupted by the Ride Tube Here. a box-type set. these connections were welded off
space lruSS. designated TS. T9 and Tl 0 on Add,Ilonal honlon/a) ad,ustmenl was
Figure 2 carnes vertical and torsional loads provided by shims between the truss chords
Some of the columns of the Rloe and and the preViously described compact weld·
Show Structure are also supponed by this ments at the lOner ends 01 the pipeS Thus
hexagonal pall ern of trusses, outriggers are accumulated fabrication al"'ld erection toter
used 10 transfer loads from outboard col· ances and the dead-load deflections of the
umns back to the hexagonal trusses In· sphere support system could be adlusted
tellor trusses Tl T6. T7 and T8 support out 01 the system to obtain the precise

•
other columns of the Ride and Show Slructure alignment of the support hubs requrred for
Legs Type A and Type B (see Figures t sphere erecllon.
and 2) are box-type truss members Legs
Type every restncted In Width to fit within Development 01 Ouler SkIn Panel.
the Ride Tube are planar type trusses with WF A performed the early pattern studies
web plates covenng thel' two Sides They were concerned prinCipally With the
Foundations are end-beanng concrete scale and geometry of the facets because
trlled steel pipe piles approximately tOO-It the support points of the outer skIn panels
long Retnforced concrete grade beams lie were determined by the geometry of Ihe
the pile caps and carry honlOntai thrusts Inner steel structure and by Ihe t(langular were undertaken WFA Investigated several
from the Inchned fegs sections thus detlned WF A stUdied poSSible different materIals plaCing parltcutar em
pallerns WIthin these baSIC triangles by phasls on the program reqUIrement tor a
Quadrupod Support System constructIng cardboard mockups The al color-fast coaling and the dramalic effects
The quadrupods carry the sphere loads to ternatlVes conSIdered Included a palleln which mlghl be achieved With extellor hght
the Utrllty Siruciure and make Ihe clilical Ihat emphaSized Ihe accumulallon of SIX In9 The three genorlc types of matenals
tranSition from Ihe geodesIc sphere geome tllangles around a hub. resulting In an conSider d were melal panels, fiberglass
try to the geometry of the hexagonal trusses overall surface pattern of hexagons. a pat· panels and glass
Each quadrupod typically cons Isis of four tern which reflected the baSIC tllangle and Through several early study models. WED
pipe struts (6XX. 8STD or 8X I which con scale 01 the underlYing sleel structure. and had Investigated an extenor covering of
nect a sphere hub 10 four panel pOlrts on a a pattern that subdiVided these tllangles reflective glass WED askedWFA to ,nvesl,
hexagonal truss Some at the quadrupods Into smaller triangles ot approxImately gate the possiboirty of backhghlrng a skin 01
are actually tripods because of pipe strut e'ght leet on a Side reflective glass to create a glOWing sphere
Interferences with other structura com The Iinal pattern. chOsen by WED S John at night Although It appeared that a rei lee-
ponents Some of the quadrupod pipe slruts Hench. semor vice presldont for creative tlve glass enclosure backlit With long-hfe
attach drrectly to the leg structure rather development. was a subdiVISion 01 the flat sodium bulbs was feaSible. thIS solution
than to the hexagonal trusses There are tllangular facet of the structural steel geom· was conSiderably more expensive than
30 quadrupods In all shown In plan on etry Into four smaller tllangles Each smallel either 01 the olhers and It would have
Figure 2 triangle IS covered by a triangular pyramId InvOlved long-term maintenance require
Because of symmetry of the structure of approximately one loot In altitude A In ments In addition. a Similar effect could be
about the north"south aXIs. however, there scale mockup of the enllre sphere was can· achieved at mght by uSIng speCial extenor.
are only t 4 quadrupod types Three addl structed wllh thiS pattern for trnal approval floodlights
1I0nai hangers Similar to quadrupeds but by WED s deSigners A Wide chOice 01 colors could be obtained
with only one SUut, proVide additional sup Concurrently With thc pall ern studIes from the formed fiberglass or melal panels
port for the sphere at the Ride Tube pene color malenal and lighting IIwestlgatlons coated With a high· performance coating

8 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 WFA per'Jrn'ea se~era C lit sIva es 'Jr .\ rc lefT'pOrar 'Y fasteneo Oy erectlun bOltS
Icve.'. Oy WED ces gners 0 1 parI Cu aT EreCII.,)(1 oil the slruts continued until three
interest ".as an a:terrp." $ ..... U ate '''8 fu spnere r ngs of tne sphl're , .. ere com

• STRUCTURAL
apocaraf'lce (;1 tne earln as PhOtoglaphed plete The QuadrupOdS .\ere 'urlnel ad·
f'orn sate tes b) NASA '"IE- Intent ,\as' IU~It!d dUfing thiS stage as Ihe strub dre\\
Oullne me genera teatures I p"'e ear'n dS Ir,e Su port hubS 10 the pleClse geOdeSIC PRODUCTS

o
one ~Ou a see ·ne ...... 110"" space .\:n u: gloom t'y Wnen the erection 01 tn'ee full
a... tua r 01..1 a ng a lep ca s m al tag 0 spnert. r ngs .\as co nplete tne geOdeSIC
T r:uO a lim nu snee':) ... 'r1 'ra'lsparer:' geomelfy o,.. as conSIdered set and the
eyeS for !'Le "ar OuS Cu als ... ere J:. poseo arJ u~tao e quadrupOd conneClrons ,\ere
T')s.\OuO'la ... ea v.'.e::nremela equally .',aioed ; ! I
ot tnt:. ~aterla· :0 reglstef at t'le 5a'~ t;, t.rn~ Tnt;? ereC{Ur .\or~ea upward horT' thiS
as the ·.. eral deslrea f'l1agt.: suppOrl·llub iovel Units allwo th ree or fOUl
As tne design of the IrlanQulated substrate slruts ,\ere assembled on the ground and
(jove oped WED nOlcateo a prt'telenct 10f erecte.:) Or" the sphere In circumferential
a n en ne rl.e me:a c o~ Tne ease ,l rlng~ Tt") s p1vcedure .\as uSdd up to ap·
fvlm 9 a urn nu m a"a tS ao I, 11,1 dl.CE'Pt a prcx matl! y ::>0 It n d al1)etcl ,\as assam
.... 'ce .a' el~ C· 1"19'1-0el' r anct;, f snes b a un ''"Ie ground .-lfld "olsted Into pOsltlun HEAVY HEAD
maotJ : a '1ah..1 a tne. ce E.. efih..a \ v\ED s h) ""OIY'p eta erectlun ~I the upper portIon 01 HIGH STRENGTH
IJslgners selectea a c ea' an 0 zea a urn tne $phefe exl !/"'Ie ::,phere 'omponents
BOLT
num as the des,rea I n shea a~pearanCt; OCI .\ Ine SvPPOrl ~1ub eve I \\ere e,ected
ASTM -A325 Types I & III
Severa' ""omposlte pa'le s .\ I'" a U'n num Nv scaitu 0,'19 vI Otne r temporary suppOrt
ASTM - A49D
lac ngs equa to alum nu"'" p ah~ n 1" Shea olthe ::.phcre ,'.as lequ,f(>d dUllng erection
~" dia. through t Vi' dia.
appearance ".ere a so cons de'ea Thc stee C Qswe panels 01 tne InnCr Sl\ln
All Lengths
WF A ana SGH r€:,C mmCf"oed ma! a ,.. erc erec!eO ... (r'\ caole s tngs Contract
performance scec 'cat n De used r.... r tne o..xurncnts ptesCtIOf:d t'1a~ ell CI un 01 tnese Pictured below are the head
pane maIer a l al1d .Il1a' ,\ n e tr,e a urn panelS C osel y tJ 0.\ Inc erection 01 the markings shown on our Type 1
Inurn Structure Inwrlact:?d Altn 111 stt!e ~ptlefe ::.lIuts Sl;) Inat tnt. nec~ssal) late/al
Heavy High Strength Baits,
sphere structure detatls and member sizes blacing of the struts ~\ ould be provided And on our Type III (Weather-
be InCluded In tne Did 0'1 cuments 'n addl" oetore substantia! loads \.-\ere applied to the ing Steel) Heavy High Strength
tlon p10ldes of Ine facetea panels and the sphere Next the aluillinum Siandofi pipes Baits.

•
critical geometry lor the paUern .\'ere dt'" used hJ support Ine alull Inum outer shell TYPE 1 TYPE 111
ve10ped Tne performance spec If cation ~\as ~\'ere e((~r;t~d Flashing around the standol!
v·mttcn to ensure Inat Ihe des gn ~\ au d pipes was Installea and the application 01
meet cl,tlca enVIronmental conditlun~ ~Ilh neoprene stllpS at the JOints between ClosurL'
aul any permanent Change In appearance panels completed tne waterprOOfing 0
Because the sphere ~\outd be one 01 tht:'
mas I visually prominent features of Epeo!
the pellormance speCIfication also Included Owner/ Architect/Engineer of Record
WtDE h"p >to
quailly conlrOl requirements IF gure 3 us

-
J d,l
Hates tht.: I nal deSign for lI1e~' 510le e>.ter II
pant and substru( tUft:, Consultants HEX, HEX Mch Boll.
l/" - 'hrv 3- dI&. Sq. Met\. Bolt
Architect
Fabrication and Erection Wa a ( ~ Iyd ASSOC,dl~S n
!t ' ..10' .atl r used tne fepetltlvc (to/me,ly Wallace FlOyd EUenzwe!g Moore Inc I

~ - - - - -- njn
STUO SIotled CTSK. &
~ SOL T CTSK. Mch. Boll
nal ure of lhe spnere system geometry 10 Carnblldgc Ma ,sar:t'!USI II'
maxImum advantage by laOrlcatlng tht; San f lanc c Calrlr)lnla
ANCHOR BOLT
sphere struts and hub plates on com puler
Structural Engineer
controlled punching and CUlling machines S I~ n bUll1ptJlt.: ard til'gel In Other fastener products com-
To minimize Ihe ellecls of the deflections Lamb 1ge Massact1usell. monly used in the structural
01 the hexagonal !fusses \lfl Ihe Sphere San I'dn 0 Gal,lufnla field include machine bolts,
Struc ture II was necessary 10 ensure Ihat a anchor bolts, ctsk. boits, stud
Construction Manager
cer tain amount of dtJad load was applied to
shrnan c..~lnstru( III' cOlpolatlon I Flonda
bolts. We furnish these in the
the Utili ty Structure belore erechon of tht sub dld'Y ui Tl,hrnan Really and Construcllon
grade of material required for
Sphere SlrUClu re Thus aller Ihe legs and Nt·1'-; Yor ... New YOII\ the job.
trusses of the Utltlty Structure were erected ST. LOUtS SCREW 8. BOLT CO.
Ihe steel and concrele floOfS at Elevations General Contractor
Oa, and Ani .If 19 6902 NORTH BROADWAY
28 40 and 52 were placed and rnost ottho ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI 63147-9990
II I M 11IQan
sleet 01 the Ride and Sho.v Structufe was PHONE (314) 389-7500
erected Mechanical/Electrical Engineer
• Next the quadrupoas were ereCted With Sy a & Henn .y
CI full interconnecllng rIng 01 sphere struts Sar f 1(:11'1 Lahl(!n.1
The support hub working pOints were ap Steel Fabricator
prOximately set by level survey and tht: TamJja Steel Erecting Company
adluslable conneCI,ons 01 Ihe quadrupeds Tampa F Oflda

·Ut~ Quarler t 982 9

Westminster-Canterbury:
Steel-Healthy Approach to New Markets •
altonwlde. the census for senior Citi- estimate the owner's costs more accurately- The structural steel framing. founded on
N zens 65 and older grows by leaps and
bounds Now 11 2% of lhe nallons popula
and keep constructIOn prO\OCllons on sched
ule They had a number of reasons lor
reinforced spread footings. reSists lateral
wind loads with Type 2 construction The
tlon by the year 2.000 A D nearly 32 dOing so wind moments are distributed to selected
million. are expected to be In that bracket 10lnts of the framing wllh beam -to-beam
• QUick erecllon lime column connecllons assumed fleXible un~
Which means a whole new market In senior
• Flexlb!hly of framing that can be modified der gravity loads
housing
eaSily In future renovations
To meetlhe need In the Lynchburg. Va
• Economics of reduced construction tIme Dellgned with Elderly In Mind
area. the state s Episcopalians and Presby-
and finance costs The master plan developed for the 2t acre
tenans formed a non-profll corporation to
• Reduced foundation costs from relatively site accommodates the reSidents and a
construct a new and Innovallve hie-care
small loads sleel Iramlng Imposes range of associated services yet aVOids
retirement community-Westminster-Can-
terbury The $12 7-mlllion 8· story structure Structural sleel roof and floor beams are the Insiliulional character common 10 many
provides 240 Independent living uMS within non-composite and conform to ASTM A36 retirement communities A health-care ser
Its 280.000-sq II steel Iramework Two Floor slabs are lightweight concrete on 2-ln vice system prOVides home care. oulpallent
bUilding wings house hVlng units. a third composite metal deck (5Y. In IOtal thick- care. 120 beds for In-patients. phYSical
provides for health care services ness). To aChieve required fire ratings. steel therapy and support faCilities
beams were spray-fireproofed, but com- While site topography dictated the main
Steel- lor High Speed, Low COlt posite metal deck was not The structural entrance road biseci Ihe Site. the design
The architectural englnet!rlng firm chose a steel columns. WI 0 sections conforming to solUllon was to proVide two resldenllal
steel frame for the rellrement structure ASTM A36 or A572 Grade SO where reqUifed bUildings and the service structure An
because they believe they were able to were also spray-fireproofed elevated enclosed bridge spans the en

•
• trance road to Interconnect alt bUltdlngs It
also provides a weather·prOlected entrance
and serves as a social nerve center as
reSidents move from apartment to dining to
recreation and service areas
The faCility InCludes a wide range of
,
common recreational hobby social and
meeting faCilities Small. semi-private SOCial
spaces funCllon as an extenSion of the
d ... ell ng units and serve as a substitute for
the family room they previously had In thelf
homes Intermediate scale actlvilles have
larger rooms ~\Ithln reSidence buildings and
atong pedestrian ways ThiS variety 01
spaces respondS to the diverse needs of
the senior population
The AlA Honor Award·,,\I'nnlng Westmin-

------
-- ----
ster-Canterbury ..... as designed to maintain
a health environment. ralhel than empha-
-
size health care and to encourage resl·
dems toward a heallhy productive hfe In
their retirement years o
--
• SpelL U

neltvt] enter
II,; "~ Ir~ br Nr
101 It: at: j'
lit 1 S SOC I

marl\e/s '0 meel "told "'OU gt.'O""g

re/llt!mefJ/ '9t.! P')pUIII,on G OS t;KIIOfl
(I J del<JIIS Interestmg acllvlty DItr.1ge
Inlerconn X'tOn 01 b(J n~ na locallOf! 01
vaflOUS (,I I es

$lt::ellldmtWOIIo. w af hI' ChOlet.! 1 ,

IdSI t'/t-telion Ill'lId h 01 "3m ng 'eduCt>fJ
consflucllon dndlm,mcmg costs

Architec VStructura l Engtneer

Shefertl Franklin Crawfofd Shalfn'r
Roan ke Vlf9 a

Genera' Contractor

•
English ( unslru( I.on C J Inc
Alia VI ~Ia Virgin a

Owner
Weslmlnsler Canlclhury 01 Lync;hbu'g
LynChburg VlIglnlil

II
At Second Glance ...
Staggered Trusses Filled the Bill
by Robert DeBruin

M fnnesOfa s severe wlnfer cold

light construction schedule
nomic cll1clency Admittedly abbreviated
eco-
a concrele dUring the cold wealher The
erection of a masonry load-beanng bUilding
dUring Minnesota s severe winter season
structlon delays and budge I problems to the
prolect
The selechon 01 the steel staggered-truss
•
theSe are the primary reasons a sleet would have reqUIred cosily wealher pro- syslem proved an excellent deCISion The
staggered truss Iramlng system was chosen tecllon Another Important factor was that hotelloundatlon was started Nov 16. t979
for a new Holiday Inn II) BloomUlglon, Mlnn with a more conventional system. Intenor and Ilrst sleel was set on Jan. 24. 1980
Early planning had clearly drawn speclltc walls would have to be earned through all Filleen weeks and one day laler. May 9.
design parameters lor the 13 story 300 public spaces to the hoters foundations to steel erection was completed Estimates
room hotel However the selection 01 a proVide effiCient structural support The Indlcale the steel staggered-truss method
framing system was delayed until two Ellerbe winter cold would have made thiS particular reduced the construction schedule by at
companies. Finance/Design/Construct. Inc process dliliculi. and added potenllal con- least a month
a design! bUild subSidiary and Ellerbe
Associates. Inc the company s architec-
turaL engtneenng subSidiary. were able /0
complete an In-depth analysIs 01 the rela
II''Ie advantages 01 three separate framing
methods
Ph Iv by run /<..Oy a
Systems Ellerbe conSidered were
A cast-In place. post· tensioned Ilat-plate
system
• A conventional sleel·framed system with
beams. girders and columns
A convenllonal steel system for the Jowor

•
two glOries, combined with a steel stag
gered -truss system lor the upper 11
stories
The staggered-truss system was se ectt'd
alter studies Indicated It was the qu ckest
available method 10 use dunng wlnJer con
structlon Secondly It also offered the most
cost effiCient POSslblliues. given the prOj
ecl s scheduling conSiderations
In 1917 Ellerbe had used a staggered
truss system In the Hyall Regency Holel,n
LeXington. Ky the use of precast concrete
floor decks eliminated the need to pour

Rob« I Dt Bturn AlA 5 a semor pro)t'C( manager

with EUCrbe Assoc dte~ Inc the archttectural
and englneenng bubSlCliary 01 Ellerbe Inc
BloomIngton MInnesota He :;crvcd as JrOJtKI
manager lor the Bloomington HOliday nn
 In addition. factors normally conSidered truss system s bottom chords prompted The steel staggered-truss system IS a
to be t,m,tat,ons In the use of the steel truss deSign of an Innovallve IIghling technique parlicularly good example of a struc.urai
system became positIVe elements In the for the hotel By Simply extending lireproof- method which. on 1000lai analYSIS appears

•
deSign 01 the Holiday Inn Ing of the bollom chords of the truss system. to present certain restrictions to the overall
The sue presented certain Inllexlble re- indirect lighting coves were created In the deSign process However. In the case of the
strictions The most Inlluenllal one was the hotel COrridors. Here again, what might Bloomington Holiday Inn. the Innate char-
SIZe 01 the site With a bUilding program 01 normally be conSidered a limltallon 01 the acteristiCS of the system turned Inlo major
205.000 sq It and an allowable site area system was used In an Innovative way to advantages In creating a functional aes·
(due to zoning setbacks) 01 only 30.000 sq It add to effiCiency and aesthellcs to the hotel thellcally pleaSing faCility 0
the space available for the public areas was
extremely limited Yet. II was Important
these public spaces provide a feeling of
spaciousness and light to hotel vIsitors
The column-Iree characterlsllcs of the
steel truss system allowed the architects to
create an open. airy feeling In the publiC
spaces. even though Ihose areas are not all
that spacIous ThiS was accomplished by
uSing sloped glaZing at the bUildings front
which faCilitates flooding of the lobby. cock-
tail lounge and commercial space With
sunlight
The airY feeling In the lobby conllnues on
to the second floor Here, an open staircase
leads vIsitors up to meellng space. retail
stores and a walkway to an eXisting parking
structure through the hotel s two-story
recreational area-a sWimming pool, whirl-
pool. sauna and game room. Reta,l space In
the hotel IS also column-free. which pro-
Vides store owners With greater fleXibility In

•
merchandiSing and displays In what IS,
again restricted space
In the guest tower the staggered-truss
system permilled crealion of double-width
rooms In ceria In areas These rooms, used
for small meelings dUring the day can be
convened to sleeping rooms at night They
also give hotel management the oppcnunlly
to maXimIZe both meeting and sleeping
space In a very effiCIent manner
One potential problem With the staggered-
truss system Involves dlstnbutlon of elec· (.Ioseups defal K Or eng (') dnd spandl
trlcal and plumbing systems Because of end platt' dt:Slgn (below)
the depth of the systems beams (lOin
below precast floors) and the deSire to
maintain an eilicleni floor-to-ceiling height,
honzonlal placement of plumbing and elec- ArchftecVStructurat Engineer
tncal systems was not feaSible The plumb·
E rb< A latl
1"9 and electrical systems have been diS· Bloomington. Mlr fl4 )ta
trlbuted In a vertical fashIOn Since the Inn' s
openmg In July 198t these birdcage DeSigner/ Builder
mechanical and electncal systems have
Finan,t H.: gn C )Irul I Inc
funclloned very ellecllvely 61 lOrn Igtl Mlfln lla
In add,tlon. the depth of the staggered-
Steet Fabricator
L L LE Jeur
~ )0 M )ta

Holiday Inn Holel (I) , BJoommgton Mmn

Owner
• employed staggered-truSS system In I/S Seyl OUI N L an ASSOCiates
construction SWef·/ramed struclulf:~ (top Chicago In S

two photos) proved beSI fOr winter

construClion SC/ledules and CosH1f1,c1ency_

4th Quarter 1982 t3

 •

An engineering breakthrough
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• • •

•
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rial from any position more quickly and more efficiently. The Translift I is en-
gineered for ease of maintenance at lower cost through one of MI-JACK'S 13
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Hazel Crest, Illinois 60429
Call Collect : (312) 596-5200
"Where Service is Golden "

14 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

•
NEW FRO AISC:
THE MANUAL OF STEEL ,....
POCKET EDITION. (ALMOST).
Now you can order the structural steel standards r----------------------
Please ship immediately the followmg order for l
of the industry-unabridged, complete in every
detail-in a volume that's half the weight, half the the 8th Edition AISC Manual of Steel Construct ion
thicknes of the s tandard library edition. Printed at 36°° each: _cqwooillbrar) \'oIumt _ cqwooi FwId\'oIumt
s lotal PI) mt'nt m..: ~
on finest opaque "Bible" paper, with lightweight
but tough vinyl cover. Won ·t quite fit in your coat Namt&Tlt~ _ _ _ _ _ __
Compan)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
pocket but it's a great traveling companion.
Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Orde r now: Your choice, 5 36.00 en, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,,,,, Zlp _ _ __
Library ~olllme: Standard 8th pt,QM old". rf'm,tlolfu So COD ordl n 1.. \ '(11 )0''', (.411/0,.'110, arid
Edition Manual, 832 pages IIhnOlsoddsn/dliu ~ ,,,p'nt("Q '1ft!f pYl'fJtJ ld l n l ~
based on 1978 AISC

~
pecifications. AMERICAN INSTITIITE OF
'-_ _oJ ~~~....:tFicld Volume: Same number ~m: STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.
of pages, identical material but just ¥s" thick, • . • Dept. MS P.O. Box 4588. Ch.cago. IL 60680 .J
weighs only lIb. 5'1\ ozs. -----------------------
41h Ouar1er, 1982 '5
World-famous
Children's Hospital:
Architect's Diagnosis •
was Steel!
he Allred I duPonl InSlllule Chlldren's nomlcal fasllrack approach 10 conslrucllon up 10 68-fI long 10 creale Ihe Inierslilial
T Hospllal was designed wllh an eye
toward Its Inevitable future expansion The
A four-slory design (Ihree pallenl floors
and a basement) was chosen ultimately for
spaces which provide lull access. and
permit construction of column-free treat-
world-famous Institute provides In-pallent Ihe SIOO-mlilion-plus hospllal under con- menl and pallenl areas The Inierslilial
and Qut-patlent tertiary care In a long term struction In Wilmington. Del The limestone· spaces also accommodale the vallous bUild-
treatment of Children s diseases 11 has clad bUilding. enclosing 750.000 sq fl. cov· Ing systems. In effect creating mechanical
served over 50.000 children Since 1940 In ers nearly five acres of land on a 320-acre service floors between patient floors.
liS presenl faclilly wlthoul regard 10 pay - slle adlacenl 10 Iho eXlsllng 50-year-old Ceiling and floor spaces of the Inter-
ment hospllal The $1 I-million fllsl phase In- Slilial areas are supported by an ef/lclent
Since treatment emphases change. and cludes site work. foundation and steel erec- modified Warren truss system to maXimize
new medical technologies are contmuously tion Site preparallon Included the removal available open space The spill-channel
being developed It was 01 pnmary Impar- of some 180.000 cu yds of rock and earth deSign permlls penelrallon of plumbing
lance tor the architect to create a design to accommodate the foundation. a com- electrical and mechanical syslems. ducl-
which gives Ihe hosp,lal clear -span space bination of dnlled caissons and spread work and wlrmg
for maximum interior flexibility fOOllngs BUilding plans called for 650 68·fI floor
Allhe same IIIne.11was equally Imporlant Irusses. each weighing 46 tons. and 209
10 plan for Ihe besl possible Ille salely and Buift-in Flexibility 59 fI floor Irusses 33 Ions each. for can
patient access expected In any hospllal- To provide the lIe)(lblllty for any future struchon of the InterSlitla1 and floor areas
particularly In a pedlalncs faclilly wllh an medical programs· -which could not even For flleprooflng, Ihe archllecl chose a com- •
an international reputation for orthopedic be guessed dUring Ihe early slruclural de- poslte floor of 16-ga sleel and 7 In. of
surgery sign phases-Ihe archltecl designed column- concrete. reinforced 10 prOVide an overall
The massive use of steel-some 7.500 free floors which could accommodale high floor load capaclly of 100 psi The floor has
Ions. Including over 70.000 lineal feel of 8-fI loads As a result. the Insiliule lays claim 10 a file rallng of Ihree hours
trusses-permitted the architect to plan for the first Interstitial space deSign In Delaware
the desired features. and 10 use an eco- The concept uses special steel trusses Walking Access to Services
The Interstitial space has a 3 ·In poured
gypsum deck with a two · hour fire rating
The archllect notes Ihls IS one of Ihe flrsl
Installations of a gypsum deck Interslltlal
system. II was consistent with hiS deSire to
prOVide total walking access within the
Interstitial space In addition to Its flre-
proollng characterlsllcs, the gypsum deck
also serves as Ihe floor of Ihe Inierslilial
areas The gypsum syslem. Ideal for Ihls

UnlQut! deSign leature 01 new Alffed I

duPont HOSpll,ll IS open all child Me
courtyards Completely SUHounded they
prOVide shel/efed envlfonmvnl for Children
SIt.!t!1 flexlbllJly was Impu"dnllac/OI m
specI<J1 deSign
•
16 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTtON
•
purpose. IS easIly penetrated tor furure
bUilding modifications As a walking sur·
face. Its sound-deadenIng properties does
not readily transmIt sounds created by
service personnel above Ihe patient floors
Since the budding was conSlructed wIth
fasHrack procedures. the oulslde truss
was designed as a unll to accept any
exterior wall system whiCh may have been
chosen later As a result. steel construction
could begin before Ihe hnal Inlerlor and
facade plans were completed TYPical col·
umn spacing IS 28 It o.c w,th ,ntermedlate Modllied Wauen truSSf;JS (I, support
trusses supported by 528 38-lt long splot -T Int8rs/ttllJ/ spaCtiS t)erffltl COIumn·lre6
k'ng trusses The steel used on the prolect pallf!nt areas anc1lull access lor setVlCe
was exposed to the weather for 2 years "nes Bottom Of steel frooflng (abOve)
before It was painted with duPont Corlar IS ViSible abOve mltJlsl1tnl area framed
Enamel H, BUltd White White was selected by network of steel gIlders
to maXimize reflections In the interstitial
spaces alter the hospital was enclosed
The extenor skin of the hospital and a
• matching ullhlles bUilding IS clad w,th 86.000
sq It of limestone. attached to the steel
frame with Slalnless sleel chipS
Architect
Completed the bulld,ng w,1I have five SaXE: bye Pl)w' Roberts & Ponder
landscaped courtyardS as part 01 the em- An Me 'I Planners
phas 5 10 provide a special environment for k. IV '.1
the emollonal as well as phySical needs of
pallents The lacility the f"sl totally sprlnk- Structural Engln"r
fered hospital In Delaware Will have an Smll1 Hau.lakcf Hudtll t( & COllins Ire
ambulatory care center With the capacity to Jack onv r If da
treal 75.000 children annually
General Contractor
The t 80- bed Inst,tute bUilding ,s deSigned Hub r Hlill to NI ~ nc
to accommodate an add,toonal SO-60 ,n- Idlanapo :lIar I
patients after It IS lully operational 0
Steel Fabricator
Mt llagu4 61 II lp ly nc
l yn .hburg V r'J 11

Owner
Ne Jur f- noat
nv F flda

New fJOSpltal w/l)j) covers' ve

BCles E It SlIf'Ig la ty on
upper ugnt new wI ty

•
i)u kJlng at low I "gilt

41h uarte, 1982 tT

 eiling Ihe pace lor a Pnncelon. N J the vertical JOints. ellmlnatmg the need for Sculpture. IS of great Interest 10 VISitors
S area bemg transformed from agflcul· verllcal mullions The hanzan/al VISion panels mounted In
lural use 10 a corporale offlce/holel center. DeSign of Ihe bUilding also fully uillizes the sloped wall which permilled the Interior
a new headquarlers bUilding rellecls' Ihe nalural lighllng In Ihe work slallons 10 re- Inslallallon of Ihe solar panels permit Ihe
latest In architecture and energy·conserva· duce energy costs HOrizontal bronze-lInted high-bay area to act as a greenhouse to •
lion design It IS Ihe sleek glass head- VISion panels enCircle the bUilding permit- collect passive solar heal parllally healing
quarters of The Hillier Group. Architecls. ting every employee a view 01 the outSide Ihls part of Ihe bUilding
Planners and Intenor DeSigners V,s,on panels on Ihe north Side of Ihe Ihlfd The bUIlding also utilizes earth bermlng to
In Ihe Iwo-story clfcular lobby complele story clerestory admit naturallightmg to the conserve energy Three and one-half feel
wllh Clfcular skylight. a nghl-angle free- library of Ihe space occupied by Ihe second of Ihe bUilding s helghl are bermed Hori-
standmg stairway rises 10 the second floor floor lenanl zontal VISIon panels on the f"sl floor are Just
The slalrway. conslrucled of Sleel. IS framed A unique fealure of Ihe 31 OOO-sq II bUild above the berm level The add,llon of stones
with steel, with a banister of steel tubing Ing IS Ihe 0-11 sloped wall which has a along the top of the berm reduces erosIon
Complele wllh founlaln and goldfish. a pool soulherly exposure of 46 The angle was and drainage problems A 3-lt overhang
fills the area underneath the stairway computed preCisely to take maximum ad- shades the Interior of the bUilding from the
DeSigned by Ihe archllecl/owner J Robert vantage 01 winter heat gam for the bUilding s glare of dlfect sunlight
Hillier. the reflective glass exterior addresses speclhc latitude Below thiS wall hot waler Open office planning has been used
Ihe problem of heal-gain dunng Ihe summer solar collectors are hung on Ihe Intenor of Ihroughoullhe f"sl floor of Ihe bUilding The
monlhs by reflecting solar heat away from the bUilding to aVOid an unSightly exterior Intenor space planning was deSigned around
Ihe bUilding In deSigning an office bUilding Installation The solar collector panels at- Ihe exposed steel support columns Nh Ch
summer heal-gam IS more Important as a tached directly to the exposed steel Infra serve as cornerstones lor all flOor planning
conservallon measure Ihan winter heat loss structure and covered by fabriC acoustical which often double as the delineation pOints
By rellecllng solar heal away from Ihe bUild- panels, heat all 01 the domesllc hot water for of specifiC areas
In9 cooling costs have been reduced Ihe bUilding The Hillier Group chose sleel framing lor
The all-glass extenor also represents a The exposed steel Infrastructure of the construction of Its headquarters bUilding lor
unique applicallon The glass IS used as a sloped wall forms Ihe soulherly Side of a ItS speed and economy Also, sleel permits
veneer OVef gypsum sheathing mounted on high-bay area Ihal extends up 10 Ihe thlfd Ine concepl of Ihe high Sludlo bay as a Ilghl
Sleel sluds The glass IS attached 10 Ihe siory clereslory II was palnled 10 blend Wllh airy space-one that would have been diffi-
gypsum and Ihe sleel subslruclure by han- Ihe Inteflor flOishes of Ihe bUilding ThiS cult to Implement With other construction
zontal mullions The glass IS Inserted Into high-bay funclions as a focal pOlnl and with mediums The sloping roof and clerestory
the horizontal mullions with bultglazmg at lIs exposed-sleel appearance of modern which carry the active solar collectors, are

Hillier Headquarters:
Steel "Reflects"
•
an Architect's Choice PhoIos by Norman McG'alh
•

SpacIous InterlOf$ under sloping wall and

expansive stalfwefllend open leelmg to
architect s new oft,ces

• articulated very gracefully by uSing steel J Robert Hillier reports that energy usage IS ArchltecVOwner
Cost studies proved steel to be the most less than 50% 01 the energy needs 01 a The Hiller Group
economical system for the structure's de· Similar more traditional bUilding Pnnceton New Jer .ey
sign By uSing steel. Hillier was able to Their new bUilding sets the pace lor
construct an award-winning bUilding from expected growth In the Immediate vIcinity Structuraf Engineer
ItS original design concept AI the same tllne. It serves as a case-In- Blackburn Englneertng
The Hillier Group. which has occupied ItS pOlnl that energy effiCiency and good design Princeton New Jersey
secllon 01 the bUilding lor a year. has found can be compatible Unique usages of steel
It a delightful working enVIronment Energy were an Integral part of that accomplish- Constructfon Manager
efficiency In design has also proven to be ment 0 Lehrer I McGovern Inc
energy effiCiency In appllcallon President PhiladelphIa Pennsylvania

Slopmg energy-eftlclent glass facade lends

a,( of dlS/lnctl()l1 to new H,fl/(H Gtoup
headquarters building (far I) In Princeton
N J North facing wmdows permll mdOOf
dayllghtmg Steel Jrame (I) ~as archllect s
choICe f()( 11$ economy and speed of
erection

4th Quarter 1982 t9

Amherst Campus:
Pyramidal Truss Key to
Clear-Span System
by Amold A . Bitterman
•
be the more economical framing method The design ()f Ine hub connections ~\'as
A key to a unique roof framing system
two~way pyramidal space truss IS the
The space-truss IS constructed 01 a senes complicated by th£; fact Inaf Ihe angles at
designed lor Ihe 288·11 x 264·11 AmherSI of Interconnected pyramidS eaCh -.Nlth a Nhlch tne vanOu5 dlagona!s come oto the
Campus freld hOuse The neN I D DOD· seat 24·11 square oase The IruSS conta ns 239 hubS vary throug""out t~ fO j T S .\as
SlruClure IS part 01 Ihe lorSI phase 01 the structural steel beams In .ts top chord t93 necessary because the '001 s opes'. n
$31 5·mllllon Heallh PhYSical Educallon steel beams on the Oollom chord and 432 per 1001 In four dlret.tlons du .... f"I from the roof
and Recreallon (HPERI laclilly on Ihe Slate dIagonals The system was designed #Ith a center 10 achlelle proper p Slllve drainage
UnlverSlly 01 Nnw York al Bullalo s Amher;1 SAGS compuler program to compulO the Consequently the depth -Io'llhln tne !russ
Campus forces In each member faCilItating member from center Ine of the top Chord members
The Ileid house promises 10 be Ihe frnesl design 10 center hne 01 the bottom Chord varies
athletiC faclilly 01 any college or unlyerSlty In from 14 It allhe peflmcler I the 'Ield hOUS£;
Ihe Easl Olhel elemenlS 01 Phase I ollhe Connections Are Crucial to 17 ft-6 In at the center of the span
new lacllrly Include a two-level lobby locker These connections or hubs are all-Impor· The hub had to be deSigned nOI only 10
rooms office ~pace meChanical equlpme U tant to the space- truss ,y ,IeIT' t;.lgnt mern ensure a siable connection Out also to
spaces and 1)( handball CDuriS bers come together In eaCh hub Ana tnesp accommodate the use 01 !,tanaard rllgh
had to be e~pecoally designed SalMI Ivrces strengtn bOltS 'Clr field erection Tne con
Truss System Selection would aU ,ntersecl m a common po,nl te nectlons are lasfened .\-Im A-l91) h'flh
At the outsel ot the prolect the structural preclude any eccentriC forces Within the strenglh bolts Because altho varying angles
engineer Invesllgated alternative Iramlng connection (see Figure 1 al wnlch Ihe diagonals enter Ihe nubs the

•
systems for the !teld house rool Includmg A cruCiform desIgn was chosen for the engineer constructed a lUll scale nub mOde
both one and IwO way truss syswms An diagonal members eaCh composed of four to demonstrate Ihat thc bolts could actually
Important Inilial consideration was to mini 90 Sleel angles laid againsl each olhel be InSlalied and loghtened properly
mIle Ihe depth 01 Ihe ,russ lor maximum The cruCIform shape facllllalOs connectIon A unrque lealure 01 Ihe space·lruss de
head room and clearance Within the struc within the hub and makes for greater sign IS that Ihe bollom Chord stops t2 It
lure. and to reduce bUilding cubage Since a stability The diagonals are eaCh made up short 01 the support columns located at the
standard one way truss reqUires more depth 01 lour 5x5x -In angles Top and bOllom perimeter of the field houso The truss s
than a two way system the engineer 5 cost chord members are 14 In Wide Hange Sleel supported at the perimeter COlumns by a
studIes Indicated the two+way system to beams tYPical top chord hub

Arnold A B tlf rmcln PEls a partner ard Ch el

slfuclural engineer In Ihe arChitectural
structural englnt'Cnng 111m 01 Sargent-Webs!! r
Clenshaw & Folley Syracuse New York

Amhf ( I C '1mp115 11"ldhou~f;; dl Buf/alo

NY p/0I11I t; /0 lJe on~ of Iln(;SI COl glalt:
Ithit:/IC fa !tI,f.)
playt.-d Vital reNo n C IT
-_.....
In f 1 / Sluel 'ramlng
pcm YS/t:m
• rap PlAN
Unrque roof 'rammg system of
26..J x 288-lllleldhouse
employs two-way pyramidal
tluSS and sp~Clal design hut)
connections

ELEVATION

INVERTED PLAN
F'gure 1
IIIr'

• Specify Coronet Load Indicators

and know the bolts have been properly tensioned.

Torque and tension are not the torque wrench, "break-off" bolts
same thing. Engineers calculate to -produces true proof of tension .
tension. Erectors use torque to get bolts are in tension. The erector With Coronet Load Indicators
there. To be sure that engineers can prove the validity of his work assuring bolt tension, there are
and erectors get the same results, and can avoid call-backs, disrup- many economies possible in steel
specify Coronet Load Indicators. tion of his schedule and loss of erection and inspection. Structural
The engineer gets permanent, productivity. rigidity is assured so the owner is
positive proof that 100% of the No other system-"turn-of-nut", spared the after-cost of loose bolts.

c\:) Coop~!:!!~!~!r Inc.

• 4th Quarter' 1982
Parkway West Industrial Park· Pittsburgh, PA 15205
Telephone(412)787-2253' Telex 812381
GLYNWEDj

21
Erection Carefully Monitored
Because proper erection of this geometn-
cally complex construction IS as Important

•
to the structure's success as Its design, a
consulting englneenng firm, which also re·
viewed the onglnal design, served as a
special consultant to monitor the erection
process on a full-lime basIs
Roof construction began from the center
of the field house space, working from a
temporary plalform of 36-1n dla steet pipe.
which shored the truss while II was erected
(see Figure 2) The space-truss erection
was accomplished by can tilevering the
truss out tram the central temporary plat-
lorm. until It reached the field house perim-
eter support columns. The diagonals and
the top chord members were pre-assembled
on the ground In sections and lifted Into
pOSition. All members were checked for
accuracy 01 alignment. and for vertical and
hOrizontal pOSition. As ereclton 01 each
section was accepted. IInal tightening of all
bolls was done ane tested by AISC staneards

SpecIal Probtems tn Ventilation

To heal and venillate a space as large as
the Ileid house presented special problems
Those services are prOVided by the com-
bination of rad,atton for healing. and a duct
sys tem lor ventllatmg and temperrng air

•
A 72-ln dla supply duct was fed through
the space truss. all around the octagonal
field house perimeter. AIr dlstnbutlon cannon·
Iype diffusers prolect air Into space. at
angles chosen so the air Will not blow
directly on spectators Air IS supplied to the
system Irom Irtangular·shaped fan rooms
at bUilding corners The system. which can
be run uSing two or lour fan rooms, IS unIque
In ItS capacity to match the air change rate
to the requirements of occupancy and/or
use
Sound allenuatlon IS deSigned Into the
mechanical systems by sound-proofing In
the healing, ventilating and air conditioning
Truss system prOVides ample room for
systems. VibratIOn Isolallon malenals mini· large dUCI syslem /0 feed through II.
mize or eliminate transmission 01 vJbra· reduces building cubage and gIves Architect
lions to structural elements and occupied maximum head room for a/hlelle events Robert T Coles. Architect
spaces 0 Buffalo, New York and Washington 0 C

Structural/ Mechanical Engineer

Sargent·webster·Crenshaw & Folley
Syracuse. Buffalo and Watertown, New York
South Burlington. Vermont. Bangor Maine

Structurat Consultant
Lev Zethn ASSOCiates
New York, New York

•
General Contractor
Slegfned Constructton Co
Buffalo, New York

Owner
New York State University Constructton Fund
Albany New York

22 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Rehabbing Steel Bridges
. in Maine
by Theodore H. Karasopoulos

Ted Kafasopoulas IS bridge deSign engineer 101

the Maine Depanrnenl of Transportation, Au
gUS\8. Maine \-hs remarks were presented a\
the 1982 National Engineering Conference In
Chicago

ost 01 you are probably aware there

M has been a shift by many highway
departments towards rehabilltatton In all
phases of their work. Rehabilitation consll·
tutes one of the R's of the so-called 3R
Program of Restoration. Resurfacing and
Rehabilitalion This shift In operallons cer-
tainly Includes bridges
This diSCUSSion concentrates on the re·
habilitation of smaIHo·med,um-slZe steel
bridges. which constitute the mal0rlty of
bridges we deal with. and IS typical In most
states In Mame. a large percentage of
these smaller structures are maintained by
mUnicipalities. rather than by the State De-
• partment of Transportallon Because of the
tack of funds and expertise. these structures
were not maintained to adequate standards
and now need considerable attention
There are three primary reasons why we
are presently concentrallng more on re-
habilitation than on bUilding all new struc-
tures
Rural one· lane budge In Cornv/lte. Me Complele superSflucture with new weatheflng f>teel
First the realization of the magni\ude of and raIl system. was bUilt 101 S51.000
the bridge problem across the country The
bridge rating process now reqUIred by the
Federal Highway Administration results In
sign stage. which Includes preparation of als such as concrete or steel. As long as all
the systematic appraisal and rating of all
plans and specifications. new construction was Involved. thiS was a
structures The fact that seriOus bridge
The preliminary stage IS a value engi- fairly routine process, espeCially for the
problems eXist has become well documented
neering approach thai systematically ana- agencies that maintain good statistical cost
Second, there IS a realization of the ever- lyzes and evaluates all logical alternatives ligures
growing lack of funds on the state level to In solVing a specIfic bndge problem. ThiS Presently. a whole range of additional
address this problem phase ot bridge engineering has undergone alternatives must be conSidered, ranging
The third reason IS the fairly recent avail- the biggest changes as rehabilitation came from mmor 10 major rehablhtatton.ThlS ex-
ability of federal funds for rehabilitation of Into prominence pands the process and certainly makes It
bridges Not very long ago such work was Several years ago, thiS process Investi- much more complex It now demands more
considered to be of a maintenance nature, gated complete replacement or new con- Judgmental and qualitallve deciSion-making
and no federat funds were available. There- struction alternates and Ignored, or super- on the part of engineers There are no
fore. the decision-making process by many fiCially covered. rehabilitalion The reason lormulas for determining the adaptability or
agencies favored new construction with for thiS. as previously stated. IS that the acceptability 01 old parts of bridges lor new
federal funds rather Ihan rehabilitation. com- deCISion-making process favored new con- and extended uses Many parts are not
Pletel Y financed with local funds struction acceSSible lor Inspection. and cannot be
• The bridge design process IS normally A tYPical study would evaluate relative tested eaSily IngenUity and sound engi-
divided Into two maJor categories The pre· substructure and superstructure costs to neering ludgment must be exerCised to
limlnary design, or the bridge type recom- determine the most economical span lengths save and economically adJust and Improve
mendallon stage. followed by the final de- It would probably look Into dlflerent materl- what IS salvageable. discard what IS not
~
41h Ouarler 1982 23
 The findings of the pretlmlnary engineer-
Ing studies enabte top management to se-
lect what IS considered the most cost-

•
effective solullon. depending on funding
and other current restraints. At the present
time. rehabilitation rather than new con·
struct,on seems to be considered as the
most cost-effecllve solullon In many of these
Instances
However, a word of caution IS needed al
this pOint Because of lack of funds. It IS
possible the pendulum tor rehabilitation may
sWing too far-to the pOint that It does not
result In economic solutions to bridge prob-
lems The temptation Will be to speclty
rehabilitalion wIthout Ihorough Invesllga-
lions To propose and pertorm cost-effec-
tive rehabilitation Improvements, a thorough
survey and appraIsal 01 the condlllon of the
structure IS a must Major surpnses dUring
the construction of a prOject that result In
costly change orders may render a rehabIli-
tation prolect more costly than a replace-
ment structure
Needless to say. our depanment has
been heavIly engaged In rehabIlitatIon work
In recent years. And. In performing this
work. we have found structural steel to be
very versatile and adaptable material tor
such work 1\ IS relatively light In weight and
It can be altered easily for vaned uses. It

•
can be shortened with a cutting torch.
lengthened by spliCIng and strengthened
by weldIng It can be salvaged tram a
structure that funcllonally has outlived ItS
usefulness. and reused In another location.
It IS very useful material for our rural
town road bridges Recently. we have con-
structed several bridges on rural roads
with "used" steel beams and local labor at
very reasonable costs In VIew of the limited
finances available to most 01 our small
towns thiS IS pracllcally the only way bridge
constructIon can be affordable
These rural bridges used either reclaimed
steel members or new corroslon·resistani
Before one-lane bfldge <11 Carthage, Me poor /0 reeonstruel/on (lOP).
steel beams and raIl systems The accom-
After bfldge was reeonslrueled Wllh reclaimed sleel be.1ms and limbe, floOl lor SJJ 000
panying photos show examples of such
bridges up to about 100-lt long that have One of the advantages of a multi-beam deck without the expense of Widening the
been constructed by Force Account proce- or multi-girder steel bndge with a concrete substructure. and thus proVide an adequate
dures for $35.000 to $60.000 Some of deck IS that by replacIng the deck 40 to 50 faCility at a very reasonable cost
these proJecls have been bUilt with our years later. a substantIal bridge IS In place On structures that now carry heavy traf·
own mamtenance forces, but many others and ready to serve for another Similar pen- flc . we have redecked the eXIsting bridge
were construcled with semi-skilled fown od before anolher deck replacemenlls re- and provIded addilional Wldlh by addmg
labor under our supervIsion. qUired Multi-beam structures also have new steel beams and WIdening the sub·
The malorlty 01 the rehabilitalion work the flexibility to accommodate maintenance structure units
we perform on bndges Involves either wear- of traffic dUring construction on the struc The structural problem IS bridges of that
Ing surface replacement or complete con- ture Itself. since the deck can be replaced vIntage were not deSIgned for the load-
crete deck replacement. The wearing sur- In halves. carryIng capacities reqUired today. We have
face work IS performed on bridges about Two of the primary and obVIOUS problems been able. by a couple of methods to
20 to 30 years old. But. by far. most 01 our we face In rehabilitating bridges that are 40 upgrade these structures for mod. ern deSign.
rehabilitation work Involves the complete or 50 years old are functional and structural loads at relallvely small costs
deck replacement of multi-beam steel brid- Most of the funcllonal problems relate to We find that In a great number of these
ges. which normally occurs lor bridges more the Width of the faCIlity In the malorlty of bridges we can Increase the load 10 an
than 40 years old cases, we can gain a few teet on the new HS20 capacIty JUSI by adding shear con-

24 MOOERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 nectars on the top flange Shear connectors

,.
are fairly easy and Inexpensive to add with-
out an excessive amount of welding We
take pains not to weld cover plates or other
allachments that reqUIre a conSiderable
amount of field welding and have a great
potenllal for adding discontinUities and
stress risers that lend 10 reduce the fatigue
life of the structure
If we find that adding shear connectors
does not upgrade the loading to the desir-
able leveL then the second step In our
process IS to take steel samples We test
these samples 10 find out whether higher
allowable stresses than the ones speCIfied
In the AASHTO SpeCifications can be used
for eXisting structures
We have found conSistently we can in-
crease allowable stress conSiderably Note
these higher allowable slresses are not In
Violation of the speclflcallons The code
allows the use of values other than the
standard ones If proven by testing US Route' I Ol/age W(lOi\\.Cn MI.-) IhlS OI/oJ,nal" bu/II ,n 193J Nt'I', conCIt!lt' lit'c,,"
"'oaS placeo on e\lsr.ng S{~e anu SIIUC!.IIt! \\Idt!nt!d ,91/0 .. t'\!el1o ng t'\ S/In!}
By uSing these two methods we have
SvD 'uetvl!;, lading nt,'\\ IUpel:st1uCluft
been able. 10 dale. to upgrade practically
all of our multi-beam bndges Without weld- • Steel trusses and through girders require • Concrele Slab and T -beam bridges can
Ing cover plates expenSive rehabilitalton, unless their ong- be rehabilitated and widened. prOViding
Reviewing the bridges we have rehabili- Inal load-carrymg capacity IS adequate their concrete decks are In good condl-
tated and / or reconstructed In the last few And, of course, It IS not feaSible economi- lion If not Ihey requl(e complete re·
years. we can generalize Ihe fOllowing cally to widen Ihem. placement __

• OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENTS
With Welded Design,
Engineering, and Fabrication
THE LINCOLN ARC WELDING FOUNDATION AWARDS

Writ e to request thi s free brochure that con tain s illustrations and brief
description s of awards mad e for outstanding applications of arc wplding 10
ach ieve innovative objectives in design , engineering, and fabrication , Al so
inc luded in response to your requ es t will be th e rul es broc hure for the
current award program and literature describing the Foundation's low cost
publications to help you ma ximi ze th e advantages of an:; welded design .

"Arc Welding in Manu- "Design of "Modern Welded

fadm'ing & Construction Welded Struclures" Structures Vol. IV"
Vol . I"
320 pages of illu strated
83 2 page design
manual--$9 V ,,*
264 pages of illuslratcd
case histories-$6

~7f"
case histories-$7

• 4th Ouarter 1982

Richard S. Sabo, Secrelary
\

The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation· P.O. Box 17035 • Cleveland. Ohio 44H7 II 25
 • Timber bridges are expensive to rehablll·
tate to the point where they can handte
modern toads tn all but a very few cases.

•
they require comptete reptacements
• The most versatile structures for eco·
nomlcal rehabllnatlon are the multl·beam
or girder steet bridges with concrete
decks We have many such structures
bUilt Since the t920s These bridges can
be economically adapted to handte mo-
dern loads even when they were ongl·
nally designed for tower capacities They
can atso be Widened where needed
In summary. thiS type 01 construction
conslltutes the malorlty of our rehabilita-
tion work We are redecklng 45-year-old
bridges. maintaining trafllc on hatf the bridge
and upgrading the structure to modern
standards We can accomplish thiS work
for about one-third the cost of a comptete
reptacement structure
As a mailer of fact. looking back at a
period of four years we find we had onty
three mUlti-beam bridges we did not reha-
b,tltate These bridges needed complete
reptacement when a part of the Maine
Turnpike was Widened Irom four to SIX
lanes ThiS woutd have ptaced the eXisting
abutments within the new roadway So.
white other types of bridges of the same
age require comptete reptacementto meet
present standards. multi-beam steel bridges
provide practlcat and cost-effective rehablt-
Itatlon alternatives

SMALL RURAL BRIDGES

When a ')mall rural bndge IS beyond
r 'lab tat ~ II rep d,' J We havE'
Clevelopcd a fairly Simplified steel
0

•
design one that reqUires minimum
contractor exptrllse and has a fast
Simple construction sequence Abul
monts are kepI conSiderably above
streambed so cofferdams are not
reqUired "prap slopes are placed In
fronl of the abutments. and corrOSion-
DelenD/dled deck (toP) was leconS/fucted (bOil) usmg hall of bridge WIdth to mwnlatn I,aff,c
resistant steel IS used for the beams
10 minimIze malnlenal"'Ce costs A
concrete slab With an Integral wearing
surface IS placed In a one-pour
operation w\lIthout any curbs and of
course Without any separate weaflng
surface A comb Ina lion corrosIOn
resistant steel rarl and curb system IS
boiled 8t the lascla 01 the bridge and
corrosion resistant beam type guard
rail IS continued on tho approaChes
These are falrty InexpenSive and aes
thellcally pteaslng structures that

•
blend well n the rural enVironment sn
common In our slale We have re
cOlved conSiderable plaudits for their
SimpliCity and aesthetics
These bridges normally reptace
otd. Singte-span pony trusses and
concrete T -beam structures
26 MOOERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION
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4th Quarter / 1982 27

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•
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