C++

Programming!
Beginners to Advance

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 Objectives

• Become familiar with the basic components of a

C++ program, including functions, special symbols,
and identifiers
• Explore simple data types
• Discover how to use arithmetic operators
• Examine how a program evaluates arithmetic
expressions
 Objectives (continued)

• Learn what an assignment statement is and what it does

• Become familiar with the string data type
• Discover how to input data into memory using input
statements
• Become familiar with the use of increment and decrement
operators
• Examine ways to output results using output statements

3
 Objectives (continued)

• Learn how to use preprocessor directives and why

they are necessary
• Explore how to properly structure a program,
including using comments to document a program
• Learn how to write a C++ program

4
 The Basics of a C++ Program

• Function: collection of statements; when executed,

accomplishes something
• May be predefined or standard
• Syntax: rules that specify which statements (instructions)
are legal
• Programming language: a set of rules, symbols, and
special words
• Semantic rule: meaning of the instruction
5
 Comments
• Comments are for the reader, not the compiler
• Two types:
• Single line
// This is a C++ program. It prints the sentence:
// Welcome to C++ Programming.

• Multiple line
/*
You can include comments that can
occupy several lines.
*/

6
 Special Symbols
• Special symbols

+ ?
- ,
* <=
/ !=
. ==
; >=

7
 Reserved Words (Keywords)

• Reserved words, keywords, or word symbols

• Include:
• int
• float
• double
• char
• const
• void
• return

8
 Identifiers

• Consist of letters, digits, and the underscore

character (_)
• Must begin with a letter or underscore
• C++ is case sensitive
• NUMBER is not the same as number
• Two predefined identifiers are cout and cin
• Unlike reserved words, predefined identifiers may be
redefined, but it is not a good idea
9
 Identifiers (continued)
• The following are legal identifiers in C++:
• first
• conversion
• payRate

10
 Whitespaces

• Every C++ program contains whitespaces

• Include blanks, tabs, and newline characters
• Used to separate special symbols, reserved words,
and identifiers
• Proper utilization of whitespaces is important
• Can be used to make the program readable

11
 Data Types

• Data type: set of values together with a set of

operations
• C++ data types fall into three categories:

12
 Simple Data Types

• Three categories of simple data

• Integral: integers (numbers without a decimal)
• Floating-point: decimal numbers
• Enumeration type: user-defined data type

13
 Simple Data Types (continued)

• Integral data types are further classified into nine

categories:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 14

 Simple Data Types (continued)

• Different compilers may allow different ranges of

values

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 15

 int Data Type

• Examples:
-6728
0
78
+763
• Positive integers do not need a + sign
• No commas are used within an integer
• Commas are used for separating items in a list
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 16
 bool Data Type

• bool type
• Two values: true and false
• Manipulate logical (Boolean) expressions
• true and false are called logical values
• bool, true, and false are reserved words

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 17

 char Data Type
• The smallest integral data type
• Used for characters: letters, digits, and special symbols
• Each character is enclosed in single quotes
• 'A', 'a', '0', '*', '+', '$', '&'
• A blank space is a character and is written ' ', with a space left
between the single quotes

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 18

 Floating-Point Data Types

• C++ uses scientific notation to represent real

numbers (floating-point notation)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 19

 Floating-Point Data Types
(continued)

• float: represents any real number

• Range: -3.4E+38 to 3.4E+38 (four bytes)
• double: represents any real number
• Range: -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308 (eight bytes)
• On most newer compilers, data types double and long double
are same
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 20
 Floating-Point Data Types
(continued)
• Maximum number of significant digits (decimal
places) for float values is 6 or 7
• Maximum number of significant digits for double is
15
• Precision: maximum number of significant digits
• Float values are called single precision
• Double values are called double precision

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 21

 Arithmetic Operators and Operator
Precedence
• C++ arithmetic operators:
• + addition
• - subtraction
• * multiplication
• / division
• % modulus operator
• +, -, *, and / can be used with integral and floating-point
data types
• Operators can be unary or binary
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 22
 Order of Precedence
• All operations inside of () are evaluated first
• *, /, and % are at the same level of precedence and are
evaluated next
• + and – have the same level of precedence and are
evaluated last
• When operators are on the same level
• Performed from left to right (associativity)
• 3 * 7 - 6 + 2 * 5 / 4 + 6 means
(((3 * 7) – 6) + ((2 * 5) / 4 )) + 6
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 23
 Expressions

• If all operands are integers

• Expression is called an integral expression
• Yields an integral result
• Example: 2 + 3 * 5
• If all operands are floating-point
• Expression is called a floating-point expression
• Yields a floating-point result
• Example: 12.8 * 17.5 - 34.50

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 24

 Mixed Expressions

• Mixed expression:
• Has operands of different data types
• Contains integers and floating-point
• Examples of mixed expressions:
2 + 3.5
6 / 4 + 3.9
5.4 * 2 – 13.6 + 18 / 2

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 25

 Mixed Expressions (continued)

• Evaluation rules:
• If operator has same types of operands
• Evaluated according to the type of the operands
• If operator has both types of operands
• Integer is changed to floating-point
• Operator is evaluated
• Result is floating-point
• Entire expression is evaluated according to precedence
rules
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 26
 Type Conversion (Casting)

• Implicit type coercion: when value of one type is

automatically changed to another type
• Cast operator: provides explicit type conversion
static_cast<dataTypeName>(express
ion)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 27

 Type Conversion (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 28

 string Type
• Programmer-defined type supplied in ANSI/ISO Standard
C++ library
• Sequence of zero or more characters
• Enclosed in double quotation marks
• Null: a string with no characters
• Each character has relative position in string
• Position of first character is 0
• Length of a string is number of characters in it
• Example: length of "William Jacob" is 13
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 29
 Input

• Data must be loaded into main memory before it can

be manipulated
• Storing data in memory is a two-step process:
• Instruct computer to allocate memory
• Include statements to put data into memory

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 30

 Allocating Memory with Constants
and Variables
• Named constant: memory location whose content
can’t change during execution
• The syntax to declare a named constant is:

• In C++, const is a reserved word

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 31

 Allocating Memory with Constants
and Variables (continued)
• Variable: memory location whose content may
change during execution
• The syntax to declare a named constant is:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 32

 Putting Data into Variables

• Ways to place data into a variable:

• Use C++’s assignment statement
• Use input (read) statements

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 33

 Assignment Statement

• The assignment statement takes the form:

• Expression is evaluated and its value is assigned to

the variable on the left side
• In C++, = is called the assignment operator

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 34

 Assignment Statement (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 35

 Saving and Using the Value of an
Expression
• To save the value of an expression:
• Declare a variable of the appropriate data type
• Assign the value of the expression to the variable that was
declared
• Use the assignment statement
• Wherever the value of the expression is needed, use
the variable holding the value

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 36

Declaring & Initializing Variables

• Variables can be initialized when declared:

int first=13, second=10;
char ch=' ';
double x=12.6;

• All variables must be initialized before they are used

• But not necessarily during declaration

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 37

 Input (Read) Statement

• cin is used with >> to gather input

• The stream extraction operator is >>

• For example, if miles is a double variable
cin >> miles;
• Causes computer to get a value of type double
• Places it in the variable miles
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 38
 Input (Read) Statement (continued)

• Using more than one variable in cin allows more

than one value to be read at a time
• For example, if feet and inches are variables of
type int, a statement such as:
cin >> feet >> inches;
• Inputs two integers from the keyboard
• Places them in variables feet and inches respectively

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 39

 Input (Read) Statement (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 40

 Variable Initialization

• There are two ways to initialize a variable:

int feet;
• By using the assignment statement
feet = 35;
• By using a read statement
cin >> feet;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 41

 Increment & Decrement Operators

• Increment operator: increment variable by 1

• Pre-increment: ++variable
• Post-increment: variable++
• Decrement operator: decrement variable by 1
• Pre-decrement: --variable
• Post-decrement: variable—
• What is the
x =difference
5; between
x =the5;
following?
y = ++x; y = x++;
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 42
 Output
• The syntax of cout and << is:

• Called an output statement

• The stream insertion operator is <<
• Expression evaluated and its value is printed at the current
cursor position on the screen

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 43

 Output (continued)

• A manipulator is used to format the output

• Example: endl causes insertion point to move to
beginning of next line

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 44

 Output (continued)
• The new line character is '\n'
• May appear anywhere in the string

cout << "Hello there.";

cout << "My name is James.";
• Output:
Hello there.My name is James.
cout << "Hello there.\n";
cout << "My name is James.";
• Output :
Hello there.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 45
My name is James.
 Output (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 46

 Preprocessor Directives
• C++ has a small number of operations
• Many functions and symbols needed to run a C++ program
are provided as collection of libraries
• Every library has a name and is referred to by a header file
• Preprocessor directives are commands supplied to the
preprocessor
• All preprocessor commands begin with #
• No semicolon at the end of these commands
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 47
 Preprocessor Directives (continued)

• Syntax to include a header file:

• For example:

#include <iostream>

• Causes the preprocessor to include the header file iostream

in the program
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 48
 namespace and Using cin and
cout in a Program
• cin and cout are declared in the header file
iostream, but within std namespace
• To use cin and cout in a program, use the
following two statements:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 49

 Using the string Data Type in a
Program
• To use the string type, you need to access its
definition from the header file string
• Include the following preprocessor directive:
#include <string>

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 50

 Creating a C++ Program

• C++ program has two parts:

• Preprocessor directives
• The program
• Preprocessor directives and program statements
constitute C++ source code (.cpp)
• Compiler generates object code (.obj)
• Executable code is produced and saved in a file with
the file extension .exe
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 51
 Creating a C++ Program
(continued)
• A C++ program is a collection of functions, one of
which is the function main
• The first line of the function main is called the heading
of the function:
int main()
• The statements enclosed between the curly braces ({ and
}) form the body of the function
• Contains two types of statements:
• Declaration statements
• Executable statements
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 52
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 53
 Creating a C++ Program
(continued)
Sample Run:
Line 9: firstNum = 18
Line 10: Enter an integer: 15

Line 13: secondNum = 15

Line 15: The new value of firstNum =
60
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 54
 Program Style and Form

• Every C++ program has a function main

• It must also follow the syntax rules
• Other rules serve the purpose of giving precise
meaning to the language

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 55

 Syntax

• Errors in syntax are found in compilation

int x; //Line 1
int y //Line 2: error
double z; //Line 3

y = w + x; //Line 4: error

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 56

 Use of Blanks
• In C++, you use one or more blanks to separate numbers
when data is input
• Used to separate reserved words and identifiers from each
other and from other symbols
• Must never appear within a reserved word or identifier

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 57

 Use of Semicolons, Brackets, and
Commas
• All C++ statements end with a semicolon
• Also called a statement terminator
• { and } are not C++ statements
• Commas separate items in a list

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 58

 Semantics

• Possible to remove all syntax errors in a program and

still not have it run
• Even if it runs, it may still not do what you meant it
to do
• For example,
2 + 3 * 5 and (2 + 3) * 5
are both syntactically correct expressions, but have
different meanings
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 59
 Naming Identifiers

• Identifiers can be self-documenting:

• CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH
• Avoid run-together words :
• annualsale
• Solution:
• Capitalize the beginning of each new word
• annualSale
• Inserting an underscore just before a new word
• annual_sale
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 60
 Prompt Lines

• Prompt lines: executable statements that inform the

user what to do

cout << "Please enter a number between 1 and 10

and "
<< "press the return key" << endl;
cin >> num;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 61

 Documentation

• A well-documented program is easier to understand

and modify
• You use comments to document programs
• Comments should appear in a program to:
• Explain the purpose of the program
• Identify who wrote it
• Explain the purpose of particular statements

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 62

 Form and Style

• Consider two ways of declaring variables:

• Method 1
int feet, inch;
double x, y;
• Method 2
int a,b;double x,y;
• Both are correct; however, the second is hard to read
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 63
 More on Assignment Statements

• C++ has special assignment statements called

compound assignments
+=, -=, *=, /=, and %=
• Example:
x *= y;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 64

 Programming Example:
Convert Length
• Write a program that takes as input a given length
expressed in feet and inches
• Convert and output the length in centimeters
• Input: length in feet and inches
• Output: equivalent length in centimeters
• Lengths are given in feet and inches
• Program computes the equivalent length in centimeters
• One inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 65
 Programming Example: Convert
Length (continued)
• Convert the length in feet and inches to all inches:
• Multiply the number of feet by 12
• Add given inches
• Use the conversion formula (1 inch = 2.54
centimeters) to find the equivalent length in
centimeters

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 66

 Programming Example: Convert
Length (continued)
• The algorithm is as follows:
• Get the length in feet and inches
• Convert the length into total inches
• Convert total inches into centimeters
• Output centimeters

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 67

 Programming Example: Variables
and Constants
• Variables
int feet; //variable to hold given feet
int inches; //variable to hold given inches
int totalInches; //variable to hold total inches
double centimeters; //variable to hold length in
//centimeters

• Named Constant
const double CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH = 2.54;

const int INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 68
Programming Example: Main Algorithm

• Prompt user for input

• Get data
• Echo the input (output the input)
• Find length in inches
• Output length in inches
• Convert length to centimeters
• Output length in centimeters

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 69

 Programming Example: Putting It
Together
• Program begins with comments
• System resources will be used for I/O
• Use input statements to get data and output statements to
print results
• Data comes from keyboard and the output will display on
the screen
• The first statement of the program, after comments, is
preprocessor directive to include header file iostream
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 70
 Programming Example: Putting It
Together (continued)
• Two types of memory locations for data manipulation:
• Named constants
• Usually put before main
• Variables
• This program has only one function (main), which will
contain all the code
• The program needs variables to manipulate data, which are
declared in main

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 71

Programming Example: Body of the
Function
• The body of the function main has the following form:
int main ()
{
declare variables
statements
return 0;
}
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 72
 Programming Example: Writing a
Complete Program
• Begin the program with comments for
documentation
• Include header files
• Declare named constants, if any
• Write the definition of the function main

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 73

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 74
 Programming Example: Sample Run
Enter two integers, one for feet, one for inches: 15 7

The numbers you entered are 15 for feet and 7 for inches.
The total number of inches = 187
The number of centimeters = 474.98

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 75

 Summary
• C++ program: collection of functions where each program has
a function called main
• Identifier consists of letters, digits, and underscores, and begins
with letter or underscore
• The arithmetic operators in C++ are addition (+), subtraction
(-),multiplication (*), division (/), and modulus (%)
• Arithmetic expressions are evaluated using the precedence
associativity rules

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 76

 Summary (continued)
• All operands in an integral expression are integers and all
operands in a floating-point expression are decimal numbers
• Mixed expression: contains both integers and decimal numbers
• Use the cast operator to explicitly convert values from one data
type to another
• A named constant is initialized when declared
• All variables must be declared before used

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 77

 Summary (continued)

• Use cin and stream extraction operator >> to input

from the standard input device
• Use cout and stream insertion operator << to
output to the standard output device
• Preprocessor commands are processed before the
program goes through the compiler
• A file containing a C++ program usually ends with
the extension .cpp

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 78