Name: Hazem Emam Ali

Section: 2
I.D: 13P1082
Building Engineering Materials
Assignment (2)
Q.1 State briefly different application of steel in structural engineering.

1- Reinforcing bars for concrete

2- Rolled steel sections
3- Forms

Q.2 Draw the load-elongation diagrams for Mild Steel (MS), High Tensile Steel (HTS)
and Cast Iron (CI) on the same sketch.

P P P
𝑃
𝑃

Δ𝑙 Δ𝑙 Δ𝑙
∆𝑙 ∆𝑙 ∆𝑙
High Tensile Steel (HTS) Mild Steel (MS) Cast Iron (CI)

&

Q.3.Explain using sketches the following for Mild Steel subjected to axial tension:
Yielding – Strain Hardening – Necking – Cup & Cone failure mode.
P P
P
Cup

𝜃
𝑙𝑜
Cone

Cup and cone

Failure Mode
𝜃 = 45𝑜
P P
P
Uniform Elongation
Yielding Fracture
Necking
Elastic zone
Non-uniform Elongation
Q.4. What are the mechanical properties determined from load-elongation diagrams
for Mild Steel, High Tensile Steel and Cast Iron.

a. Mild Steel & High Tensile steel: b. Cast Iron

1. Elastic strength 1. Ultimate Tensile strength
2. Ultimate strength
3. Elongation% (Ductility)
4. Young’s Modulus (stiffness) (E)
5. Modulus of Resilience (MR)
6. Modulus of toughness (MT)

Q.5. Draw a sketch to show the shape of failure of Mild Steel, High Tensile Steel and
Cast Iron test specimens subjected to axial tension.

P P P

 No fracture
 Occurs  No fracture Fracture
(Dotted lines)  Occurs
(Dotted lines)

Deformation Contraction Deformation

(Mild Steel) HTS/brass Cast iron

𝜃 𝜃

Excessive axial deformation Internal friction angle (𝜃) Internal friction angle (𝜃)
∅ ∅
𝜃=[45𝑜 + ] ≈ 50𝑜 𝜃=[45𝑜 + ] ≈ 55𝑜 → 60𝑜
Q.6. Explain the following for Mild Steel subjected to axial tension: Proportional limit
– Yield limit – Elastic limit – Ultimate strength.

1. Proportional limit: it represents the end of the linear relation between load
and elongation
2. Yield limit : ‫حد الخضوع حيث حركة الجزيئات و احتكاكها ببعض يتسببان في مقاومة حركة‬
Strain hardening ‫الجزيئات مما يسبب‬
3. Elastic limit: after this point the material won’t be able to go back to its
original length
4. Ultimate strength: the maximum load that the material can withstand without
fracture

Q.7. Explain graphically how can you determine the proof stress of HTS test specimen.
P

= 𝑃𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓

0
=
00
Offset 0.2% Δ𝑙
High Tensile Steel (HTS)
Q.8. What is the benefit of determining yield stress for MS and proof stress for HTS?

Practically, = = , and for safety purpose at design we use the

where the uniform elongation might occur. On the other hand, we use
to make sure that the constructed building won’t collapse in case of
earthquake or anything similar.

Q.9. What are the properties required to define the grade of the reinforcing steel
bars?
1. Elastic strength
2. Ultimate strength
3. Ductility (elongation %)
Q.10. What is the importance of determining the Young's modulus "E" of steel?
 It is used to calculate deformations of structures under different types of
loads.

Q.11. What is the importance of determining the Modulus of Resilience "MR" and
Modulus of Toughness "MT" of steel?

1. (MR): to calculate the energy stored in the specimen during loading and
return back again after removing the load.
2. (MT): to calculate the maximum energy required to cause failure of the
specimen.

Q.12. What are the different causes of bond between steel bars and concrete?

1. Adhesion (‫* (التصاق‬Rust increases adhesion

2. Friction )‫(احتكاك‬
3. Bearing )‫* (ارتكاز‬Bearing >> Friction + Adhesion (applied in ribbed bars)

Q.13. Explain graphically the difference between: Plain bars – Deformed bars of Cross
ribs - Deformed bars of Oblique ribs. Which type is better for concrete? Why?

𝑑𝑜
𝑑𝑜
ԉ𝑑𝑜
Cross-ribbed bar 𝑤= 𝐿 𝛾𝑠
Plain bar 4
Oblique-ribbed bar

 Both Cross and oblique ribbed bars are more effective in “Bearing” compared to
the plain bars.
 Oblique-ribbed bars has larger compared to the cross-ribbed ones.
 So, oblique ribbed is the best for concrete.
Q.14. A long proportional MS test specimen of diameter 10mm was subjected to
tension and the following results were taken:

Load (ton) 3.75 7.5 7.5 8.5 11 12 12.5 11.5 10

Elongation (mm) 0.06 0.12 1.4 5 12 18 24 29 32

a. Draw the load-elongation diagram.

b. 1.Yield Strength = = = 86 6

2. Ultimate strength = = = 44 5

3. Elongation = 00 = 00 =

4. Young’s Modulus = = = 79 57
∆
5. Modulus of resilience = = = 0 05
* +
6. Modulus of toughness = ∆

= = 6 95

c. = → = → =4

0 907
= → 4 = → = 547
Q.15. A long proportional MS test specimen was subjected to tension. Determine
(Modulus of Resilience - Modulus of Toughness – Elongation percentage) if
you know that:

a. Elongation = 0.12 mm at load 3 tons. & Elongation = 2.2 mm at load 5 tons.

b. Load at proportional limit = 4.5 tons & Max. load = 7.5 tons
c. Modulus of elasticity E = 2000 t\cm2.
d. Gage length after failure Li = 207 mm.

∆
1. = = = 7 99 0

∆ = =0 6
45 0
= 000 = → = 79
00 6
4
= 0 = 0 7 9 = 79

* +
2. = ∆ = 07 79
= 7 0

3. = 00 = 00 = 5 6

Q.16. A High Tensile Steel test specimen of diameter 16 mm and gage length 80mm
was subjected to tension and the following results were taken:

Load (ton) 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 13.5 14.0 15.0

Elongation (mm) 0.07 0.14 0.21 0.28 0.39 0.45 1.5

a. Draw the load-elongation diagram.

b. Determine the following: 0.1% Proof stress – Ultimate strength – Modulus of
Elasticity - Modulus of Resilience - Modulus of Toughness –
Elongation percentage.

0
1. = = 80 = 0 08
00 00

𝑃𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 =12.0357

2. = = = 0 06

3. = = = 0 0746

4. = = = 7 05

∆
5. = = = 044 0

* +
6. = ∆ = 5 = 6 0

∆
7. = 00 = 00 = 875

c. If a HTS bar used to resist 55 tons tension force, determine the bar diameter if
you know that the safety factor in tension is 1.5

= → 5= → =8

55
= → 8= → = 48 → = 95
 d. Draw the gage length - % elongation diagram.
∆𝑙 Non-uniform elongation

Uniform elongation

𝑙𝑖 = 8 5

Q.17. A Short Proportional HTS test specimen of MT=0.25 Kg.mm/mm3 was subjected
to tension and the following results were taken:

Load (ton) 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 13.5 14.0

Elongation (mm) 0.07 0.14 0.21 0.28 0.39 0.43

* +
1. = ∆ → 756 0 = 04

→ = 9 557 → = 0 = 95 55

2. = = = 00

3. = = = 84

∆
4. = = = 8 84 0

∆
5. = 00 = 00 = 0 455
Q.18. A Short Proportional HTS test specimen of MR=0.40 Kg.mm/mm3 was
subjected to tension and the following results were taken:

Load (ton) 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 13.5 14.0

Elongation (mm) 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 3.30 5.76

∆
1. = → 44 0 = → = 96

→ = 0 = 96

2. = = = 0 06

* +
3. = ∆ = 5 76 = 4 8 0

Q.19. Long proportional HTS tension test specimen with oblique ribs of length 75 cm
and weight 2.89 Kg. Calculate the ultimate tensile strength & %elongation if
you know that the failure load is 35 tons and gage length after failure
“Li” = 289 mm.

 =* + → 890 = * + 7 85 → = 65

 = = = 86

 =
∆
00 = 00 = 48

Q.20. A Long Proportional HTS test specimen of %Elongation = 12% was subjected to
tension and the following results were taken:
Load (ton) 2.5 5.0 7.5 10 15

Elongation (mm) 0.25 0.50 0.75 6.00 19.20

∆
 = 00 → 0 = → = 59

 = = = 68 47
( )
𝑃𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
* +
 𝑀𝑇 = ∆𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 9 = 6 044 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑜 𝑙𝑜 𝜋
Q.21. Three long proportional mild steel test specimens and three long proportional
high tensile steel test specimens were tested in tension, and the following
results were recorded:
No. Calculations Grade
907 0
= = = 4 57
4 8
9 907 0
1 = = = 4 8
4 8
∆ 05 0 8
= 00 = 00 = 5
0 8
7 907 0
( )= = = 96
0
4
907 0
2 = = = 69 54
4 0
∆ 5 0 0
= 00 = 00 = 5
0 0
4 907 0
= = = 68
4
6 907 0
3 = = = 48 7
4
∆ 5 0
= 00 = 00 = 5 8
0
75 907 0
= = = 8
4 6
09 907 0
4 = = = 49 7
6
4
∆ 8 0 6
= 00 = 00 = 75
0 6
5 907 0
= = = 598 = → 49 = 7 85 → = 5 55
5 55 4 4
4
98 907 0
5 = = = 945 6
4 5 55
∆ 47 0 5 55
= 00 = 00 = 58 84
0 5 55
0 907 0
= = = 495 = → 890 = 7 85 → = 65
65 4 4
4
0 907 0
6 = = = 744
4 65
∆ 85 0 65
= 00 = 00 = 64
0 65
Q.22. Draw the load-deformation diagrams and the shape of failure in compression
for Mild Steel, High Tensile Steel and Cast Iron on the same sketch.

Deformation

(Mild Steel) P

Contraction

(HTS/brass)

Deformation
Deformation
(Cast iron)

Q.22. What are the main difficulties of doing the compression test?

 Axial load cannot be perfectly applied in tests (eccentricity occurs).

 “Buckling” occurs when “slenderness ratio” ( ) is high.
 Friction between The upper or lower platens and the sample ”Barrel shape”
 Stress concentrated on some spots on rough surfaces decreasing the reading
of the actual stress

Q.22. What are the most important precautions should be considered in order to
carry out the compression test successfully?
 Try to avoid “eccentricity”.
 “slenderness ration “ 0
 ‫وضع مخدة تحميل فوق سطح العينة لزيادة نعومة و استواء السطح و منع حدوث تركز االجهادات‬
 Opposite surfaces of the sample must be equal and parallel and the sides of
the cube must be perpendicular to each other
 Load must be accurate, axial, and vertical