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What is the maximum settlement for all
type of foundations
Subhajit Basak
7-9 minutes
For an isolated foundation on clayey soil, max allowable settlement
is 75mm as per IS 1904.For sands & hard clay it is only 50mm. And
for rafts founded on sands & hard clay it is limited to 75mm
whereas for soft clays it is allowed upto 100mm.
allowable settlement for foundation as per is code
The allowable settlement is defined as the acceptable amount of
settlement of the structure and it usually includes a factor of safety.
The allowable settlement depends on many factors, including the
following:
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The Type of Construction
For example, wood-frame buildings with wood siding would be
much more tolerant than unreinforced brick buildings.
The Use of the Structure
Even small cracks in a house might be considered unacceptable,
whereas much larger cracks in an industrial building might not even
be noticed.
The Presence of Sensitive Finishes
Tile or other sensitive finishes are much less tolerant of
movements.
The Rigidity of the Structure
If a footing beneath part of a very rigid structure settles more than
the others, the structure will transfer some of the load away from
the footing.
However, footings beneath flexible structures must settle much
more before any significant load transfer occurs. Therefore, a rigid
structure will have less differential settlement than a flexible one.
Aesthetic and Serviceability Requirements
The allowable settlement for most structures, especially buildings,
will be governed by aesthetic and serviceability requirements, not
structural requirements.
Unsightly cracks, jamming doors and windows, and other similar
problems will develop long before the integrity of the structure is in
danger.
Table below shows the allowable foundation displacement into three
categories: total settlement, tilting, and differential settlement.
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It indicates that those structures that are more flexible (such as
simple steel frame buildings) or have more rigid foundations (such
as mat foundations) can sustain larger values of total settlement
and differential movement.
Type of Limiting factor Maximum
Settlement Settlement
Total settlement Drainage 15 – 30 cm
Access 30 – 60 cm
Probability of non-uniform settlement:
1. Masonry walled 2.5 – 5 cm
structures
2. Framed structures 5 – 10 cm
3. Chimneys, silos, mats 8 – 30 cm
Tilting Stability against overturning Depends on H
and L
Tilting of chimneys, towers 0.004L
Rolling of trucks etc. 0.01L
Stacking of goods 0.01L
Crane rails 0.003L
Drainage of floors 0.01 – 0.02 L
Differential High continuous brick walls 0.0005 – 0.001
settlement L
One-storey brick mill 0.001 – 0.002 L
building, wall cracking
Plaster cracking 0.001 L
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Reinforced concrete building 0.0025 – 0.004
frame L
Reinforced concrete building 0.003 L
curtain walls
Steel frame, continuous 0.002 L
Simple steel frame 0.005 L
Where, L = distance between adjacent columns that settle to
different amounts, or between two points that settle differently.
Higher values are for regular settlements and more tolerant
structures. Lower values are for irregular settlement and critical
structures. H = Height and W = width of structure.
allowable settlement of piles
length, L, and diameter, D, ratio is larger than 5. Reduction factor,
F1 , was set to 0.75, since point bearing and considering some skin
resistance. According to Eq. (1) the total value of settlement, S p ,
was estimated to be equal to 15.6 mm. This value could be
considered as maximum, obtained from the conservative side,
based on end-bearing behavior of the pile. Pile settlement analysis
showed that total expected maximum settlement value was 15.6
mm. It includes 2.1 mm settlement of pile deformation from vertical
compressive loads. For such structure, foundation settlement
should not be more than 2% of pile diameter. For the pile of 880
mm diameter, the foundation settlement should not be more than 16
mm. The calculation shows, that for pile of diameter 880 mm, the
necessary length was 29 m. Such length is sufficient to endure
overall load.
Static load pile test
On the construction site one test pile and four reaction piles were
prepared. The cast-in-place bored piles have been manufactured
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using Bauer equipment by Skanska EMV Ltd in October 2007. The
test pile is made on 6th October. The diameters of the test and
reaction piles are 880 mm. The length of test pile is 28.6 m.
Concrete type is C30/37. Steel reinforcement cage is made from
main bars 10 pcs. Ø20 mm, over full pile length and transverse bars
Ø12 mm, step 0.15 m. The outer diameters of the reinforcement
cages is 680 mm, the longitudinal bars are distributed eventually
along the perimeter. The pile head (1.5 m) is strengthened with a
tubular casing. The testing equipment consists of the following
parts: 1. Two 12 m length steel trusses, having the total bearing
capacity 2×3000 = 6000 kN. The trusses are connected with
tension piles by welding and bolts 2. One 4.5 m length steel beam
having the bearing capacity 6000 kN 3. Hydraulic jack with
electrical oil pump. Maximum load of the jack is 5650 kN 4. Dial
gauges with accuracy 0.1 mm for measurement of pile top
displacements. The displacements of the compression pile have
been measured with four and the displacements of the every
tension piles with two gauges. The gauges were connected with
piles by steel wire 5. Reference beams for dial gauges. The length
of reference beams was between 6 to 8 m and these were
supported on the ground The testing procedure was carried out
according to Iberdrola’s “Method statement for testing preliminary
pile” [10]. The static load pile test was performed gradually
increasing the load. The test was started at 10:00 in the morning
and every each hour (beginning from 12:00 hour) the load was
increased by 250 kN. The basic design load Q (2500 kN) was reach
after 12 hours. The settlement value was 5.2 mm. Fig. 3 shows a
shape of the load-settlement curve of static load pile test.
allowable settlement of raft foundation
The maximum differential settlement in foundation on clayey soils
and sandy soils should not exceed 40mm and 25mm respectively.
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The maximum settlement should generally be limited to the
following values: Raft foundation on clay – 65 to 100 mm.Raft
foundation on sand – 40 to 65 mm.
minimum depth of foundation as per is code
The prescriptive pressures for Foundations in Sands and Clays for
a minimum depth of 0.6 m below ground level is given in Tables 6
and 7 respectively in theCode. The recommended design limits for
settlement in clay for raft foundationsshould be 65 – 100 mm, and
50 mm for raft foundations on sand.
Shallow Foundations
Minimum Thickness
The minimum thickness of a shallow building foundation shall
be 250 mm. The prescriptive pressures for Foundations in Sands
and Clays for a minimum depth of 0.6 m below ground level is given
in Tables 6 and 7 respectively in the Code.
Settlement
The recommended design limits for settlement in clay for raft
foundations should be 65 – 100 mm, and 50 mm for raft
foundations on sand.
Deep Foundations
—Timber pile foundations shall be provided where the upper soil
strata is of poor strength and poor compressibility characteristics.
—The minimum recommended dimensions for timber piles shall
be:
(i) minimum butt diameter - 300 mm
(ii) minimum tip diameter - 200 mm
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