International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 5 Issue 2, January-February 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Nano Manufacturing: An Introduction

Matthew N. O. Sadiku1, Olukayode R. Egunjobi2, Sarhan M. Musa1
1Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas
2Getti Energy Inc, Houston, Texas

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Matthew N. O.

Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of matter in atomic and molecular Sadiku | Olukayode R. Egunjobi | Sarhan
scale. It is emerging as a principal discipline that is integrating chemistry and M. Musa "Nano Manufacturing: An
materials science. It holds the promise of being a main driver of technology Introduction"
with significant impact for all aspects of society. Nano manufacturing is Published in
manufacturing at the nanoscale. It is an interdisciplinary field covering International Journal
physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering. This paper of Trend in Scientific
provides an introduction to nano manufacturing. Research and
Development (ijtsrd),
KEYWORDS: nanotechnology, manufacturing, nanomaterials, nano ISSN: 2456-6470, IJTSRD38539
manufacturing, nanofabrication, nanotechnology in manufacturing Volume-5 | Issue-2,
February 2021, pp.1169-1172, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38539.pdf

Copyright © 2021 by author (s) and

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INTRODUCTION
The nanoworld is a mysterious place because materials commercial products, i.e. how to manufacture devices with
behave differently at the atomic or nano scale. The discovery nanoscale features in a cost effective manner.
of higher resolution microscopes in the 1980s enabled
Manufacturing is the major industry for promoting economic
having insight into nanoscale material structures and their
and social development. It is a dynamic, ever-evolving
properties. Nanotechnology (science on the scale of single
industry, with newer and better technologies being
atoms and molecules) has been identified as the “fourth
developed on a regular basis. Nano manufacturing is
industrial revolution” to disrupt the modern world. It is so
the manufacturing processes of objects or material with
described because of the special properties of materials at
dimensions between one and one hundred nanometers. It is
the nanoscale. It has permeated all sectors of our economy
the scaled-up, cost effective manufacturing of nanoscale
due to the unique properties of materials at the nanoscale. It
materials, structures, devices and systems. It focusses on
is transforming the world of materials and its influence will
developing scalable, high yield processes for the production
be broad. It will not only initiate the next industrial
of materials, structures, devices, and systems at the
revolution, it will offer technological solutions.
nanoscale. The terms “nanofabrication” and
Nanotechnology refers to the science of nanomaterials. It is “nanomanufacturing” are often used interchangeably.
the measuring, modeling, and manipulating of matter at
OVERVIEW OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
atomic scale or in the dimension of 1 to 100 nanometers
Techniques are now available which make it possible to
(nm). (A nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter). It offers the
manipulate materials on the atomic or molecular scale to
opportunity to produce new structures, materials, and
produce objects which are no more than a few nanometres
devices with unique properties such as conductivity,
in diameter. The processes used to make and manipulate
strength, and chemical reactivity. Electrical and mechanical
such materials are known as nanotechnology, the materials
properties can change at the nanoscale. For example, at the
or objects themselves are called nanomaterials, and the
nanoscale, gold becomes an active catalyst, helping to turn
study and discovery of these materials is known as
chemicals X and Y into product Z. Most nanomaterials are
nanoscience.
made by chemical processes, which may or may not generate
pollutants or waste materials [1]. Widespread Richard Feymann, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist,
commercialization of nanotechnologies has been restricted introduced the world to nanotechnology in 1959. The term
by lack of means to produce these technologies at scale. “nanotechnology” was coined in 1974 by Norio Tanigutchi, a
Therefore, the next major step facing nanotechnologists is professor at Tokyo Science University. Nanotechnology
figuring out how to move from laboratory discoveries to involves the manipulation of atoms and molecules at the

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nanoscale so that materials have new unique properties. Berkeley Advanced Biomaterials
Nanotechnology is a multi-disciplinary field that includes Carbon Solutions, Inc.
biology, chemistry, physics, material science, and Chemat Technology
engineering. It is the science of small things—at the atomic Cospheric Nano
level or nanoscale level [2]. Nanotechnology also includes Green Millenium
domains like nanoscience, nanomaterials, nanomedicine,
FEATURES OF NANO MANUFACTURING
nanomeasurement, nanomanipulation, nanoelectronics, and
Nanotechnology has only come into wide use in
nanorobotics.
manufacturing sector recently. A series of breakthroughs in
Nanotechnology is the science of small things—at the atomic materials and design has allowed manufacturers to work at
level or nanoscale level. It has the idea that the technology of scales smaller than a billionth of a meter. Some key features
the future will be built on atoms. It has impact on every area of nanomanufacturing are discussed as follows [6,7].
of science and technology. Nanotechnology involves imaging,
1. Top Down or Bottom Up: There are two basic
measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at the nano
approaches to nanomanufacturing: top-down and bottom-
scale. At this level, the physical, chemical, and biological
up. Top-down nanomanufacturing reduces large pieces of
properties of materials fundamentally differ from the
materials all the way down to the nanoscale. A manufacturer
properties of individual atoms and molecules or bulk matter
will start with larger materials and use chemical and
[3].
physical processes to break them down into nanoscopic
Nanotechnology covers a wide variety of disciplines like elements. This approach requires larger amounts of
physics, chemistry, biology, biotechnology, information materials and can lead to waste due to the need for
technology, engineering, and their potential applications. discarding material. The bottom-up approach to fabrication
creates products by building them up from atomic- and
Some of the sectors covered by nanotechnology are shown in
molecular-scale components, which can be time-consuming.
Figure 1 [4]. Nanotechnology holds great potential for
For example, carbon nanotubes are manufactured with a
pollution prevention and sustainability.
bottom-up approach. The top-down method is the more
common approach, while the bottom-up method is still in the
experimental stage of development. These two approaches
are compared in Figure 2 [8].

Figure 2 Comparing bottom-up and top-down

Figure 1 some sectors covered by nanotechnology [4]. nanomanufacturing approaches [8]
Many view the United States as the world’s premier Various processes have been developed under the categories
nanotechnology research and development (R&D) nation. of bottom-up and top-down nanomanufacturing. Some of the
Some nanotechnology companies in US include [5]: more common procedures include the following [8].
10 Angstroms Chemical vapor deposition (CVD): This process is used
3D Systems to make materials from a series of chemical reactions.
3DIcon CDV is often employed in the semiconductor industry,
3DM where it is used to create film strips with silicone,
4Wave carbon, and filaments.
A & A Company Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE): A process used to
Abeam Technologies deposit thin films.
Accelergy Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE): A process where layers
Accium comprised of single-atom thickness are deposited onto
ACS Material surfaces.
Aculon Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN): In a process that
Adámas Nanotechnologies resembles the functions of an ink pen, DPN involves the
ADA Technologies use of a chemically saturated microscopic tip, which is
Advance Reproductions used to write on surfaces. A lithograph that heats above
Advanced Ceramic Materials 100°C is capable of fabricating metal electrodes far more
Advanced Diamond Technologies effectively than a conventional electron beam.
Advanced Energy Industries Nanoimprint lithography (NIL): A nanoscale stamping
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) process where features are imprinted onto a surface.
Advanced Nano-Coatings Roll-to-roll processing: A process where ultrathin strips
Advanced Optical Technologies of metal and plastic are imprinted with nanoscale
American Elements devices at a rapid frequency.
Antibodies Incorporated

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Self-assembly: A set of processes where different problems which require advanced nano manufacturing
elements are brought together without intervention to capabilities to develop medical applications. Introducing
form a structure. these technologies and disseminating these results to
healthcare engineering will greatly benefit the majority
2. Nanomaterials in Manufacturing: A nanomaterial (NM)
of population in the developing countries in receiving
(or nano-sized material) is the material with any external
appropriate and affordable medical care to achieve
dimension in the nanoscale. Nanomaterials are basically
improvements in their quality of life.
chemical substances or materials that are manufactured and
used at a very small scale. Nanomaterials: Popular nanomaterials, like carbon
nanotubes, are already widely fabricated and applied in
For example, miniaturization enables microprocessors the manufacture of a variety of goods, including sailboat
developed using these parts, to operate faster. However, hulls, bicycle frames and spaceship components.
there are a number of technical challenges to achieving these Nanotechnology can also be used to create more
advancements, such as the lack of ultrafine precursors to effective and stable lubricants, which are useful in a
make these parts, inadequate dissipation of huge amounts of variety of industrial applications.
heat generated by these microprocessors, and poor
reliability. Nanomaterials help overcome these barriers by Electronics: In electronics, nanotechnology enables the
offering manufacturers materials with better thermal manufacture of tiny electronics and electric devices, like
conductivity, nanocrystalline starting materials, ultra-high- nanoscale transistors made out of carbon nanotubes. In
purity materials, and longer-lasting, durable electronics, design at the nanoscale is creating highly
interconnections. The use of nanoparticles in the flexible devices and circuit boards.
manufacturing industry will continues to grow. Nanomachines: Nanotechnology has shown serious in
3. Nanomanufacturing Methods: Specialized equipment nanomachines or nanites — mechanical or robotic
and techniques are necessary to manipulate matter at the devices that operate at the nanoscale. Nanoscale robots
nanoscale. There are many methods for this, including self- (called nanomachines or nanites) may soon
assembly, photolithography and dip-pen lithography. Self- revolutionize medical device construction.
assembly means that a group of nanocomponents have to Nanomachines are, for the most part, future-tech and
come together to form an organized structure. This self- not widely used in manufacturing right now.
assembly would occur from the bottom-up. BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES
Photolithography is like the negative obtained with film, as it Nanotechnology is regarded as the driving force behind a
uses light exposure to project images. Dip-pen new industrial revolution. Nano manufacturing will improve
lithography relies on the tip of an atomic force microscope to efficiency in a number of operations, from design to
be imbued with chemicals and used to create patterns. packaging, through to transportation of goods. Many
manufacturers are using nanotechnology to make products
with improved capabilities or to reduce their manufacturing
cost.
Nanomanufacturing is currently very much in its infancy.
Concerns about the health effects of nanoparticles and
nanofibers imply that calls for the tighter regulation of
nanotechnology are growing. Some other challenges of nano
manufacturing include [12]:
Developing production techniques that are economic
and produce viable yield
Controlling the precision of the assembly of
nanostructures
Testing reliability and establishing methods for defect
control. Currently, defect control in the semiconductor
Figure 3 shows a nano manufacturing facility [9]. industry is non-selective and takes 20-25% of the total
manufacturing time. Removal of defects for nano-scale
APPLICATIONS system is projected to take up much more time because
Nano manufacturing is revolutionizing many manufacturing it requires selective and careful removal of impurities
sectors, including information technology, defense, medicine, Maintaining nano-scale properties and quality of nano-
transportation, energy, environmental science, system during high-rate and high volume production as
telecommunications, and electronics. Common applications well as during the lifetime of the product after
of nano manufacturing include [10,11]: production
Automotive and Aerospace: The manufacturing Assessing the environmental, ethical, and social impacts
industry will see a huge development in sectors like Nano manufacturing is dominated by lithography tools
automotive and aerospace. Nanotechnology is used in that are too expensive for small- and medium-sized
car manufacturing. Tire manufacturers are increasingly enterprises (SMEs) to invest in.
using polymer nanocomposites to increase their
CONCLUSION
durability and wear resistance of tires. Since
Nano manufacturing is a relatively new branch of
nanotechnology creates smaller and lighter crafts, less
manufacturing that focuses on developing scalable, high
fuel will be needed to pilot aircraft.
yield processes for the production of materials, structures,
Healthcare: Nanotechnologies have enabled engineers devices and systems at the nanoscale.
and clinicians to collaborate in solving complex

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
The National Nanomanufacturing Network (NNN) is an [8] ‘What is nanomanufacturing?”
alliance of academic, government, and industry partners who https://gesrepair.com/what-is-nanomanufacturing/
are committed to advance nanomanufacturing in the US.
[9] “Ten things you should know about nanotechnology,”
The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), a US
https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/ten_thi
government nanotechnology R&D initiative was established
ngs_you_should_know_5.php
in 2000. Government agencies around the world
are investing heavily in nanomanufacturing research and [10] S. Huntington, “Nanotechnology in manufacturing,”
development. They provide researchers with the facilities, March 2020,
equipment, and trained workers to develop nanotechnology https://www.manufacturingtomorrow.com/article/2
applications and associated manufacturing processes. More 020/03/nanotechnology-in-manufacturing/14945/
information about nano manufacturing can be found in the
[11] M. S. Packianather et al., “Advanced micro and nano
books in [13-20] and the related journals:
manufacturing technologies used in medical domain,”
Nanotechnology
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the
Nanoscale.
Development of Biomedical Engineering in Vietnam,
Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,
Singapore, 2017, pp. 637-642.
Journal of Micro and Nano-Manufacturing
Journal of Nanoengineering and Nanomanufacturing [12] “Nano manufacturing,” Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia,
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