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Fluid Flow Lab: Experiment 4

This experiment aims to determine and verify the discharge coefficient of an orifice meter. An orifice meter uses an orifice plate with a drilled hole to create a pressure drop as fluid passes through. Bernoulli's equation relates the pressure drop to flow rate, with discharge coefficient Cd accounting for real-world deviations. The procedure measures flow rate and pressure difference across the orifice for varying flows. Data is used to calibrate the meter and plot Cd versus Reynolds number to determine Cd.

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shubham
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98 views

Fluid Flow Lab: Experiment 4

This experiment aims to determine and verify the discharge coefficient of an orifice meter. An orifice meter uses an orifice plate with a drilled hole to create a pressure drop as fluid passes through. Bernoulli's equation relates the pressure drop to flow rate, with discharge coefficient Cd accounting for real-world deviations. The procedure measures flow rate and pressure difference across the orifice for varying flows. Data is used to calibrate the meter and plot Cd versus Reynolds number to determine Cd.

Uploaded by

shubham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLUID FLOW LAB

TCH 209
Experiment 4

To determine and experimentally


verify discharge coefficient of an
orifice meter.
Theory
Flow meters are used in the industry to measure the volumetric flow rate of
fluids. Differential pressure type flow meters (Head flow meters) measure
flow rate by introducing a constriction in the flow. The pressure difference
caused by the constriction is correlated to the flow rate using Bernoulli’s
theorem.
An orifice meter is a differential pressure flow meter which reduces the flow
area using an orifice plate.
An orifice is a flat plate with a centrally drilled hole machined to a sharp
edge. The orifice plate is inserted between two flanges perpendicularly to
the flow, so that the flow passes through the hole with the sharp edge of the
orifice pointing to the upstream. The relationship between flow rate and
pressure drop can be determined using Bernoulli’s equation as:
Formula
where, Q is the volumetric flow rate,
Ao is the orifice cross sectional area,
p1 and p2 are the pressure measured at the upstream and downstream and
Cd is the discharge coefficient for the orifice.

B is the ratio of orifice diameter to the pipe diameter=

The fluid contracts and then expands as it moves through the orifice and this results in a pressure drop across the
orifice, which can be measured. The magnitude of the pressure drop can be related to the volumetric flow rate.

An orifice in a pipeline is shown in figure 1 with a manometer for measuring the drop in pressure (differential) as
the fluid passes through the orifice. The minimum cross sectional area of the jet is known as the “vena contracta.”
Diagram
The fluid contracts and then expands as it
moves through the orifice and this results in a
pressure drop across the orifice, which can
be measured. The magnitude of the pressure
drop can be related to the volumetric flow
rate.
An orifice in a pipeline is shown in figure 1
with a manometer for measuring the drop in
pressure (differential) as the fluid passes
through the orifice. The minimum cross
sectional area of the jet is known as the “vena
contracta.”

The objective is to measure the mass flow rate(m) By continuity


The analysis of the flow through a restriction (Figure 2)
begins with assuming straight, parallel
stream lines at cross sections 1 and 2, and the absence of
energy losses along the streamline from point 1 to point 2.

Bernoulli’s equation may now be applied to a streamline down the centre of the pipe from a point 1 well
upstream of the restriction to point 2 in the vena contracta of the jet immediately
downstream of the restriction where the streamlines are parallel and the pressure across the duct may
therefore be taken to be uniform:

assuming that the duct is horizontal. Combining (3) with (2) gives
For a real flow through a restriction, the assumptions above do not hold
completely. Further, we cannot easily measure the cross-sectional area of
the jet at the vena contracta at cross-section 2 where the streamlines are
parallel. These errors in the idealised analysis are accounted for by
introducing a single, cover all correction factor, the discharge coefficient,
Cd, such that
Coefficient of discharge for a given orifice type is a function of the Reynolds
number (NReo) based on orifice diameter and velocity, and diameter ratio β.
At Reynolds number greater than about 30000,the coefficients are
substantially constant and independent of β.
For square edged or sharp edged concentric circular orifices, the value will
fall between 0.595 and 0.62 for vena contracta or radius taps for β upto 0.8
and for flange taps for β upto 0.5
Procedure
1. Keep the bypass valve completely open and the main valve completely
closed. Switch on the pump.
2. Connect a CCL4 manometer across the orifice.
3. Open the main valve and set a flow rate of water using the Rotameter.
4. Note down the Rotameter reading and manometer reading after a
steady state is attained.
5. Increase the flow rate by opening the main valve and throttling the
bypass valve suitably and repeat step 4.
6. Use mercury manometer for higher flow rates.
7. Take readings withCCL4 manometer as well as with Hg manometer.
8. Repeat the experiment with different ratios and with different fluids.
Observations

Data
Diameter of the pipe = d = 2.5 cm
Diameter of the orifice = d0= 1.5 cm
Density of CCl4 =ρCCL4 = kg/m3
Density of Hg =ρHg = 13400 kg/m3
Density of fluid =ρ = 1000 kg/m3
Viscosity of fluid= μ= kg/m3 = cp
Calculations
Graph
Plot Q vs and Q vs
on ordinary graph(calibration).
Plot Cd vs NRe on a semilog graph
sheet (with NReoon log scale).
Obtain Cd from the plot.
Results:
Report on calibration
Comment on Cd vs NReo
Report the Cd
Comment on flow head relationship.
Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUd4WxjoHKY
https://youtu.be/ekzdEnr4UMA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yecPNnlPGAg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmI92OGnj7I
https://uorepc-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp3/index.html#
https://youtu.be/Q4cti4NylO8
https://youtu.be/ekzdEnr4UMA
https://www.gopracticals.com/mechanical/fluid-mechanics/determination-
of-coefficient-of-discharge-for-orifice-meter-fluid-practicals/

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