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2 - Properties of Solids and Liquids

There are two main types of solids - amorphous and crystalline. Crystalline solids have orderly particle arrangements and defined melting points, and can be ionic, covalent, molecular, or metallic. Crystals form in seven geometries like cubic or hexagonal. Key solid properties are freezing/melting points and ability to sublime. Liquids have properties like vapor pressure, boiling point, viscosity, surface tension, and can undergo capillary action through adhesion and cohesion between molecules. Stronger intermolecular forces yield higher melting/boiling points and surface tension but lower vapor pressure.

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Gen Priestley
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383 views18 pages

2 - Properties of Solids and Liquids

There are two main types of solids - amorphous and crystalline. Crystalline solids have orderly particle arrangements and defined melting points, and can be ionic, covalent, molecular, or metallic. Crystals form in seven geometries like cubic or hexagonal. Key solid properties are freezing/melting points and ability to sublime. Liquids have properties like vapor pressure, boiling point, viscosity, surface tension, and can undergo capillary action through adhesion and cohesion between molecules. Stronger intermolecular forces yield higher melting/boiling points and surface tension but lower vapor pressure.

Uploaded by

Gen Priestley
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Properties of

Solids and Liquids


Properties of Solids
• Two Types of Solids:
– Amorphous Solids are solids without
orderly arrangement of particles
and no definite melting points.
(Ex. Glass)
– Crystalline Solids are solids with
orderly arrangement of particles
and have definite melting points.
(Ex. Diamond)
Properties of Solids
• Types of Crystals:
– Ionic Crystals are formed from the
attraction between positive and
negative ions, brittle and hard, with
high melting points.
– Covalent Crystals are formed from
the attraction between one or
more pairs of electron shared, very
hard, with very high melting points.
Properties of Solids
• Types of Crystals:
– Molecular Crystals possess
intermolecular forces, soft, with low
to moderate melting points.
– Metallic Crystals formed from
attraction between metal ions and
surrounding mobile electrons,
lustrous, soft to hard, with high
melting points.
– Allotropes are crystalline solids that
has more than one form.
Properties of Solids

Seven Forms of Crystals


Properties of Solids
• Seven Forms of Crystals:
– Cubic - all axes the same length
and all angles 90°.
– Hexagonal - two axes the same
length, two angles 90°, and one
angle 120°
– Monoclinic - no axes the same
length and two angles 90°
– Orthorhombic - no axes the same
length and all angles 90°
Properties of Solids
• Seven Forms of Crystals:
– Rhombohedral - all axes the same
length and all angles equal but not
90°.
– Tetragonal - two axes the same
length and all angles 90°.
– Triclinic - no axes the same length, no
angles the same, and no angles 90°.
Properties of Solids
• Three Main Properties of Solids:
– Freezing Point is the temperature at
which a liquid is changed into solid.
– Melting Point is the temperature at
which a solid is changed into a
liquid.
• The stronger the force of attraction,
the higher the melting and freezing
points.
Properties of Solids
• Three Main Properties of Solids:
– Sublimation is the direct conversion
of a solid into vapor without
passing through its liquid state.
Properties of Liquids
• Five Main Properties of Liquids:
– Vapor Pressure is the pressure
exerted by the gaseous form of a
substance when it is in equilibrium
with the liquid state.
• Strong intermolecular force yields to
low vapor pressure.
• As the temperature increases, the
vapor pressure increases.
Properties of Liquids
• Five Main Properties of Liquids:
– Boiling Point is the temperature at
which the vapor pressure of a liquid
is equal to the pressure of the
surrounding atmosphere.
• Polar substances have higher boiling
point than non-polar substances.
• In comparison between non-polar
substances, higher molecular weight
will have higher normal boiling point.
Properties of Liquids
• Five Main Properties of Liquids:
– Viscosity is the resistance to flow
of a liquid.
• Strong intermolecular force yields to
high viscosity.
Properties of Liquids
• Five Main Properties of Liquids:
– Surface Tension is the amount of
energy required to stretch or
increase the surface of a liquid
by a unit area.
• Strong intermolecular force yields to
high surface tension.
Properties of Liquids
• Five Main Properties of Liquids:
– Capillary Action is the drawing of a
liquid inside a small- bore tube.
• Adhesion is the intermolecular
attraction between unlike molecules.
• Cohesion is the intermolecular
attraction between like molecules.
• Strong force of attraction yields to
cohesion.
Adhesion

attracted to glass

Cohesion

attracted to each other

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