5-1

Chapter 5
Mass and energy analysis of control volumes
● Develop the conservation of mass principle.

● Apply the conservation of mass principle to various systems including steady and
unsteady-flow control volumes.

● Apply the first law of thermodynamics as statement of the conservation of energy principle to
control volumes.

● Identify the energy carried by a fluid steam crossing a control surface as the sum of internal
energy, flow work, kinetic energy, and potential energy of the fluid and to relate the
combination of the internal energy and the flow work to the property enthalpy.

● Solve energy balance problem for common steady-flow devices such as nozzles, compressors,
turbines, throttling valves, mixers, heaters, and heat exchangers.

● Apply the energy balance to general unsteady-flow processes with particular emphasis on the
uniform-flow processes as the model for commonly encountered charging and discharging
processes.

§ 5.1 Conservation of Mass

● For closed systems, the principle is simply that the mass of the system remains constant during
a process.

● For control volumes, mass can cross the boundaries.

● Mass flow rate: the amount of mass flowing through a cross section per unit time.
● 𝑚̇ = ∫A 𝛿𝑚̇ = ∫A 𝜌V𝑛 𝑑A𝑐 (kg/s) (Fig. 5-2).
𝑐 𝑐

1
● Average velocity: 𝑉avg = ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝑛

(Fig. 5-3). 𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴𝑐 (kg/s).

● Volume flow rate: V̇ = ∫𝐴 V𝑛 𝑑𝐴𝑐 = Vavg 𝐴𝑐 = V𝐴𝑐 (m3 /s)

𝑐

V ̇
● The mass and volume flow rates are related by 𝑚̇ = 𝜌V̇ = v .

● The conservation of mass principle for a control volume (mass balance): The net mass transfer
to or from a control volume during a time interval dt is equal to the net change in the total
mass within the control volume during ∆𝑡.

● 𝑚in − 𝑚out = ∆𝑚CV (kg),

 5-2

𝑑𝑚CV
𝑚̇in − 𝑚̇out = (kg/s).
𝑑𝑡

𝒅𝒎𝐂𝐕 𝒅
● Total mass within the CV: 𝒎𝐂𝐕 = ∫𝐂𝐕 𝝆𝒅V or = 𝒅𝒕 ∫𝐂𝐕 𝝆𝒅V .
𝒅𝒕

● ⃗ ∙𝒏
Net mass flow rate: 𝒎̇𝒏𝒆𝒕 = ∫𝑪𝑺 𝜹𝒎̇ = ∫𝑪𝑺 𝝆 𝑽𝒏 𝒅𝑨 = ∫𝑪𝑺 𝝆(𝑽 ⃗ )𝒅𝐀 (Fig. 5-6).

𝒅
● General conservation of mass: ∫ ⃗ ∙𝒏
𝝆𝒅V + ∫𝑪𝑺 𝝆(𝑽 ⃗ )𝒅𝑨 = 𝟎 ,
𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑽

𝒅
∫ 𝝆𝒅V = ∑𝒊𝒏 𝒎̇ − ∑𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒎̇ or
𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑽

𝒅𝒎𝑪𝑽
= ∑𝒊𝒏 𝒎̇ − ∑𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒎̇ .
𝒅𝒕

● The conservation of mass principle in the rate form for a general steady-flow system with

multiple inlets and exits:  m   m

i e . (Fig. 5.8)

● For single-stream steady-flow system, m 1  m 2 → 1 A1V1   2 A2V2 .

● For steady incompressible flow: = constant → Vi  Ve .

● For single stream steady incompressible flow： V1  V2 → A1V1  A2V2 .

● Note that volume flow rates are not necessarily conserved. (Fig. 5-9)

● Example 5-1

§ 5.2 Flow Work and the Energy of a Flow Fluid

● Flow work: some work required to push the mass into or out of the control volume. Wflow = P
V [kJ]; Wflow = p v [kJ/kg]. (Fig. 5-12)

● Flow work is also called flow energy, convected energy, or transport energy.

● Total energy of a simple compressible system: internal, kinetic and potential energies. On a
unit-mass basis, e = u + ke + pe , e = u + V2/2 + gz [kJ/kg].

● Total energy of a flow fluid on a unit-mass basis: q = Pv + e = Pv + (u + ke + pe) = h + ke + pe

= h + V2/2 + gz [kJ/kg]. (Fig. 5-15)

 V2 
● Amount of energy transport by mass: Emass  m  m h   gz  [kJ]; or, in the rate form:
 2 
 5-3

 V2 
Emass  m  m h 
    gz  [kW]. (Fig. 5-16)
 2 

● Example 5-3.

§ 5.3 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems

● Steady-flow devices: turbines, compressors, and nozzles.

● Steady-flow process: a process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily.

● During a steady-flow process, no intensive or extensive properties within the control volume
change with time. (Fig. 5-19)

● The boundary work is zero (since VCV = constant). The total mass or energy entering the
control volume must be equal to the total mass or energy leaving it(since mCV = constant and
ECV = constant).

● The fluid properties at an inlet or exit remain constant. The mass flow rate at an opening must
remain constant (Fig. 5-20).

● Mass balance for steady-flow systems: m 1  m 2 [kg/s].

● Multiple inlets and exits:  m   m

i e .

● One inlet and one exit: m 1  m 2 or 1 A1V1   2 A2V2 .

● During a steady-flow process, ECV = constant, and thusΔECV = 0.

● The rate form of the general energy balance:  E in   E out  E system  0 or,

 E in   E out [kW] or, Q in  Win   m ii Q out  Wout   m e e or,

 V2   V2 
Q in  Win   m i  hi  i  gzi  Q out  Wout   m e  he  e  gze  (Fig. 5-21).
 2   2 

● For unknown heat or work interaction,

 V2   V2 
Q  W   m e  he  e  gze    m i  hi  i  gzi  .
 2   2 

 V 2  V12 
● For a single-stream steady-flow systems, Q  W  m  h2  h1  2  g ( z2  z1 )  .
 2 
 5-4

V22  V12
● On a unit-mass basis, q  w  h2  h1   g ( z2  z1 )
2
● With ke  0 , pe  0 , q  w  h2  h1 .

● Shaft work and electrical work (Fig. 5-22).

§ 5.4 Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices - Nozzles and diffusers

● Nozzles and diffusers: commonly utilized in jet engines, rockets, spacecraft and garden hoses.

● Nozzle: a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of pressure.

● Diffuser: a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.

● For a nozzle or a diffuser: Q  0 , W  0 , pe  0 , ke  0 . (Fig. 5-25)

● Example 5-4, Example 5-5.

● Turbine: a device that drives the electric generator. A turbine produces work. (Fig. 5-25)

● Compressors, as well as pumps and fans: devices that used to increase the pressure of a fluid.
Work is supplied to these devices.

Fan: mainly used to mobilize a gas.

Compressor: used to compress the gas to very high pressure.

Pumps: used to pump liquid to high pressure.

● For turbines, compressors, fans, and pumps: Q  0 , ke  0 , pe  0 , W  0 .

● Example 5-6, Example 5-7.

● Throttling valves: any kind of flow-restricting devices that cause a significant pressure drop in
the fluid, such as ordinary adjustable valves, capillary tubes, and porous plugs. (Fig. 5-32)

● Unlike turbine, throttling valves produce a pressure drop without involving any work.
● For throttling valves: q  0 , w  0 , pe  0 , ke  0 .

● The conservation of energy equation for this single-stream steady-flow device reduces to:
h2  h1 . A throttling valve is sometimes called an isenthalpic device.

● The final outcome of a throttling process depends on which of the two quantities(u and pv)
increases during the process. In the case of an ideal gas, h = h(T), and thus the temperature has
to remain constant. (Fig. 5-33)

● Example 5-8.

● Mixing chamber: a section where the mixing process takes place. (Fig. 5-35)

● The conservation of mass principle:  m   m

i e .
 5-5
● For mixing chamber: q  0 , w  0 , pe  0 , ke  0 .

● The energy balance：  E in   E out .

● Example 5-9.

● Heat exchangers: devices where two moving fluid streams exchange heat without mixing, such
as a double-tube heat exchanger (Fig. 5-35).

● The mixing chambers are sometimes classified as direct-contact heat exchangers.

● The conservation of mass principle: the sum of the inbound mass flow rates equal the sum of
the outbound mass flow rates; or, the mass flow rate of each fluid stream flowing through a heat
exchanger remains constant.

● For heat exchangers: w  0 , pe  0 , ke  0 .

● The heat transfer rate associated with heat exchangers depends on how the control volume is
selected. (Fig. 5-39)

● Example 5-10.

● For pipe and duct flow: the amount of heat gained or lost by the fluid may be very significant;
the flow may involve more than one form of work at the same time (Fig. 5-43); at other times,
heat transfer is undesirable, and the pipes or ducts are insulated; the kinetic energy changes are
usually insignificant (the changes may be significant for gas flow in ducts with variable
cross-sectional areas); the potential energy term may also be significant.

● Example 5-11.

§5.5 Energy Analysis for Unsteady-Flow Processes

● Unsteady-flow (or transient flow) processes: processes involve changes with time within the
control volume. (Fig. 5-46)

● It is important to keep track of the mass and energy contents of the control volume as well as
the energy interactions across the boundary.

● Usually we deal with changes that occur over some time interval instead of with the rate of
changes.

● Steady-flow systems are fixed in space, size, and shape. Unsteady-flow system, however, are
not and thus may involve boundary work. (Fig. 5-47)

● Mass balance: min – mout = Δmsystem = mfinal – minitial.

● Mass balance for a control volume:  m   m  m

i e 2  m1 system .
 5-6
● Energy balance: Ein – Eout = ΔEsystem = Efinal – Einitial.

● Uniform-flow process: the fluid flow at any inlet or exit is uniform and steady, and thus the
fluid properties do not change with time or position over the cross section of an inlet or exit.
They are averaged and treated as constants for the entire process.

● Energy balance for a uniform-flow system:

   
 Qin  Win   mi i    Qout  Wout   me e   m2 e2  m1e1 system .
   
   

where  = h + ke + pe and e = u + ke + pe.

● Example 5-12.